zeynab ahmadi

Female circumcision can be associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including physical, psychological, social, and sexual consequences. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of circumcision and its predictor factors on sexual performance, life, and satisfaction of women.

The present study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study of 320 women referred to the childbirth ward in 2019-2020. It was done using the available sampling method. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data collection tool was a 4-part questionnaire that included a researcher-made questionnaire, sexual questionnaires, and sexual quality of life. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using ANCOVA, a simple and multiple linear regression.

The mean score of sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and quality of sexual life in two groups (circumcised and uncircumcised women) showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Also, the mean score in all dimensions of sexual function was significant in two groups (desire (P < 0.001), stimulation (P < 0.001), humidity (P < 0.001), orgasm (P = 0.002), satisfaction (P < 0.001), pain (P = 0.049), respectively). The rate of sexual dysfunction in circumcised women was 83.9%, and in uncircumcised women was 71.6%. According to the coefficient effect in covariance analysis, 5, 7, and 13% changes in sexual satisfaction, sexual quality of life, and sexual function in women were related to circumcision, respectively. Also, the age of circumcision has the most outstanding effect and is a significant predictor of sexual satisfaction (β: 1.51; P: 0.018; CI95%: 2.77 to 0.26) and quality of sexual life (P: 0.027; CI95%: 0.12 to 2.06). The degree of circumcision 2 compared to 1 has the most distinguished effect and predictor on the overall sexual function score (β: 2.87; P: 0.018; CI95%: -0.22 to -5.52) and its dimensions.

The findings of the present study showed a decrease in the sexual satisfaction action and quality of life scores in circumcised women, and by emphasizing the negative consequences of circumcised women's sexual health, it tried to inform healthcare providers about counseling to change the views of families to improve women's sexual health.

This study explores the impact of business intelligence on customer behavioral responses through marketing, innovation, and financial performance. The research is developmental-applicative in nature and descriptive-survey regarding the data collection method. Given the examination of relationships among variables, it is correlational-causal. The population of this research consists of employees and managers of active start-ups based in the Kermanshah Science and Technology Park, totaling 231 individuals. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size was estimated at 140. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire, the reliability and validity of which were examined and confirmed. Data analysis was performed in descriptive and inferential phases using SPSS16 and Smart PLS3 software. According to the research findings, the t-values for all seven hypotheses were above the critical value of 1.96, and the significance level was less than 0.05. Thus, all research hypotheses were accepted. The most significant impact was that of innovation on the financial performance of the companies, indicating the effect of new and creative ideas in products and services on company sales. Additionally, business intelligence significantly impacts companies' financial performance and customer behavioral responses. Overall, the research variables were able to explain 33.5% of the variations in customer behavioral response. In conclusion, it is recommended that managers of these companies employ business intelligence to understand market demands and customer needs and produce innovative products accordingly, as this will enhance sales opportunities and improve financial performance.

Baseless words are destructive in today's organizations. A tactless or tactful but unreal word and speech at any level may have negative or positive effects. It is clear that the negativity or positivity of the rumor can, considering the factor of relativity, any be rebellious in its dimension. Organizational rumors have become very common in both dimensions and this can only affect the employees first and then their job performance. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate organizational rumors on the job performance of Sadra municipality employees. After testing the hypothesis derived from polling 50 employees, the regression correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between rumors in Sadra municipality and the job performance of employees.

The human somatropin is a single-chain polypeptide with a pivotal role in various biological processes. Although Escherichia coli is considered as a preferred host for the production of human somatropin, the high expression of this protein in E. coli results in the accumulation of protein as inclusion bodies. Periplasmic expression using signal peptides could be used to overcome the formation of inclusion bodies; still, the efficiency of each of the signal peptides in periplasmic transportation is varied and often is protein specific. The present study aimed to use in silico analysis to identify an appropriate signal peptide for the periplasmic expression of human somatropin in E. coli.

A library containing 90 prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides were collected from the signal peptide database, and each signal’s characteristics and efficiency in connection with the target protein were analyzed by different software. The prediction of the secretory pathway and the cleavage position was determined by the signalP5 server. Physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, instability index, gravity, and aliphatic index, were investigated by ProtParam software.

The results of the present study showed that among all the signal peptides studied, five signal peptides ynfB, sfaS, lolA, glnH, and malE displayed high scores for periplasmic expression of human somatropin in E. coli, respectively.

In conclusion, the results indicated that in-silico analysis could be used for the identification of suitable signal peptides for the periplasmic expression of proteins. Further laboratory studies can evaluate the accuracy of the results of in silico analysis.

Female circumcision is considered as one of the health problems of women in some societies, including Iran, and includes all methods that lead to damage or removal of part or all of the female reproductive system based on cultural goals or other non-medical reasons. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women referring to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city regarding circumcision in 2020.

In the present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 320 pregnant women (160 in the circumcised group and 160 in the uncircumcised group) who were referred to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. Necessary information was collected through demographic information form, maternal characteristics assessment form (during pregnancy), researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge, and attitude towards circumcision questionnaire. A significance level of 0.05 was coded in SPSS software version 16.

The mean age of circumcised and uncircumcised women was 28.92±6 6.2 and 25.42±4. 4.8 years, respectively. In both groups, most women had a low level of knowledge about circumcision but the knowledge of circumcised women was higher than uncircumcised women and a statistically significant difference existed in terms of knowledge about circumcision (p = 0.006). The results also showed that in both groups, there was a negative attitude towards circumcision but uncircumcised women had a more negative attitude towards circumcision, which is statistically significant (p = 0.001). The linear regression model showed that among the variables, age, education, place of birth, and income were statistically significant in increasing the awareness of pregnant women (p <0.05 for all). Meanwhile, occupation had no effect on predicting knowledge in women (p = 0.483). The linear regression model also showed that among the demographic variables; age, education, and place of birth were effective in predicting attitude in pregnant women under study and this relationship was significant for these variables (p <0.05 for all). Among these, job (p = 0.484) and income (p = 0.537) had no significant effect on women's attitude toward circumcision.

Considering the prevalence of circumcision in Piranshahr city and the low awareness of women and the existence of women whose attitude towards circumcision is still positive; it is expected that in formulating educational and legal strategies at the regional level, significant variables in the present study will be considered by health managers and health policymakers in order to increase and promote women's attitude about circumcision.

Considering the effect of transformational factors on individual and social problems and the need to pay more attention to them, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and attachment styles mediated by large-scale narcissism and vulnerability.

 The present study was descriptive-correlational. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 300 students of Tabriz University were selected. Data collection tools were the Adult Attachment Inventory, the narcissistic personality inventory, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS23 software.

The results of direct paths showed a significant negative relationship between secure attachment and impulsivity (r = -0.19, p <0.01) and also a positive relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment, vulnerable and grandiose narcissism with impulsivity (respectively r = 0.18, r = 0.20, r = 0.16, r = 0.21, p> 0.01). In indirect paths, vulnerable narcissism and grandiose narcissism have been significant mediators of the model.

According to the results, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism can explain part of the relationship between attachment styles and impulsivity. These findings indicate the importance of attachment styles and the two types of narcissism mentioned in the prevention of impulsive behaviors.

Currently, one of the main priorities in psychology is to conceptualize the ways in which culture affects psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate a suicide in Iranian society and is a systematic review. The results of this study were based on articles published between 2003 and 2016, during a search in databases such as SID, Noormags, Springer, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and using the keywords suicide in Iran, the method and causes of suicide among Iranian subcultures. Finally, 25 articles were analyzed. The findings showed that, contrary to global statistics, suicide attempts are higher among Iranian men. Also, the prevalence, methods, and causes of suicide in Iranian subcultures are different. In general, it can be said that limited studies have been done on culture and psychopathology in our country. Given that understanding the cultural context is essential for effective evaluation, diagnosis, and clinical management of the disorders, it is hoped that this article can highlight the role of culture in psychopathology and provide a basis for comprehensive studies.

In recent years, children have been the focus of attention due to social and cultural changes. This has led children to become involved in purchasing decisions and to become consumers. Meanwhile, due to the children’s low ability to process information, companies face challenges in introducing their products to this group of consumers. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of packaging colors (chromatic color versus achromatic color) on brand memory in children. Therefore, we are looking for a response to the following questions: What is the effect of chromatic color packaging on children’s memorization of business brands? What is the difference between chromatic and achromatic packages? Finally, this study examines the effect of children's age and educational level on brand memorization and also their effect (age and educational level) on the relationship between packaging color and brand memorization.

This applied research was conducted based on the survey method and the data were collected through an experimental design. The statistical population of this study included the children aged six to twelve years of primary schools in Qazvin province and a sample of 372 children was considered using simple random sampling. In order to evaluate the effect of packaging color on brand memorization, in the first test, two packages of orange juice, a red (chromatic) and a gray (achromatic) package were made by Photoshop software and presented to the children. In the second experiment and in order to measure brand recognition, four brands were designed on four cards (two cards with chromatic colors and two cards with achromatic colors). Only two brands were shown to the children at the beginning of the experiment. The children were then asked to select the letters they had already seen. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software as well as chi-square test, cross-puzzle, and logistic regression.

The results of the study showed that chromatic color is more desirable for children and are more successful in brand memorization. In addition, the younger children are more likely to be influenced by chromatic colors in brand memorization.

If the children and teenagers are regarded as the target population for a company, choosing the color of the packaging is considered as a strategic decision for that company because it allows the children to recognize the brand. Color as a powerful tool and an important visual stimulus can influence children’s shopping behavior. According to the research results, chromatic packaging color can play an important role in brand memorization in children and this issue is different in children of different ages. Therefore, the companies whose target market includes children can use this issue in their differentiation strategies

The aim of this study was to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and depression, regarding to meditating role of Theory of Mind in students. This study was a descriptive-correlational study and participants were 300 undergraduate students of Tabriz university in 2017-18 that selected by cluster multistage sampling and they completed Beck Depression Inventory, Adults Attachment Inventory, Strange Stories Task and Faux Pas Recognition Test. Data analysis using structural equation modeling method showed that the measured model has a relatively favorable fit with the theoretical model (RMSEA=0.07,CFI=0.87,IFI=0.87), so that insecure attachment styles, in addition to their direct role, were able to significantly predict the symptoms of depression through theory of mind. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the quality of relation with caregivers affects the ability of child to understand the mental and emotional states of others. In addition, the deficits of theory of mind affect the cognitive capacity and the individual has a negative perception of others and their mental states and as a result, his ability to become depressed increases. According to the results, we can say that adopting appropriate methods for identifying risk factors and preventing or modifying these factors through clinical interventions seem beneficial.

The aim of this study was to investigation of the relationship between social support and resilience with posttraumatic growth with mediator of stress coping styles among women exposed to trauma in Isfahan. The research design was descriptive correlational. The statistical population consisted women with cancer and bereavement, in which 300 people were selected by purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study included questionnaires of Tedeschi and Calhoun posttraumatic growth, Philips social support, Conner and Davidson resilience and Billings and Moos stress coping styles. The evaluation of the proposed model was analyzed using the path analysis method and Boot strop. The results showed that direct effect of social support, resilience, problem focused coping and emotion focused coping on PTG was significant. Also, boot stop results suggested that role of the mediator of stress coping styles in the relationship between resilience and social support on PTG is significant. These results showed that encourage social support, Resilience and education of problem focused coping can have effective role in PTG and enabling of women exposed to trauma.

This study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and internet addiction, regarding meditating the role of self-esteem. This study was descriptive-correlational. Participants were 300 undergraduate students of Tabriz University in 2018-19, selected by multistage cluster sampling. The instruments were the internet Addiction Questionnaire (Yang, 1998), Adults Attachment Inventory (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979). Data were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling method and the results showed that the measured model has a relatively favorable fit with the theoretical model (RMSEA=0.04, CFI=0.91, GFI=0.92). Attachment styles, in addition to their direct role, could significantly explain the symptoms of internet addiction through self-esteem. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that deficits in parental functions and insecure relations with caregivers affect individuals' self-esteem, and fluctuating self-esteem is associated with problematic behaviors like extreme tendency to the internet. It is suggested to consider the role of attachment styles and self-esteem in prevention and treatment interventions of internet addiction.

In recent years, organizational citizenship behavior and deviant behavior that is considered as voluntary and conscious behavior of employees has attracted the attention of many researchers. One of the factors affecting this type of behavior is leadership. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior and deviant behavior. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The population of this study is the agricultural jihad in Esfahan province by the number of 361 people. Sample size was determined by sample size 98 determination’s formula. Tools for data collection were three ethical leadership standard questionnaires which are from brown and colleagues (2005) and Li and Allen’s organization citizenship behavior (2002) and Robinson and Bent’s deviant behaviors do (2000). Information obtained by using Smart-PLS software was analyzed. Research results showed that ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior has a direct and positive effect and its amount is equal to 0.650. And also has a direct and reverse effect on deviant behavior in the workplace and the amount is equal to -0.520.

16S rRNA is one of the components of the ribosome and widely used in phylogenetic studies of closely related species and especially related species Crassostrea. Nucleotide sequence polymorphism associated with 16S rRNA gene of mitochondrial genome of Persian Gulf Oyster (Crassostrea sp.), examined in 30 samples collected from Badar-e Emam Khomeini oysters. Through a primer PCR chain reaction was performed for all samples and product of PCR were Automated sequencing. Then the data obtained were analyzed by the programs and software. For the gene studied only there was 2 mutation and Nucleotide diversity (Pi) 0.00061 calculated. Among the 30 samples, 3 haplotypes were detected and average haplotype diversity (Hd) 0.195 were calculated. The haplotypes obtained in this study were first registered in the gene bank. Phylogeny trees drived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed no clear separation of the samples in the Bandar-e Imam Khomeini region. The results of this study showed that there is low sequence differentiation in the study population in Bandar-e Imam Khomeini.

This study examines the factors that influence the ranking of companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in terms of timeliness of audit report. The statistical population included all listed firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange. 92 companies were selected using a systematic elimination approach. SPSS and Eviews software were used for data analysis. Before testing the hypotheses, using the Lymr test, we identified synthesis and panel testing on data. The results of this test indicated that the data should be panel data to enter the software. The Hausman test then used to identify random or fixed method for testing the hypotheses. Univariate regression test results showed that from the independent variables, only firm size increased the time in the audit report and other variables (leverage, Asset returns, audit reports, audit firm type, the percentage of institutional ownership of stock, type of business and type of industry leverage, Asset returns, audit reports, audit firm type, the percentage of institutional ownership of stock, type of business and type of industry) in term of timeliness of audit reports, had no significant impact on Rating Companies.

Erythrasma is a chronic superficial infection of the intertriginous areas. Most laboratories use methylene blue stain and 10% KOH smear to identify Corynebacterium minutissimum (C. minutissimum) by direct observation of filamentous bacilli. Occasionally atypical forms can be seen that create problems in diagnosis. This study aims to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in order to definitively identify C. minutissimum as an agent of erythrasma. This research was performed during 2013 on 100 skin scrapings suspicious for erythrasmawhich were obtained from various medical mycology laboratories in Tehran. Samples were tested by three methods - direct examination، culture and PCR. DNA was extracted by the modified phenol-chloroform method after which PCR was performed using designed primers. We sequenced some of the PCR products. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR method was compared to the direct and culture examinations. Of the 100 samples، there were 25 positive samples according to PCR analysis، 13 positive by direct examination and 23 that cultured positive. DNA sequencing results showed the presence of C. minutissimum. The PCR method in comparison with direct examination had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 86. 2%. The study also showed that the PCR method in comparison with culture had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97. 4%. This study showed that the PCR method in comparison with the direct method and culture had a higher sensitivity in the detection of C. minutissimum. The present PCR method confirmed all typical and some of the atypical forms of C. minutissimum which indicated the importance of this method in the definitive diagnosis of erythrasma.

Tuberculosis is a considerable public health problem due to its high risk of person-to-person transmission, morbidity, and mortality especially in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization there is the emergence of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis and the association of TB with HIV has led to TB being declared. Molecular genotyping methods are important in detecting the dominance of transmission or reinfection in a population. During one year study genotyping of 100 of M. tuberculosis (M.t.) isolates from patients referred to Pasteur Institute of Iran were accomplished with PFGE method. After identification of M.t. isolates and performing of antibiotic susceptibility test using standard methods, Melted Incert agarose and lysozyme were mixed with bacterial suspension to prepare PFGE plaques. After lyses and washing process the plaques digested with XbaI restriction enzyme. Finally the digested DNA fragments on 1% agarose with PFGE method were stained with ethidium bromide and analyzed with GelcomparII software. Dendrogram of genetic diversity among 100 M.t. isolates were obtained in comparison of molecular weight marker and revealed two common types. Pulsotype A with 71 isolates and just one MDR and pulsotype B included 29 isolates and 3 MDR cases. No correlation between antibiotypes and pulsotypes were observed. It is very important to know about the existence of any clonal expansion of special M.t. genotypes with resistant strains. Our research shows 3 MDR isolates into the low incidence pulsotype B which could be an alarm for more accurate MDR-TB surveillance program. Probably such observed limited polymorphism may be due to conservation of restriction sites of XbaI enzyme. In order to investigate the genetic relatedness of isolates using other restriction enzymes and different molecular typing methods simultaneously were recommended.

The purpose of this study was to identify teachers’ training motivational clusters in general, educational and core courses. Theoretical base of this research is Dece and Ryan’s self-determination theory that in which the resources of motivation is divided to five categories: external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation and amotivationa. The research conducted through a survey method. Subjects were 159 teachers’ training students in Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem. Motivation Types in the Classroom’s Questionnaire was completed by subjects to identify motivational clusters in three courses. Cluster analysis method was used for the comparison. The analysis discovered two motivational clusters in general, educational and core courses. The first cluster was self-determinant motivational profile that in which student had high levels of internal motivation and identified regulation and low levels of external motivation and amotivation. The second motivational profiles was included students with high levels amotivation and external regulation, middle level of identified regulation and low levels of internal motivation and introjected regulation.

In the recent years, deserts of Iran have been experiencing an ongoing boost of demand on the part of tourists. Given the sensitivity and fragility of these environments, accompanying the nonexistence of a comprehensive tourism development plan, the necessity for awareness and special attention to these areas has become highlighted. The present research based on tourism sustainability approach, tries to calculate the tourism carrying capacity of three desert destinations: Shahdad, Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Mesr-Farahzad. For this purpose, first by reviewing the literature and asking professionals’ opinions, the influencing indices on tourism carrying capacity of the regions were identified; afterwards, the ‘physical’, ‘real’, and ‘efficient’ carrying capacities were calculated for both extensive and intensive tourism zones. Results indicate that Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Shahdad have higher tourism carrying capacity in comparison with Mesr-Farahzadarea. Also findings show that these areas can improve their tourism carrying capacities by developing their infrastructures and services. Furthermore, the current ‘real’ carrying capacities of these areas were found to be over-loaded in the intensive tourism zones.

Introduction and Salmonellosis is responsible for large numbers of infections in both humans and animals. Conventional methods of isolation of Salmonella strains take 4-7 days to complete and are therefore laborious and require substantial manpower. Our main objective was to develop a rapid detection method using shortened PCR cycles in a conventional thermal cyclers and fast electrophoresis for Salmonella. The PCR primers for tyv (rfbE), prt (rfbS) and invA, genes were used for the rapid identification of S. enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi A, with rapid and short cycles of multiplex PCR. By using very fast and simple DNA extraction method in 10mins, rapid PCR cycles with total times of 35mins and rapid electrophoresis procedure with simple and very cheap buffer in 15mins we were able to separate the PCR products. All references and clinical isolates of Salmonella serovars typhi and paratyphi were accurately identified. Specificity analysis revealed no cross reaction with other enterobacterial strains. The sensitivity of the assay was 1-10 cells. The total time of multiplex PCR from sample preparation to final result is 45 to 50mins. These data indicate that the specificity and sensitivity of optimized rapid cycle multiplex PCR is a potentially valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of S. typhi using a conventional thermal cycler. This method cut the time of a PCR reaction from 3.5h to less than 60mins. These findings could also be applied to other PCR programs detecting various genes allowing researchers to significantly shorten their PCR reaction times.