علیرضا یدوی

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers and zinc foliar application on the physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration of black cumin under different irrigation regimes, a split factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Zarghan, Fars province, in 2017 and 2018. Irrigation regimes (providing 100, 75 and 50% of the irrigation water requirement) as the main plot and biofertilizer (mycorrhiza, Phosohate Barvar2, mycorrhiza + Phosohate Barvar2, no biofertilizer) and foliar application (zinc foliar application, no foliar application) were considered sub-plots. In both years of the experiment, the reduction of irrigation water decreased the nitrogen concentration of aerial organs (45%), chlorophyll a (70%), soluble protein (37%), relative water content (40%), biological yield (46.6%), and grain yield (56%) of black cumin. However, it increased traits such as proline (1.35 times), soluble sugar (60%), and electrolyte leakage (1.1 times). Biofertilizer application, especially in combination (mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2), and zinc foliar application increased all the traits mentioned except electrolyte leakage. So in 50% irrigation, the combined application of biofertilizer compared to no application of biofertilizer increased the grain yield by 46% and 49.7% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The results showed that the application of biofertilizers and zinc foliar application moderates the negative effects of drought stress in black cumin by improving nutrient absorption and physiological characteristics.

With the increase in population and improvement in diet diversity, there is a growing need for the quantitative and qualitative development of oil seeds. Camelina (Camelina sativa), an oil seed plant from the Brassicaceae family, is an ideal candidate as it contains 50 to 60% unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and has the ability to thrive in adverse environmental conditions. By introducing this new oil plant into cultivation programs, it can significantly contribute to the production of high-quality edible or non-edible oil in the developing countries such as Iran. However, achieving maximum grain yield and appropriate fatty acid composition in camelina oil relies heavily on selecting the appropriate planting date. Additionally, providing necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the plants is a key aspect of agricultural management to achieve desired quality and quantity of crop products. This research aims to investigate the impact of planting date and different levels of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on the growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of camelina plants in the Eghlid, south of Iran.

This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2021-2022 at the Eghlid Agricultural Research Station in Fars province, south of Iran (Long. 52 42, Lat. 30 55, and Alt. 2375 m above sea level). The experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included different nitrogen fertilizers at four levels: 100% chemical nitrogen (250 kg/ha urea), 75% chemical nitrogen (187 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, 50% chemical nitrogen (125 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, and non-use of nitrogen fertilizer (control). The sub-plots included four planting dates: September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022. The experimental plots (sub-plots) were determined to be 5 x 2 meters. Each plot consisted of 4 stacks with a distance of 50 cm between them. The distance between sub-plots was 50 cm, the distance between main plots was 150 cm, and the distance between replications (blocks) was 300 cm. On both sides of each stack, seeds were planted in two rows with a distance of 25 cm to achieve a density of 120 plants/m2. One-thirds of the urea nitrogen fertilizer was added to the plots of each treatment before planting, one-thirds at the 6-8 leaf stage, and the remaining third at the stemming stage of camelina. In the biofertilizer treatment, the camelina seeds were inoculated with biofertilizer containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. before being sown. The cumulative growth degree days of seedling emergence, flowering, and ripening, as well as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield, yield components and seed oil percentage were evaluated.

With delaying planting from September 11, 2021, to April 24, 2022, the GDD (Growing Degree Days) for camelina emergence decreased, additionally, a delay in planting led to a shorter growth period until full flowering of the camelina plants. Planting in September 26, 2021, led to the longest growth period until full maturity of the camelina plants, while spring planting resulted in a decreased length of the growth period until maturity. The highest plant height (43 cm) was achieved in the presence of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen and the lowest (41 cm) was in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer application. The planting date of September 11, 2021 and April 24, 2022 showed the highest (43 cm) and lowest (37 cm) plant height of camelina. The decrease in plant height during the late planting date was primarily due to the decrease in internode elongation as a result of changes in day length and a shorter vegetative growth period. The highest chlorophyll index (66) was achieved by using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, while the lowest chlorophyll index (52) was observed in the control, lack of fertilizer application. This trait decreased when the planting was delayed. The delay in planting led to a decrease in leaf area, resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll index during the late planting date. No application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest seed oil percentage (29.4%), while the application of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen resulted in the lowest oil percentage (18.5%). The delay in planting from early autumn to late spring led to a decrease in the seed oil percentage. This decrease can be attributed to increase in nitrogen content, which promotes the formation of nitrogenous protein precursors. Consequently, more photoassimilates are allocated to protein formation, reducing the available photoassimilates for fatty acid synthesis and, ultimately, limiting oil production capacity. The decrease in oil percentage observed in the most delayed planting dates is likely due to the increase in temperature during the seed filling stage and the reduction in net photosynthesis.
Mean comparison of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on camelina grain yield showed that applying 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen, compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, on planting dates of September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022, increased grain yield of camelina by 80, 100, 150, and 190 percent, respectively.

The Findings show that in the Eghlid region, autumn-sown camellia out-yields spring-sown one. Additionally, by using a combination of 75% chemical fertilizer and nitrogen biofertilizer, a higher grain yield is achieved compared to using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer alone. Considering the importance of production of oilseed plants, like camellia, in Iran and the need for sustainable plant production programs, it appears that growth-promoting bacteria can play a significant role in reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant that is more than 2000 years old. Drought stress is one of the most limiting environmental factors in the growth and production of plants. Plant symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi and foliar spraying of essential elements can be one of the most effective solutions to deal with drought stress. This research also aims to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus and zinc sulfate foliar spraying on some biochemical traits and economic yield in St. John's wort under different irrigation regimes in a split factorial experiment with a basic randomized complete block design in three repetitions carried out during the three cropping years of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The main factor is irrigation regimes at three levels (100, 75 and 50% of irrigation needs); sub-factors were ZnSO4 foliar spraying at three levels (0, 3 and 6 per thousand) and inoculation with an AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) at two levels (inoculated and uninoculated). The results showed that the triple interaction of irrigation regimes + foliar spraying + mycorrhiza in all three years had a significant effect on chlorophyll content, proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and economic yield. Increasing irrigation stress had a reducing effect on chlorophyll content, economic yield, and the relative water content of leaves, but on proline, soluble sugars and malondialdehyde had an increasing effect. At each stress level, the highest economic yield was obtained in the treatment of 6 per thousand foliar spraying + inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Generally, foliar spraying of zinc sulfate + mycorrhiza increased the content of chlorophyll, sugar solvents and the relative water content of the leaf, caused the adjustment of the stress conditions and increased the resistance of the plant against drought, and by improving the quantitative and qualitative biochemical traits, it increased the economic yield of the St. John's wort plant.

In order to evaluate the inoculation of mycorrhizal and growth-promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas genus) on the tolerance of European borage to cadmium toxicity, a factorial experiment was performed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the research greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty of Yasouj University in 2019. The experimental factors include the application of biological fertilizer at 4 levels (control, application of mycorrhiza, application of growth-stimulating bacteria and combined application of mycorrhiza and bacteria) and 4 levels of cadmium concentration (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg cadmium per kg soil). The investigated traits were included root colonization percentage, plant cadmium content, some physiological characteristics and shoot dry weight of European borage. The results showed that with the increase in cadmium concentration, electrolyte leakage, proline content and cadmium content of aerial organs increased. The use of mycorrhiza and bacteria was evaluated positively compared to their non-use, so that in all four levels of cadmium, the highest proline, chlorophyll and relative water content, as well as the lowest electrolyte leakage and shoot cadmium concentration, were obtained from the combined two biofertilizers. Application of biofertilizer increased the dry weight of the aerial parts of inoculated plants compared to the control. The results showed that in the presence of 25 and 50 mg/kg of cadmium, the combined application of bio-fertilizers reduced 21% and 17% of cadmium transfer from roots to shoots of borage. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological fertilizers in areas contaminated with cadmium.

Uptake and use efficiencies of phosphorus and some other nutrients affected by rate of phosphorus fertilizer and bio-fertilizers application. This experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers on the phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in rapeseed in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2019. The first factor included zero, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1 of phosphorus and the second factor included phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas and its non-use. Phosphorous increased the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The highest yield was obtained from 125 kg of phosphorus and phosphorus biofertilizer. With the consumption of 125 kg of phosphorus and biofertilizer, the highest phosphorus use efficiency and remobilization was achieved. The highest phosphorus harvest index was obtained from the applying 50 kg of phosphorus and no biofertilizer, and the highest phosphorus utilization efficiency was obtained from the applying 50 kg of phosphorus along with biofertilizer. Generally, using biofertilizer with phosphorus increased nutrients uptake and seed yield. In traits such as grain yield, grain and shoot phosphorus content, there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg of phosphorus + bacteria with the application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer alone, therefore, biological fertilizer can be substituted a significant part of chemical phosphorus fertilizer.

Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 

The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g-1 leaf fresh weight), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 

The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress and foliar application of Fe and Zn on agronomical characteristics of sunflower

a farm experiment was carried out in the Fars agricultural research center in the split plots form base on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from A class evaporation pan) as the main plots and foliar application at four levels (water, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and iron sulfate+ zinc sulfate) were used as sub-plots.

The results showed that the delay in irrigation from 60 to 180 mm of evaporation caused a decrease in the number of seeds per head, grain yield and biological yield by 24.8%, 37.5% and 30%, respectively. The foliar application of iron sulfate + zinc sulfate compared to the control treatment increased the number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and grain yield by 24.1%, 16.6 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. The delay in irrigation, increased the water use efficiency by 50.9%. The interaction between irrigation and foliar application had a significant effect on leaf and grain iron concentration and leaf zinc concentration, so that with delay in irrigation, absorption of nutrients decreased, but foliar application under drought stress conditions increased iron and zinc absorption in sunflower

According to these results, it can be stated that with micronutrient foliar spraying, the severe drop in sunflower yield can be prevented under drought stress conditions

This study was used in order to diversify agricultural system by using fenugreek in mixed cultivation with linseed with the aim of determining the effect of mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis on the plant elements and the effect on intercropping indices. The farm factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 15 treatments in Yasouj University in 2016. The experimental factors include the bio-fertilizer in three levels (control, the use of mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae and the use of mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis) and cultivation ratios at 5 levels (pure cultivation of oilseed and fenugreek and mixed cultivation of linseed and fenugreek with ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:2). The results showed that the application of mycorrhiza along with mixed cultivation improved the absorption of macro and micro elements, so that the highest concentration of iron, nitrogen and potassium in oilseeds leaves was seen in the ratio of 1:1 mixed culture along with mycorrhiza fertilizer. Also, mycorrhizal fungus F. mosseae together with 1:1 mixed culture brought the most nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus of fenugreek leaves. The interaction of mixed cropping and mycorrhizal fertilizer was not significant on any of the indicators of the usefulness of mixed cropping; but the use of mycorrhizal fertilizers increased the amount of actual lost yield and the ratio of the total land. In general, the use of mycorrhizal fertilizer, in addition to improving the absorption of elements, made the mixed cultivation of flax and fenugreek superior to their single crop.

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of linseed Norman variety.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in 3 replications in April 2012 in farm of Yasouj university. Experimental treatments during : T1-control (without fertilizer application), T2- application of 90 kg.ha-1 urea, T3- application of 10 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T4- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T5- application of Barvar1 biofertilizer (containing sAzotobacter (100 g.ha-1) T6- application of biofertilizer nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1 kg.ha-1), T7- application of 45 kg.ha-1 urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T8- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + nano biofertilizer, T10- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer, T11- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + biofertilizer Barvar1, T13- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 Tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer.

The results showed that different fertilizer treatments caused a significant increase in morphological traits, yield and yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage of linseed compared to the control.

One of the most important factors in reducing vigor of seed is the occurrence of water stress during seed development on mother plant. Also, the use of growth regulators in environmental stresses leads to the production of seeds with better germination ability. In order to study the effect of methyl jasmonate on germination indices and vigor of two bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in a RCBD design in two growing seasons (2015 and 2017). In this experiment, different irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off from bolting stage and irrigation cut off from the grain milking stage were investigated as the main factor, and two wheat cultivars Sirvan and Pishtaz and 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm of methyl as sub plots. The results showed that in both cultivars, germination indices decreased by stress, but application of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increased the germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight vigor, gluten and seed starch content in both years compared to the control. On average, at different levels of irrigation cut off and full irrigation, Sirvan cultivar showed higher germination percentage and rate than Pishtaz cultivar. Also, irrigation cut off from bolting stage had the greatest negative effect on the seed formed in the mother plant in different wheat cultivars. Overall, the results showed that among the treatments, the best methyl jasmonate application with a concentration of 100 mM was able to moderate the effects of drought stress and improve germination and qualitative traits of seed under stress and non-stress conditions and Sirvan had higher seed quality.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the important oil plants in temperate regions, which has great value for humans and livestock as a producer of oil and meal. Phosphorus plays an important role in improving the quality and quantity of oilseeds, including rapeseed. Sufficient sources of phosphate are needed by the plant for earlier development and rooting and more foliage production in a short period of time. Considering the stabilization of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers and environmental pollution, the use of biological fertilizers, especially the types of phosphorus-dissolving bacteria, play an important role in solving these problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the role of phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of canola under the influence of chemical phosphorus fertilizer management.

A factorial field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Yasouj University located in Deshtrum region in 2019. The first factor was triple superphosphate fertilizer at 6 levels (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure phosphorus) and the second factor included phosphorus biological fertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria at two levels (application and non-application). The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. Yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated.

The results showed that phosphorus and bacteria chemical fertilizers had a significant effect on all investigated traits. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and bacteria was also significant on all investigated traits except harvest index. The highest plant height (124.93 cm), number of lateral branches (4), leaf chlorophyll index (74.20), seed yield (5887 kg/ha) and biological yield (19411.4 kg/ha) were obtained in the treatment of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus and bacterial application. Also, with the consumption of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer and the use of bacteria, the highest percentage and oil yield was obtained. Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the treatment of application of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer + bacteria and the treatments of application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer (75, 100 and 125 kg) alone.

Considering the superiority of 125 kg of phosphorus fertilizer along with bacteria in terms of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield, it seems that these amounts of phosphorus fertilizer as well as the use of bacteria can be used to achieve proper yield in the experimental and also similar areas. Also, the results show that using bacteria can reduce the consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers.

Beans are one of the most important food sources in many parts of the world due to their high protein content. According to geographical conditions, drought stress in Iran is one of the most important threats to agricultural products. Disruption of photosynthesis, destruction of cell structures, reduction of stomatal conductance and plant growth are among the effects of drought stress. Today, the use of biofertilizers based on soil microorganisms is one of the main goals of sustainable agriculture to improve plant condition. In addition to improving soil structure, biofertilizers improve plant growth and yield under stress conditions by increasing root morphology, increasing nutrient uptake and increasing antioxidant power. Due to the negative effect of drought stress on crop yield, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on physiological characteristics and grain yield of red beans in different irrigation regimes.

  This experiment was performed as a split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Yasouj University in 2016. Experimental treatments include irrigation at three levels (normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering to the beginning of podding and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of podding to maturity) and biofertilizer at four levels (control (no application) Biofertilizer (application of mycorrhiza fungus, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and combined application of mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria). The red bean seed (phaseolus vulgaris) used in this experiment was a Derakhshan cultivar and the mycorrhizal fungus used was Funneliformis mosseae. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Phosphate barvar2) base on Pseudomonas putida Strain P13 and Pantoea agglomerans Strain P5 were used as seed inoculation at planting time. Sampling was done randomly at the beginning of podding stage and in the middle of grain filling with respect to the marginal effect in each block in order to measure percentage of electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water content (RWC), content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA).

  The results showed that different levels of irrigation were significant for traits such as RWC, electrolyte leakage percentage, MDA content, leaf proline content, leaf protein, soluble sugar concentration, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on all traits except the RWC. It should be noted that the interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer was not significant on any of the studied physiological traits except for MDA. Irrigation levels and application of biofertilizers also had a significant effect on grain yield, the combination of both biofertilizers was very effective on grain yield, especially in stress conditions. The grain yield was more than control in the case of irrigation cut-off in the flowering stage and in the case of irrigation cut-off in the stage of podding to maturity by 45 and 38%, respectively.

The results of this experiment showed that drought stress in the form of irrigation cut-off reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, increased the levels of physiological degradation and thus reduced the grain yield of red beans. In conditions of drought stress application of mycorrhiza biofertilizers and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, by reducing the damage caused by drought stress, prevented the reduction of bean yield. Also, the application of biofertilizers in normal conditions significantly increased the yield of red beans.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit stress and sources of nitrogen fertilizer on germination quality and vigor of wheat seeds of Chamran cultivar, an experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research Center of Fars province. In this experiment, wheat seeds were first treated at three levels of water deficit stress (complete irrigation, water deficit stress in milky and rough stage) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer sources (urea fertilizer 100% plant requirement, urea fertilizer 25% Along with nitroxin and nitrogen, 50% urea fertilizer with nitroxin and nitrogen, 75% urea fertilizer with nitroxin and nitrogen were produced. Then, the quality and vigor of the seeds were tested in two standard experiments of germination and accelerated aging in a factorial design with four replications. The results showed that the effect of experimental treatments on all measured traits except germination percentage was significant. Water deficit stress and sources of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizer with 25% urea at the beginning of decline led to an increase in protein concentration (12.39%), but the lowest amount of starch (20.85 %) under the interaction of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizer with 75% urea in 48 hours Deterioration was observed. Water deficit stress also increased the concentration of soluble sugars and decreased the grain alpha-amylase enzymes. Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of combined treatments of urea fertilizer and biofertilizers in stress conditions to feed the mother plant led to the production of seeds with higher vigor and more resistance to decay.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizer on physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration in linseed under irrigation withholding at different growth stages, a farm experiment conducted as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj University in 2017. Irrigation regimes (full irrigation, irrigation withholding at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity) and bio-fertilizer application at four levels (mycorrhiza fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer) were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest concentration of phosphorus (8.27 g.kg-1) and potassium (4.20 g.kg-1) in the leaf was observed in the treatment of mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer. In both stages of flowering and seed filling, irrigation withholding compared to full irrigation increased the soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, but reduced the relative water content and soluble protein of leaf.  The highest leaf prolin cintent (11.63 µmol.g-1) was observed in both biofertilizer combination treatments in condition of Irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of both type of biofertilizer increased soluble sugar concentration, soluble protein and reduced malondialdehyde levels. The highest grain yield was observed from application of mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2.The results indicate that linseed is sensitive to drought stress in the encapsulation to ripening stage (58% reduction). This damage modified by application of biofertilizer trough improving the absorption of nutrients and changing the concentration of osmolites.

Due to the high sensitivity of linseed to weed competition, high costs are imposed for weed management of linseed production. Determining the critical period of weed control is a practical strategy that is considered as one of the main pillars of the integrated weed management system due to the limited chemical control of weeds. The critical period is the period of the plant growth season during which weeds must be controlled so that yield damage does not exceed a threshold. This threshold is determined based on the cost of weed control. Critical period estimation can play an important role in achieving sustainable and integrated weed management in crop production and reducing the costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the critical period of weed control in order to stabilize the system as much as possible, minimize the use of chemical herbicides and reduce farmer costs on linseed in Yasuj.

This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and three replications in 2017 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University.Treatments included periods of weed control (WF) and weed interference (WI) up to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after linseed emergence and also two treatments of weed control and weed interference for the whole season (110 days). Three ridges (4 m long and 50 cm apart) were planted in each plot and two rows of linseed (row spacing and plant spacing of 25 and 4 cm) were planted on each ridge. Sampling was done to calculate the density and dry weight of weeds in the control treatment group (WF) at the end of the growing season and for interference treatments (WI) at the end of each stage before weeding. At the time of linseed maturing, yield components, biological yield, grain yield, oil yield, element content and protein of flaxseed were measured.The critical period of weed control was determined using Gampertz nonlinear regression equations (to determine yield response to weed-free periods) and Logistic nonlinear regression equation (to determine yield response to weed interference periods).

Weed control and weed interference periods had a significant effect on weed dry weight. With increasing control and interference periods weed dry weight increased and decreased, respectively. Throughout the whole season weed interference treatment produced the highest amount of weed dry biomass (149 g m-2), and among the control treatments, the highest dry weight of weeds was observed in the 20-day control treatment.
With increasing control periods, weed plants have the opportunity to grow in a situation where the relative competitiveness of linseed plants has improved due to the expansion of lateral branches, increase in height and more intense shading. For this reason, weed growth is limited. However, increasing the length of interference periods, weeds can grow easily due to the weakness of the initial linseed seedling at the beginning of the season and the lack of sufficient growth resources. The effect of weed interference and weed control treatments on grain content (P, K, Zn and Fe), grain protein, yield components, biological yield and grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield were significant. With increasing control periods and decreasing interference periods of all elements in linseed seed, the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight increased. Biological yield of linseed in 10 and 20 day interference treatments was not significantly different from 10 and 20 day control treatments, because weed competition in the first season has a very negative effect on growth and biomass production of linseed and seedlings linseed have poor competitiveness against weeds. Therefore with weed control measures at the beginning of the growing season can improve seed and biological yield of this plant.The critical period of weed control for linseed in Yasuj, based on a 10% reduction in grain yield, was determined from 5 days to 44 days after the emergence linseed, equivalent to 142.8 to 589.85 GDD from the time of linseed planting.

In order to prevent weeds growth, improve the quality (elements, oil and protein) and quantity (yield) of linseed grain and reduce the costs, it is recommended that weed control start from five days after linseed emergence to 39 days after aforementioned time.

This research was carried out to evaluate the storage of wheat seed which produced under different conditions of water deficit and application of chemical nitrogen and biological fertilizers as the first factor was water deficit in milky stage, drought stress at dough stage and without stress (control), and nitrogen fertilizer resources in Urea fertilizer 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of plant requirement with nitroxin and nitragin. The second factor was storage conditions in 7 and 14% seed moisture within 20 and 4 °C storage, and the third factor was the storage period at 50, 100, 150 and 200 days. The results showed that the content of soluble protein and seed vigor index in seeds that received nitroxin and nitragin fertilizers with 25% urea, by increasing the water deficit, from 1.208 to 0.581 mg/g fresh weight and from 1.945 to 0.376 increased relative to 100% urea, respectively. The amount of catalase activity in seeds with drought stress and biofertilizer was higher and its activity increased at higher storage temperatures. In general, if the irrigation of the maternal plant is discontinued at the seed dough stage and the plant is fed with integrated of chemical and biological fertilizers, then the seed produced had more storage capability.

To investigate physiological responses of black cumin to calcium silicate under salinity and drought stress condition with iso-osmotic potentials, a factorial experiment carried out based on the completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Iran in 2018. The first factor consisted of seven levels (salinity and drought stresses with iso-osmotic potentials of -2.4, -4.9 and -7.4 bar and control treatment) applied in Hoaglandchr('39')s solution. Salinity was applied with sodium chloride (NaCl) and drought with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). The results showed that at calcium silicate levels, salinity and drought stresses increased catalase and peroxidase activity, proline soluble sugars and malondialdehyde and also decreased leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content. Silicate application mitigated the stress effects so that increased catalase and peroxidase activity, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugars and decreased malondialdehyde content. In iso-osmotic potentials of drought compared with salinity, relative water content decreased but proline content, soluble sugars content, malondialdehyde content and catalase activity increased, indicating that black cumin sensitivity to drought is more than salinity based on physiological traits.

Germination is one of the most sensitive stages of plant life, which is affected by various environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Because seed standard germination test alone cannot accurately describe seedling emergence in field conditions, seed strain tests such as accelerated aging test (seed deterioration) are used. In this research, germination and biochemical indices of linseed (‌Linum usitatissimum Var. Norman) in moisture potential of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.2 and -1.2 MPa under accelerated aging conditions at temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°c were evaluated. The results showed that the percentage and rate of germination and seedling vigor index in accelerated aging and non-accelerated aging respectively were increased by increasing temperature up to 20 and 25 ° C, , then decreasing to 35 ° C. And with decreasing potential water, in terms of accelerated aging, showed its lowest level at any temperature. The amount of soluble protein, catalase activity and proline content of seeds increased with decreasing water potential and accelerated aging effects at each temperature. Also, with increasing temperature, protein content and catalase enzyme activity of Linum usitatissimum seed are increased; proline content of the seed decreased.The results of this study showed that Linum usitatissimumis resistant to high and low temperatures in the early stages of germination under favorable temperature conditions of plants resistant to dehydration and under stress-free conditions.

It is important to determine the optimum nitrogen and plant density to increase linseed quantitative and qualitative yields, nutrients uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to achieve the best nitrogen and plant density combination in linseed. The experiment was conducted in Yasouj University, Iran, as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. Treatments were nitrogen as main factor in five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha -1) and density as sub factor in three levels (50, 100 and 150 plant m-2). Maximum seed oil yield (982 Kg ha-1), seed yield (2525 Kg ha-1), grain protein (33.5 %),  seed mucilage (7.4%), seed phosphorus (0.41% ) and potassium (2.85%) were obtained from 100 kg N ha-1 at the density of 100 plants m-2. Maximum nitrogen use efficiency (79.5 kg kg-1) was obtained in 25 kg N ha-1 and 150 plants m-2 treatment, however the minimum (20.4 kg kg-1) obtained from minimum plant density and maximum nitrogen. Generally it is suggested the 100 plant m-2 density and 100 Kg ha-1 nitrogen to produce high linseed yield quantity and also quality in Yasouj region.

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza fertilizer application on the growth and yield of linseed in intercropping with fenugreek, a field experiment was conducted at research farm of Yasouj University, agricultural college in 2017. Experimental arrangement was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 15 treatments. The experimental factors were application of biofertilizer in three levels as non- bio fertilizer application (control), application of mycorrhiza fungus Funneliformis mosseaeand Rhizophagus irregularis species and cropping system in five levels, linseed sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping and intercropping of linseed- fenugreek with ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. The results showed that the yield of linseed and fenugreek increased under the influence of mycorrhiza bio fertilizer. Also in between the cropping systems the highest grain yield of both linseed (233 g .m-2) and fenugreek plants (221.6 g.m-2) achieved from sole cropping systems. The highest seed oil percent (41.27%) of linseed was found in 1:1 ratio of linseed-Fenugreek intercropping with the application of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza fungus. Land equal ratio (LER) in all experimental intercropping system was higher than one that indicating the beneficial effects of linseed intercropping with Fenugreek compared to sole cropping of each. Based on the results, the cultivation ratio of one row of fenugreek: one row of linseed with Funneliformis mosseaemycorrhiza fungus application can be introduced.

In order to evaluate the effect of different bio-fertilizer on agronomical traits and photosynthesis pigments of linseed under irrigation cut-off condition a farm experiment carried out as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj university in 2017. Irrigation regimes at three levels, full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity and bio-fertilizer application at four levels as mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi+Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. Results showed that the lowest grain and oil yield (93.7 and 32.9 g.m-2) and the lowest  capsule numbers per plant, seed numbers per capsule and 1000 seed weight and also the highest seed protein percent were achieved from irrigation cut-off at  beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 comparison with non-application of bio-fertilizer increased capsule numbers per plant, grain and oil yield, and protein percent by 25.5, 26.5, 33.1 and 17.4 percent respectively. Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 under irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity increased leaf carotenoid content significantly in seed filling stage sampling. Also in full irrigation condition at beginning pooding stage sampling, Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 increased leaf chlorophyll content significantly.

Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced by many factors that can be attributed to weed interference with the crop and the use of fertilizer inputs. Considering that nowadays the use of plant oils and sesame cultivation has increased, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of sesame cultivars to nitrogen increase in competition with weeds to identify the limitations and benefits of nitrogen use.
 
  The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Omidieh (Khuzestan Province) during the summer of 2013. The main plot consisted of nitrogen fertilizer application levels (control [non-use] and use of 50 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen from urea form) and subplots were in a factorial combination of sesame varieties (Behbahan landrace, Yellow-white, tn-238, and tn-240) and weed competition in two levels (weed free and weed infest). In this experiment, morphological traits, harvest index, yield, and yield components of sesame were measured.
  The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, weed competition, and sesame varieties on yield and yield components were significant. The interaction effects of nitrogen and sesame varieties on the leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index of sesame were significant. Increasing nitrogen improved LAI but weed interference reduced the number of capsules per plant by 23 percent. The effect of weed on 1000 grain weight showed that weed competition decreased this trait by 7.5 percent. The effects of nitrogen, cultivar, and weed competition on grain and biological yield were significant, so that the highest grain yield (158.06 gm-2) belonged to the 100 kg N treatment and between different varieties of sesame obtained from the Behbahan local variety(151.38 gm-2). Compared to the control (no nitrogen) the highest level of nitrogen treatment increased 31 percent in biological yield. In weed-free conditions, the Biological yield was more than the weed-infested treatment, so that the weed control increased the biological yield by 24 percent.
  The results of this study showed that the cultivation of Behbahan local variety with the application of 100 kg N, under Omidieh regional conditions, has been Improved many traits of sesame, including plant height, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, and 1000 grain weight that this improvement was due to the get maximum yield.