factor structure

 This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the validity, reliability and factor structure of the reading motivation questionnaire. The current research plan is among survey research and tool development. The statistical population of the research was all sixth grade students in Yazd city. The participants included a sample group of 300 sixth grade students in Yazd city in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and responded to the reading motivation questionnaire of Schiffel and Schaffner (2016). For data analysis, factor analysis methods and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used using SPSS26 and Smart PLS software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of seven factors and has good fit indices. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions fluctuated between 0.77 and 0.92. Finally, the Persian version of the "reading motivation" questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties to measure the various reasons Iranian students read, and it can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.

The Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire (VPSQ) is a self-report scale designed to identify women at risk for postpartum depression due to personality vulnerability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factor structure, validity and reliability indicators of the Vulnerable Personality Questionnaire and its effect on postpartum depression in Iranian women. The design of this research was cross-sectional-descriptive. The statistical population of this study were women with postpartum depression in Isfahan. Three hundred women with postpartum depression were randomly selected from women with postpartum depression in Isfahan. They were selected based on their performance on the following questionnaires; the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire of Boyce et al. (2004), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (1978). The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that the questionnaire has a two-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the two dimensions of vulnerability and organization was 0.87 and 0.705 respectively, which showed that the reliability of the questionnaire is suitable. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that after controlling demographic variables (age, mother's education, father's occupation and family income), vulnerable personality has a significant effect on postpartum depression (β = 0.503, p < 0.001). It seems that the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire has appropriate psychometric indices and this tool can be used to predict postpartum depression in women, and prevent its negative consequences

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the "How I Think" questionnaire to assess cognitive distortions in Iranian students. The present research design is descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of this study included all male high school students in city Dezful in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 316 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and completed the How I think and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaires (for Convergent validity). Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS 20 software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of six factors and has good fit indices. The convergent validity of this questionnaire indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the scale "How I think" with the Aggression Questionnaire (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha and Split- half coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.66 to 0.92.The conclusion is that the Persian version of the "How do I think" questionnaire for measuring cognitive distortions in Iranian students has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is one of the most widely used personality questionnaires, but very few studies have been conducted on its psychometric properties in Iranian population. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the psychometric properties of the BFI questionnaire. For this purpose, 390 university students in Tehran (210 girls and 180 boys) with an age range of 18 to 56 years (M = 27.52; SD = 8.79) were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed BFI and NEO-FFI questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha, multitrait-multimethod matrix, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that 15 of the 44 items did not have a strong factor loading (higher than 0.40) on the corresponding factors and were therefore removed from the questionnaire. The fit indices showed that the Persian version of 29 questions (BFI-29) with 5 factors has a good fit with the data. The reliability analysis also showed that the range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the factors is from 0.70 to 0.79. The lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to agreeableness factor and the highest was related to conscientiousness. The findings from the multitrait-multimethod matrix showed that the BFI-29 questionnaire has good convergent and divergent validity with the NEO-FFI questionnaire. In general, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the BFI-29 questionnaire has desirable psychometric properties and whenever a short tool for personality measurement is needed, this questionnaire can be used.

Phubbing is an emerging phenomenon in the world that has become more prominent in modern societies with the development of smartphones. With a practical purpose, this study has tried to standardize the phubbing Phenomenon Questionnaire and study and identify this phenomenon. The research method was correlational and its statistical population included the general population of users of smartphones and virtual networks. The sample size of the present study includes 408 people who were sampled by online questionnaires. In this study, the general phubbing scale (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018), and the mobile phone addiction scale (Savari, 2014), and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed good validity and reliability for the phubbing General Scale Questionnaire. Also, the convergent validity between phubbing General Scale Questionnaire and Mobile Phone Addiction Questionnaire was 0/77. Based on the results, the phubbing General Scale Questionnaire can be used by the general population of Iran.

Due to the impact of dogmatism on many areas of individual and social life, much research is done focusing on this cognitive construct. However, since that there is no instrument in Iran for assessing Dogmatism, the aim of this study is to prepare Rokeach’s Dogmatism questionnaire and investigate its reliability and validity in Iranian students. Finally, 412 students were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling from Shahid Beheshti University students and completed the Persian version of Rokeach’s Dogmatism Questionnaire along with the Conservative thinking style subscale of Sternberg’s thinking styles Inventory. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis by principal component analysis. Analysis showed that the questionnaire is composed of 12 factors having values above 1, which altogether explain 56 percent of its variance. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.75 for whole questionnaire and its correlation with the Conservative thinking style subscale was significantly positive. The results of the present study indicate that this questionnaire is relatively suitable for implementation in the Iranian student community.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the Persian version of the Attitude Towards Emotions Scale among high school students in Izeh city in the autumn of 2019. The method of the present study was based on psychometric methods (factor analysis) and tools used in the Attitude Towards Emotions Scale Netzer et al. (2018). The statistical population was all high school students in Izeh and the statistical sample was 530 students who were selected by simple random sampling method. The data analysis method was factor structure analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for validation which is 0.83 Was obtained. The Findings showed that the factor structure obtained during the exploratory analysis had good fitness indicators (CFI, GFI, RFI, NFI, IFI) that was cover 10 factors in the form of two dimensions of attitude and evaluation of feelings of anger, pleasure, sadness, resentment and fear. The results showed that the Persian version of the scale has an acceptable factor structure and validity and is not affected by cultural changes and the perception of Iranian (Asian) students towards the attitude and evaluation of emotions is similar to European students.

In contemporary times, governance is becoming a major issue in the higher education sector. Because different ideas and opinions have been presented about the reconstruction of higher education systems and the governance of universities. Quality is one of the most important aspects of higher education governance. One of the consequences of poor governance in higher education can be noticed in the low quality of higher education systems in different countries. Therefore, focusing on improving the quality of governance or "good governance" in higher education is one of the principles of improving the scientific condition of the country. Dimensions and indicators of good governance is the first step in this regard. In the present study, the factor structure of good governance indicators in higher education was represented and explored and good governance indicators were structurally analyzed. To confirm the factor structure, confirmatory factor analysis was performed along with reliability analysis based on the internal consistency of the indicators. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed four main dimensions in good governance indicators of higher education. These dimensions, based on the nature of the indicators, were named interaction, effectiveness, and autonomy and participation dimensions. In the confirmatory factor analysis stage, the obtained factor structure model was tested based on the Structural Equation Modeling method. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that all indices have a factor load above 0.5 on their respective dimension and none of the indices has a cross factor load on different dimensions. Ultimately, the research findings showed that the proposed factor structure of good governance indicators in higher education was approved and can be used based on this structure to develop tools for measuring or promoting good governance in a higher education organization.

Wisdom is one of the highest virtues and in the vast range of social activities, it ultimately improves itself and society. this study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). For this purpose, a sample of 350 students of Allameh Tabatabai University (223 females and 132 males) was selected by Stratified random sampling. and answered the SD-WISE questions, which consists of the six components of Social Advising, Emotional Regulation, Decisiveness, Insight, Pro-Social Behaviors, Tolerance for Divergent Values. The statistical characteristics, item analysis, validity coefficients, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess the psychometric properties of the scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.81. The correlation between this scale and the three-dimensional wisdom scale was 0.56, which indicates the validity of the questionnaire.The results showed that after several runs of factor analysis and extraction of different solutions, five factors were extracted using the varimax method. Percentage of the variance shared by variables for the five factors, overall, can explain 54.236 percent of the total variance of variables. In addition, the model of confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the extracted factors, for which two models were compared and evaluated: the factor structure of the original version and the factor structure derived using the LISREL measurement model. The fit indices showed that the derived five-factor model has better fitness to the data than the original model.

The present study aimed to compare the dimensionality assessment methods using National Entrance Exam data and determine the number of dimensions in the exam’s data.

The data from mathematics (mathematics group), chemistry (experimental sciences group) and Philosophy-logic (humanities group) sub-tests of the National Entrance Exam in 2016 AD (1395 solar) were used for analysis.

Analysis based on 11 methods resulted in 34 related indices and graphical methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis, exploratory graph analysis and heat map revealed that different methods, depending on their nature, resulted in general factors, specific factors, and a cluster of items. Results showed that the required uni-dimensionality did not exist in most cases, and the structure of the specialized national exam in 2016 was bi-factorial. The only difference was that the resulting bi-factor structure did not match the specifications of the previous bi-factor model (i.e., a general factor and several specific factors unrelated to each other and the general factor, so that each item is merely related to one specific factor in addition to the general factor). In other words, besides correlating with the general factor, each item is related to more than one specific factor whose result was a complex or a relatively complex structure. Factor analysis of the total data and nonlinear factor analysis revealed that a gradual increase in lower asymptote reduced the number of dimensions.

It is recommended to apply a combination of methods to find the dimensions of the National Entrance Exam. In addition, the extent of general factor saturation, reflected in item correlations, considering lower asymptote, the way of dealing with omitted responses in analysis, and comparing results of all data with complete data (data without missing values) can be useful for dimensionality assessment. Furthermore, researchers should consider checking the fit of the models extracted from different explanatory methods by confirmatory factor analysis and the interpretation of the extracted model.

Quality of life today is one of the most important health outcomes that is necessary to measure in cases such as the evaluation of health interventions in many health researches. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the "Quality of Life Questionnaire" among primary school students in Khorramabad based on the exploratory approach. The statistical population of the present study was the second year elementary school students in Khorramabad and the statistical sample consisted of 240 students who were selected by convenience sampling. The instrument used in the research was the "Quality of Life Questionnaire" of Huang et al. (2017). Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. The results showed that the Persian version of the "quality of life questionnaire" for elementary students consisted of 4 factors that together explained 45.42% of the total variance. All 4 Cronbach's alpha factors showed acceptable and the validity of the instrument was confirmed. Therefore, it can be said that the Persian version of the "quality of life questionnaire" is valid and reliable in elementary school students and can be used in academic counseling centers.

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the belonging to the university scale and analyze its current status. The participants were 664 students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (232 students in the first study and 432 students in the second study), who were selected through the multi-stage random sampling method. They completed Karaman and Cirak's (2017) Belonging to the University Scale and Gagné’s (2003) Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale. The validity and reliability of the research scales were examined and confirmed through factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient methods. The descriptive data, on the other hand, was analyzed using correlation matrix and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS 23. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was performed using LISREL 8.80, the results of which revealed a three-factor structural model whose fit indices suggested a desirable fit with the data, thus corroborating the three-factor structure of the belonging to the university scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was in an acceptable level in the two studies and the convergent validity demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between the belonging to the university scale and the scale of satisfaction of basic needs satisfaction in general scale. The results of the current status showed that the students' sense of belonging was in a moderate level. These findings emphasize the importance of planning and designing comprehensive interventions in order to measure and improve students' sense of belonging to the university.

A fundamental dimension along which all social and personal relationships vary is closeness. The purpose of present study was to investigate the factor structure and Item-Response parameters of the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale. In a descriptive-correlational design and test validation 180 Birjand University students in the first study and 250 students in the second study were selected through multi-stage random sampling and completed the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibel, Levin & Park, 2012). The data were analyzed by internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, discrimination and threshold parameters and Item and test information curves. Results showed that the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness scale had a one-factor structure with explained variance of 63.39. Confirmatory factor validity was also confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.95 and 0.93 and split half coefficients were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively in two studies. The Item-Response parameters were also at the optimum level. It seems that the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness scale, and in particular the structure of its 12 item versions, has a good reliability and validity in students.

Diagnosing and assessing of Social Media Disorder is a critical and difficult process in mental health of teens because this phenomenon has numerous negative behavioral and psychological consequences on teens. The aim of present study was to investigate psychometric properties of Social Media Disorder in Iranian teens.This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, 550 teenagers in Tehran were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using, distress questionnaire (DASS-21), self-esteem and Internet addiction questionnaire . Confirmatory factor analysis in principal component method was used for data analysis. The results showed that Social Media Disorder inventor has sufficiently reliability and validity. Also, factor analysis showed that 26 items and 9 factors were best question for assessing psychological maltreatment. Thus, considering that Social Media Disorder inventor is an appropriate instrument for assessing and measuring Social Media Disorder during childhood,using this inventory is recommended for epidemiological research on Social Media Disorder during childhood and clinical screening

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the factor structure of 25 items questionnaire of faculty members’ teaching motivation measurement in higher education. The study population was included all the faculty members of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in academic year of 2017-2018, that were about 621 faculty members. Research sample was included 244 faculty members who were selected by multi-staged cluster sampling. The internal consistency of questionnaire was measured through Cronbach’s alpha and was estimated to be.86. In order to investigate the factor structure, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used via AMOS 23 software. Data were analyzed by comparative and parsimony goodness-of-fit indices Results showed that the four factors of personal efficacy, interest, effort and outcome efficacy have a significant weight in explaining the construct of faculty members’ teaching motivation. Also, two subscales of personal efficacy: context and personal efficacy: general, have significant weights in defining the personal efficacy. Accordingly, after elimination of its six items, this questionnaire is a suitable instrument to measure the faculty members’ teaching motivation in Iranian higher education, and the factors of effort, interest, personal efficacy and outcome efficacy have the most effect in measuring their teaching motivation, respectively.

This study aimed to test the factor structure and measure the internal consistency of a questionnaire about the educational factors that affect religious education of students. Regarding the purpose of the research, this is a fundamental research and the data collection was carried out through descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study consists of the first year female students of all the high schools of the district 4 of Tehran who were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method. The sample size of this study was determined 381 people by the table of Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Exploratory factor analysis was used through SPSS16 software to measure the validity of the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis model was used through AMOS22 software to confirm the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied to examine the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The results showed that exploratory factor analysis led to the extraction of six factors that accounted for 59.43% of the total variance of the questionnaire. These factors included: organizational culture, educational quality, educational regulations, application of educational technology, individual abilities of teachers, and the content of educational material. The fitting indices of the confirmatory factor model of the questionnaire showed that the proposed model had a favorable fit with experimental data and confirmed the presence of the six factors. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained as 0.76% indicating favorable internal consistency of the scale. Considering the fit of the model and the high validity of the questionnaire, it can be used to study and evaluate the educational factors affecting the religious education of students.

Diagnosing and assessing of psychological maltreatment is a critical and difficult process in clinical and educational psychology, because this phenomenon has numerous negative behavioral and psychological consequences on victims. The aim of present study was investigate psychometric properties of psychological maltreatment inventor. This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, 300 patients with major depression disorder attending to Sediq Psychiatry Center in Lorestan Province were selected by convenience sampling in November to February 2013. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire, Psychological maltreatment Inventory (AMI-24) and child abuse self-report scale. Confirmatory factor analysis in principal component method was used for data analysis. The results showed that psychological maltreatment inventor has sufficiently reliability and validity. Also, factor analysis showed that 23 items and 5 factors were best question for assessing psychological maltreatment. Thus, Considering that psychological maltreatment inventor is an appropriate instrument for assessing and measuring psychological maltreatment during childhood are recommended using of this inventory for epidemiological research on psychological maltreatment during childhood and clinical screening.

The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric features (Factor structure, validity and reliability) of the student self-perceived employability scale that have 22 items which developed by Rothwell et al. (2008). This research was performed among 185 senior students of technical field in Isfahan University who selected with cluster sampling method. Exploratory factor analysis released 4 factors which generally explained 70.53% of the total variance. Furthermore confirmatory factor analysis of the structure model showed that four-factor structure of the questionnaire were significant. The result showed that internal consistency of the scale and the four factors were acceptable. The correlation of each item with total score was meaningful and ranged from 0.51 to 0.77. Convergent criterion validity coefficient between each of items of student self-perceived employability scale with the curriculum employability scale that was linked theoretically was also significant. Altogether, founding of this study showed that student self-perceived employability scale have an adequate reliability and validity among Iranian samples and can be used as a valid evaluation tool in higher education institutions. It is also possible to promote student self-perceived employability through appropriate educational programs.

The investigation of psychometric properties of TEIQue-CF, including reliability, validity and exploratory factor analysis was the purpose of this study to achieve this end 343 students (343 males), were selected through cluster random sampling. The exploratory factor analysis were investigated through principal component method, this analysis confirmed nine factors (Adaptability, Affective disposition, Emotion expression, Emotion perception, Emotion regulation, Low impulsivity, Peer relations, Self-esteem and Self-motivation).
Internal consistency in term of the ordinal Theta and Cornbakh alpha coefficients in the sample group has been computed and confirmed. The Results of factor analysis, conducted in the main culture, reliability and validity coeddicients were similar to the previous studies. According to the psychometric property, this present scale can be applied in TEIQue-CF research.