رضا موحدی

Management of groundwater resources is a necessary condition to achieve governance of water resources. Although governance principles have been developed in various fields, their availability for water resource governance has been neglected so far. Groundwater management is a challenge that is influenced by various personal, social, environmental, etc. dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the individual and social aspects of the management and governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain have been investigated. For this purpose, the indicators of knowledge and awareness, attitude, social capital, and water resources management were used in the governance of water resources of the OECD organization. The statistical population of the research included 254 farmers of the Hamadan-Bahar plain. The method of data collection was done using the field method and questionnaire tool, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS.3 software. The result of the overall model fit based on the GOF criterion was 0.65, which shows the excellent and acceptable fit of the model. The results obtained from the t-test statistic and path coefficients (β) also showed that the constructs of social capital, knowledge and awareness, and attitude, through the mediation of water resource management, have the highest and strongest impact on the governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain, with values of 0.64, 0.16, and 0.12, respectively. Therefore, by paying attention to and strengthening the social capital of individuals and local communities through the promotion of social skills, organizational capabilities, participatory empowerment, and increasing community awareness about water issues and management methods, it is possible to achieve a suitable and effective governance cycle.

In recent years, due to the lack of fresh water and the depletion of underground water, the reuse of wastewater in agriculture to irrigate crops has been considered as one of the methods of managing water resources (Verma et al, 2023).The use of wastewater in agriculture faces challenges that can negatively affect plant and soil quality as well as human health. Therefore, this issue should be done in a controlled manner, with proper treatment and compliance with health standards. Also, alternative and more sustainable methods should be used for irrigation and food supply in agriculture to reduce environmental and health problems. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to investigate and identify solutions to prevent the use of wastewater for agriculture and vegetable growing in Hamadan city.

The research method is a survey type that uses interview tools and questionnaires to collect data. The statistical population of the research is the experts and professors of Hamadan city, 26 people were selected for interview and 80 people were selected as a sample to complete the questionnaire. Data analysis was done with the help of content analysis method and extracting the categories, then prioritizing the categories with the help of SPSS software and PLS.

The results of the qualitative part showed that to prevent the use of wastewater in the irrigation of vegetable fields in Hamedan city, 8 solutions were identified and presented. These solutions include legal and judicial action, continuous visits and monitoring, providing water rights, increasing the number of sewage refineries, creation and development of vegetable cultivation settlements, organizing sewage transfer channels, training and informing farmers, and management mechanisms. Also, the results of the quantitative part showed that three solutions, Legal treatment, education and promotion, and management and planning are at a higher priority level in terms of importance.

Based on the results of this research the solutions to prevent the use of wastewater in the irrigation of fields can be classified into three categories: "Legal and regulatory solutions", "Technical-structural solutions" and "Educational solutions". The legal and regulatory solutions were one of the most important issues of experts' attention, and they believed that until there is continuous and accurate monitoring, it is not possible to prevent the use of wastewater in farms.

Using the capacities of nomadic tourism as a less experienced destination to attract domestic and foreign tourists plays an important role in the development plans of local communities. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify and prioritize potential regions and centers for nomadic tourism in Hamadan province.

According to the purpose, the current research is an applied type of research that has been carried out using survey methodology. Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with 8 elites and questioning by 22 experts from nomadic cooperative and nomadic affairs department of Hamadan province. Also, library studies and interviews with experts were used in order to identify the indicators and criteria necessary to determine the appropriate tourism location in the province. These indicators were: accessibility and quality of roads, tourism infrastructure, suitable geographical conditions, population of nomadic centers, diversity of attractions, acceptance of tourists, economic conditions of nomads, availability of water and electricity, interaction with the government. In order to prioritize the identified areas, TOPSIS technique was used. Also, before dealing with the TOPSIS technique, the weights of the criteria are determined using Shannon's entropy method. Finally, in the GIS software, the locations of nomadic tourism centers were determined on the map. Geographical area of research: The geographical area of this research is the Hamedan province and the nomadic regions of this province, which are limited in five cities of Hamedan, Asadabad, Bahar, Toisarkan, and Nahavand.

The results showed that "accessibility and quality of roads", "suitable geographical conditions" and "tourism infrastructures" respectively had the highest positive impact on the establishment of nomadic tourism centers in the region.

In order to plan for the establishment of a nomadic tourism center, attention should be paid to the priorities identified in the province. On the other hand, according to the importance of the identified criteria, for the establishment of these centers, the supply of roads and nomad’s roads, access to water and electricity, weather conditions, vegetation, as well as the creation of tourism infrastructure such as tourism facilities, equipment, and services should be more considered.

Statistical evidence in Iran shows that the unemployment status of university graduates is worse than other degrees, and among them, the unemployment status of women is higher than men. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the employment strategies to provide women graduates in three sectors of service, industry and agriculture and to identify suitable jobs in these sectors in Hamedan province.

A qualitative research approach by using grounded theory strategy has also been used in this study. The data collection was preceded during interview protocol. The research population included four groups of university professors, graduates, employers and experts on employment issues. The sampling method was purposeful and performed by snowball method. After data collection, data analysis was conducted using content analysis of interviews during three open, axial, and selective coding stages.

The results of this study showed that the graduates of Hamadan province need skills such as social, communication, personal, and specialized skills, along with needs to shift the existing approach of universities into skill-based training. Also, changing society's culture about women's employment, special supports from women (government, legal, family, facilities and banking) are accelerating and facilitating women's entry into the labor market.

According to the results, the following are some of the suitable jobs for graduated women: educational & research services, electronic & computer services, advertising & marketing services, small industries such as carpets and ceramics, textile and garment industries, packaging industries, farming medicinal plants, establishment of greenhouses, processing of agricultural and livestock products.

The present research was conducted in order to investigate the effective factors on reducing the effects of drought in corn cultivation and to provide extensional-educational solutions in Azadi village (of Andimshek county). The statistical population was formed by all the corn growers of Azadi district in the crop year of 2021-2022, which were equal to 600 people. The sampling method was random and the samples were selected from among the people of the society in a simple random manner. To determine the sample size due to the limited statistical population, the Karjesi-Morgan formula was used, and according to the Karjesi-Morgan table, 237 people were selected. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire Data analysis using software SPSS Ver. 26 was done. The results of the T test showed that there is a significant difference at the level of 95% between farmers' knowledge and awareness (technical knowledge), human factors, management factors, economic factors, extensional-educational strategies and farmers' attitude towards reducing damage caused by drought with mean average of the population. They can minimize the damage caused by drought. Based on the structural model (PLS), the technical knowledge of corn farmers, management factors and educational-promotional strategies had the greatest effect on reducing the damage caused by drought, so that the value of the path coefficient for them was equal to 0.378, 0.359 and 314. Also, the path coefficient of human factors and economic factors were equal to 0.142 and 0.129, respectively, which had less effect on reducing the effects of drought.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extension methods about combating the drought in agricultural sector from the view points of the agricultural experts and farmers in Hamedan. The research was an applied research on the basis of the purpose, and it was a surveying study in terms of data gathering. Data were gathered through a questionnaire tool. The study population included both 8443 farmers and 135 agricultural experts from Hamedan County in 2020. Of those 367 farmers and 100 agricultural experts were selected by using Cochran's formula respectively. Validity of the questionnaire (face validity) was confirmed by the agricultural extension professors from Bu-Ali Sina University. To evaluate the reliability of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha was used during a pre-test and it was 0.94 for the research' questions (extension education methods). The results showed that the most important extension methods to control drought which agreed with both farmers and experts were: training by local leaders, visiting demonstration farms, use advisory services. The results also showed that according to factor analysis of the farmers' views, extension methods to combat drought can be summarized in 4 groups including: extension and advisory services, transfer information by local communities, people and magazines, training with local leaders and councils, watching extension films and visiting extension agents. According to factor analysis of the experts' views, extension methods to combat drought can be summarized in 4 categories, which are: visit tours, using extension publications, using information networks, using cooperatives, village municipality and councils' capacities.

The effects of tourism on rural employment in the village of Varkāneh in Hamedan County, Iran were investigated. Rural tourism is one of the practical solutions to solve the problem of employment in these areas. This industry with its special dynamics can have major effects on the economic, social and environmental situation, especially at the local level.

The study is an applied correlational-descriptive study using a quantitative approach and a survey methodology. The research population was composed of 250 households out of whom 148 people were sampled by simple randomization. The sample size was determined by Krejcie and Morgan’s table. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose items were arranged in three sections. Data were analyzed by path analysis and structural equation modeling using the WarpPLS software package.

The results show that the variables of economy, resources, occupation, agriculture, social capital, and welfare have directly influenced employment. The strongest impact on rural employment has been related to economy with a path coefficient of 0.364. In total, 56 percent of the dependent variable (increase in rural employment) in Verkane village is explained by five factors of economic effects, infrastructure and resources, agricultural effects, social capital, and social welfare.

Tourism, through the development of infrastructure such as the development of residences, transportation, shops and public places, telephone and internet, and infrastructures such as bridges, roads and mosques, has led to employment growth in the studied area. Therefore, one of the solutions for tourism development is to create tourism infrastructures in rural areas in such a way that this will lead to an increase in the number of tourists. The results of this research can help to plan for the development of tourism in rural areas and especially to solve the problem of employment in these areas.

Virtual social networks have made significant changes in people's communication and this has many economic, social and political implications. The aim of this study was analysis of the effects of social networks on rural users in Khuzestan Province (Kut Abdullah District). The main tool for data collection in this study was a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by faculty members and experts related to the subject. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the research instrument. Acceptable results were obtained for different parts of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was people who have access to social networks and live in the Distric of Kut Abdullah, two villages were randomly selected 133 people were selected using the Cochran's formula as a sample for the study. this research has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method and Lisrel 8.8 and SPSS23 software used for statistical tests. The results of the research show that the use of social networks has affected socio-cultural, economic, and political structures and individual performances. Examining the fitness indices shows that the measurement model has a suitable and acceptable fitness.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the farmers' behavioral intention to accept Arta tobacco cultivation in the eastern regions of Gholston province. The research type was an applied research which was done by a surveying method. The statistical population was 662 tobacco farmers in Minoodasht and Dozin regions located in the east of the province, of those 154 samples were selected as a sample population by using Cocheran's formula. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The questionnaire validity was assessed by discriminant and convergent validity methods and the questionaire reliability was evaluated by composite reliability method using PLS software. The hypotheses test and structural modeling equations results showed that the variables attitude with a coefficient of 0.717, personality with a coefficient of 0.322, perceived ease of use with a coefficient of 0.267, trust with a coefficient of 0.167 and perceived risk with a coefficient of 0.138 were the strongest determination of farmers' behavioral intention in accepting Arta tobacco, respectively.

The impact of climate change on societies depends on their resilience. The economic resilience approach, due to its dynamic and foresight nature, can be more effective in increasing the economic adaptability of farmers against disasters. This study was conducted with the aim of obtaining suitable indicators for evaluating the economic resilience of farmers in dealing with climate disasters. The current research was conducted in two stages using systematic review and Delphi techniques. In the first stage of the study, based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature on resilience, a model of resilience that is adapted from Jantao's economic resilience model was selected as a suitable model for farmers' economic resilience studies, which consists of three main dimensions of stability, adaptation and change. THEN 44 primary indicators were extracted based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature of resilience studies. The second stage was done using the Delphi technique. According to the results, out of the 44 investigated indicators, 19 indicators were selected as suitable indicators for evaluation, and based on the opinions of experts and elites, 6 indicators in the dimension of stability, 9 indicators in adaptability and 4 indicators in change were the most frequent, and the indicators of the ability to adapt Relative economic conditions of the family at the time of crisis, having diverse job and livelihood capacity, ability to create and develop business through diversification of non-agricultural activities were of the greatest importance and emphasis.

Rural governorates are one of latest local institutions in the rural management system, which were established in recent years in order to organize the obvious gap of rural management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the capabilities of Hamadan's rural governorates for crisis management, which was done by a surveying strategy. The statistical population of this study included rural governors of Hamedan province, which according to the latest statistics were 716 people. A sample of 250 participants were selected via systematic random sampling. The capabilities of rural governors in rural crisis management were identified and then analyzed using Smart PLS software. The results showed that the most important capabilities of rural governors before the crisis were: "educational", "coordination and organizational ", and "health care". The capabilities during the crisis were recognized as "information", "organizing groups" and "security" measures. Finally, the post-crisis capabilities involved "reconstruction", "damage assessment", and "facilities and services". Providing modular training for rural governors, in establishing emergency mass notification and alerting system, and facilitating specific social media applications seem imperative for improving crisis management in rural areas.

The number of all Handmade-Carpet cooperatives was 38 including 366 members. Of those members 181 people were selected as the samples through Morgans' sampling table. A proportionate selection method was used to select the fit samples from each cooperative. The validity of the questions was done by experts' views and recommendations. The reliability of the questions was tested through Alpha's test (alpha =0.874 to 0.909). After gathering data, SPSS software was used to analyze and describe the data. In descriptive part, both frequency tables and central statistics such as mean, median and mode as well as discrepancy statistics such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation were used. In analytical part, correlation and regression analysis methods and Mann-Whitenny and Kruskal- Wallis tests were used. The correlation's results showed that there was a significant relationship between variables attendance into training courses, income's amount from the cooperatives, the level of content relevancy, the level of objectives relevancy, the level of educators' knowledge, the level of training methods relevancy and the the effectiveness of the training courses. In addition, the results of regression analysis by a stepwise method revealed that the variables the level of objectives relevancy, income's amount from the cooperatives, and the level of educators' knowledge were determined 81.6 percent of dependent variable (the training courses' effectiveness).

The development of home-based businesses among vulnerable people in the society psychologically and socially increases their mental and objective well-being and improves their living standards. It also increases trust and social capital and expands social relations among vulnerable people. Therefore, paying attention to vulnerable women's employment and entrepreneurship at home is one of the effective ways to improve the economic status of women in local communities. With this regard, the aim of the current research was to identify the solutions and barriers of women's home-based businesses in Hamadan city. This article has been done using the qualitative research method and the grounded theory approach. The main tool of data collection was in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Data were collected through interviews with female heads of families and key informants in Hamadan city. The number of samples included 19 people who were selected purposefully with the snowball method and based on the principle of data saturation. The results showed that the obstacles to the development of home-based businesses for self-supporting women include psychological-family obstacles, cultural obstacles, financial-support obstacles, educational obstacles, and marketing obstacles. Also, the main solutions  including culture building and empowerment, financial support, advertising and marketing, and educational support were suggested.

The present applied research has been carried out in order to identify the indicators of effective teaching, using a survey method and a questionnaire. The questionnaire included a total of 105 questions, 7 of which are related to personal characteristics and the rest of the questions are related to three sections: professional skills (26 questions), general teaching skills (36 questions) and technical skills (25 questions). The statistical population of the research includes agricultural faculty members of Bu Ali Sina (N=80) and Razi (N=72) universities. To determine the sample size, Morgan's table was used, and a total of 129 faculty members from Bu Ali Sina (66) and Razi (63) universities were selected as research samples. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS22 and smartPLS3 software. The results showed that the most important indicators of effective teaching on teaching technical skills include: having a lesson plan and program for teaching and commitment to it, considering discipline and consistency in presenting lessons, linking the lesson content with the needs of the agricultural community. About general teaching skills, the most important were: openness of the professor, flexibility towards students' conditions, establishing close communication with students; and the most important indicators of effective teaching on the teaching profession include: determining the time, conditions and position of the class by the teacher, clarifying transparent instructions during teaching, the teacher's expertise on the course subjects. In the structural model of the research, the components of professional skills, technical skills and general skills had a positive and significant relationship with the "effective teaching" component with the impact coefficient of 0.70, 0.27, and 0.19, respectively.

Since the main goal of the research was to explore the factors determining farmers’ behavior towards the use of chemical fertilizers, the developed Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Value-Belief-Norm theory (VBN) was employed as a predicting theory to accomplish this goal. The 375 potato farmers of 30 villages were selected as samples (N=14200). Data were collected by a questionnaire and help of interview. Statistical calculations were performed by the SmartPLS (version3) and SPSS (version22) software packages. The results of using (TPB) show that behavioral intention is reinforced by three variables of behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control so that it has a positive and significant relationship with them. Also, the results of using (VBN) show that the components of this theory have a positive and significant relationship with behavior. The results using (TPB) revealed that the farmer's intention has a significant and positive relationship with behavioral beliefs mediated by behavioral attitude, with normative beliefs mediated by subjective norms, and with controlled beliefs mediated by perceived behavioral control. In VBN theory, the results showed that the value variable mediated by belief and norm have a positive and significant relationship with farmers' behavior. In other words, the variables in both theories well explain the behavior of farmers in the application of chemical fertilizers. In comparision 51 percent of farmers' behavior in the TPB theory can be described through the variables of the model, but 57 percent in the VBN model.

Pro-environmental behavior is one of the significant and important factors in protecting the environment. This behavior is dependent on different factors like individual factors, environmental knowledge and attitude, also social, economic, and cultural factors. Therefore, this study has an aim to identify factors which effect on environmental behavior of girl’s students in Hamedan city.

The study has used a surveying method and statistical population was all girl’s students (N=3000) in senior secondary level of Hamadan high schools. Of those, a statistical sample (n=320) was selected using Morgan's sampling table. Data were first gathered by questionnaire during an extensive review literature, and then analyzed by using Smart PLS and SPSS softwares. Content and face validity of the questions reviewed by university professors and the reliability of the questions was tested by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and it was 0.83.

The results showed that the environmental behavior of the target girl’s students calculated by mean statistic and it was 3.15 out of 5 (m=3.15). The results also revealed that 31 percent of the environmental behavior of the girl’s students depend on the variables include knowledge with a beta coefficient of 0.217 (β=0.217), attitude (β=0.238), media (β=0.071), individual traits (β=0.105), social factors (β=0.271), and economic factors with a beta coefficient of 0.067.

Finally, the results of this research may help to a better and deeper understanding of girl students’ environmental behavior in line with protecting their environment. Also, by informing and providing environmental information, the female students' knowledge and attitude can be increased towards the environment. This will eventually lead to positive and pro-environmental behaviors.

In order to achieve economic development in the country, it is necessary to take advantage of all economic capabilities in various sectors. Development through rural tourism has recently made its way into the economic and industrial policies of countries around the world. For this reason, the present study dealt with zoning of the tourism target villages in Hamedan province. Based on this, 21 villages as tourism targets in Hamedan province were examined according to 10 criteria including environmental, political-administrative, water, electricity and gas, education and health, trade and services, cultural and sports, telecommunications, and religious and tourism indicators. TOPSIS technique was used to measure the level of the villages. The results showed that among the villages, Ali Sadr (CL+= 0.780), Faresban (CL+= 0.626), Jourab (CL+= 0.625) and Ashtran(CL+ =0.609) came as the first to fourth priorities in terms of tourism indicators. The results showed that according to the number and ranking of tourism villages in each city, Tuyserkan, Hamedan and Malayer cities were in the first to third tourist clusters, respectively. The Hamedan-Tuyserkan road was recommended to be regarded as the ecotourism cluster by redirecting future investment and infrastructure.

Understanding groundwater resource systems is crucial to protecting and monitoring them. Despite many studies on water resources management and related issues and biosafety, Attempts to systematically identify, classify, or analyze stakeholders and the importance of their role and position in participatory management and governance of water resources are very rare. Therefore, this study is to identify and understand the importance of stakeholders in terms of power and interests in the field of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain. The statistical population of the study includes farmers exploiting groundwater resources and experts of organizations related to groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain.  Based on the results of experts opinions matrix and farmers, the regional water organization, MPs and the water and sewerage organization with averages of  93.35, 6.7 and 6.77  with the highest power, respectively, Also, in terms of benefits, farmers, regional water organization and Jihad-e-Agriculture organization have higher benefits with averages of 6.97, 16.7 and 5.5, respectively. Also, the results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the opinions of the two groups in terms of power and interests of stakeholders. According to both groups, the most benefits are related to farmers because they are the main actors and stakeholders in the use and exploitation of groundwater resources. Based on the matrix of stakeholders, the necessary strategies were adopted for each sector. The results of this study can be considered as an initial understanding and identification of stakeholders and then as a basis for analysis with emphasis on the development of programs and strategies needed to improve the protection and exploitation of groundwater resources.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic and social sectors of the country that needs proper management to achieve the goals of agricultural and rural development. Knowledge management (KM) and organizational agility (OA) are two important strategies in managing organizations. KM refers to resources that are systematically designed to foster the most effective learning and lifelong learning in the organization and includes such components as acquisition, storage, transfer and application of knowledge. OA also includes such components as the ability to create change, flexibility, accountability, collaboration, training and learning in the organization. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between KM and OA is in Agricultural Jihad Organization, Tehran branch.

This research was an applied one in terms of its aims and survey in terms of its data collection procedures. The statistical population includes 450 agricultural Jihad staff. Out of these, 207 were selected and included in the sample using Cochran formula. The research instrument was a standard questionnaire that consisted of three parts: 1) biographical characteristics of the respondents, 2) questions related to organizational agility, 3) questions related to knowledge management. The instrument for assessing knowledge management was used with 23 items and 4 variables including: knowledge acquisition with 4 questions, knowledge transfer with 6 questions, knowledge storage with 6 questions, and application of knowledge with 7 questions; all items were anchored on a five-point Likert scale. The organizational agility questionnaire was used by Zhang (2012), with 27 items and 4 variables including: quickness with 7 questions, responsiveness with 6 questions, flexibility with 7 questions, competency with 7 questions; all items were anchored on a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and Smart PLS. The main variables of this study included organizational agility, knowledge management and individual variables.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between organizational agility and knowledge management, and among the components of organizational agility, the component of "ability to create change", "flexibility" and "ability to respond" were the most important determinants and played an important role in this regard. The results about knowledge management components showed that "knowledge application" by an effect coefficient of 0.902 had the highest impact on dependent variable of KM. The items including "knowledge transfer", "knowledge acquisition", and "knowledge storage" were other important components by coefficients of 0.894, 0.720, and 0.474, respectively.  

The results of this study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between organizational agility and knowledge management in Agricultural Jihad Organization, Tehran branch. This means that increasing each component of organizational agility leads to an increase in knowledge management vice versa. Given that the most important dimension of organizational agility in this study was "ability to make a change", an agile organization would be able to identify and make changes in the organizational environment. In this regard, it is recommended to use educational programs to change management techniques in order to achieve organizational mobility.