فهرست مطالب abbas khodabakhshi

The desire for beauty and frequent use of cosmetics can expose humans to heavy metals, which can cause immune system disorders over time. We selected 5 common lipstick brands to determine the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr). We prepared each sample by acid digestion, and then the concentration of the metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that Pb, Cd, and Cr were present in all lipstick samples. However, their concentrations were lower than the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards. The maximum concentrations of Pb and Cd were 2.31 mg/kg (brand A) and 0.037 mg/kg (brand D), respectively. Health risk assessment of the examined metals showed that only Cr can pose non-carcinogenic (14.98) and carcinogenic (44.96E-04) risks to consumers. Despite the low concentration of heavy metals in our study, chronic use of lipstick can pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to the presence of Cr.

Today, wastewater reclamation and reuse for different applications is considered as a suitable and economically attractive approach to deal with the main issue of water scarcity. Water reclamation includes wastewater treatment or processing in order to make it suitable for reuse with the reliability of treatment and compliance with water quality criteria. Water reuse is defined as the use of treated wastewater for useful purposes. Health and environmental concerns are primary issues in the implementation of water reuse, so the focus should be on developing approaches that provide sufficient assurance that water quality requirements are consistently met. Considering the importance of water reclamation and reuse, in this article, some methods of water reclamation, the successful experience of water reclamation in Singapore, and a proposed solution for water reclamation and reuse in our country, Iran, have been discussed.

Due to the expansion of agricultural activities and the occurrence of successive droughts, the utilization of urban effluents for agricultural purposes is a suitable and economical way. However, the safely and responsibly use of these resources is essential. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using the effluent of the Borujen municipal wastewater treatment plant for agricultural irrigation.

In this descriptively-analytically study, the physical, chemical and microbial properties of the effluent of Borujen municipal wastewater treatment plant were measured according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, for 6 months and then was compared with the standard of Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (IRNDOE) and The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

The mean concentrations of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total dissolved solids (TDS) parameters in the effluent were 10.00 ± 1.17, 39.19 ± 4.10, and 513.0 ± 8.7 mg/L respectively. The average of chemical parameters including Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, NO2-, Na, Mg, Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), HCO3-, CO32-, Ca, and alkalinity was within the standard range of IRNDOE and FAO. The average of turbidity in the effluent was 54.27 ± 16.47 NTU. This effluent, in terms of SAR and EC was in the great and acceptable water group respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals was less than the permissible level for these metals. The mean concentration of total coliform, fecal coliform were higher than the standard set for these parameters. Also, no parasite eggs were detected in the effluent.

The results showed that the average chemical parameters of effluent of Borujen wastewater treatment plant were within the standards of effluent use in agriculture. However, the concentration of biological parameters of the effluent was higher than the standard level; and in case of more microbiological purification, it can be used for irrigation of edible agricultural products.

Irrigation with wastewater and the use of sludge as fertilizer is one of the important issues related to health and environmental concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of heavy metals of arsenic, cadmium and lead in potato and soil of agricultural lands in Sefid Dasht in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.

This study was an experimental-laboratory study. Samples were obtained from three agricultural lands with an average area of ​​one hectare. Hach digestion and Sandstone were used for digestion of soil and potato samples, respectively. Finally, the concentrations of heavy metals were measured using Varian atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA240 model).

The results of this study showed that lead metal had the highest rate of accumulation in soil and potato. The calculated transfer factor was according to the Arsenic > Cadmium > Lead pattern.

According to the results of this study, measures should be taken to prevent contamination of the soil by heavy elements. Therefore, the amount of heavy elements in the soil of Sefid Dasht should be controlled by reducing use of livestock manure and chemical fertilizers.

The relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation is one of the most important issues in macroeconomic issues. Knowing this relationship and knowing the direction of this relationship will have many benefits for all economic and monetary policymakers. In this study, by expanding the theory of quantity of money, we examine the relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation rates and test this relationship using the gentle transition regression approach during 1352-96. The results show that as interest rates rise (especially when the interest rate exceeds its threshold), its impact on inflation increases. Also, the effect of interest rates on the general level of prices does not have a severe effect and changes in parameters are slow. Therefore, it can be concluded that interest rate instruments cannot be used to control high inflation and the use of policies that reduce the speed of money circulation can be more effective in controlling the general level of prices. This result shows in general terms that in the long run, interest rate income that enters the economy from payment to the factors of production is practically compensated and eliminated by reducing the purchasing power of money due to the increase in the general level of prices in society. Perhaps this can be considered as one of the wisdoms that God Almighty has said in the Holy Qur'an about the sanctity of usury: "God forbid usury" means that God eliminates usury; cited.

Bacterial and fungal bioaerosols play important roles in the atmosphere and have significant effects on human health. This study aimed at investigating the concentration of bioaerosols in ambient air in Shahrekord, Iran during two warm and cold seasons at three different points in 2019. Moreover, the effect of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, UV intensity, and wind speed and direction on bioaerosols were studied.

In this descriptive-analytical study, sampling of bioaerosols was conducted using Andersen single-stage sampler at a flow rate of 28.3 L/min for 5 min on Sabrod dextrose agar (SDA) and Tryptic Soy agar (TSA) media for bacterial and fungal bioaerosols, respectively.

The study showed that the concentration of fungal bioaerosols was higher than bacterial bioaerosols in warm and cold seasons. The predominant genera of bacteria in both seasons included Micrococcus luteus (21.35%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.68%), Bacillus subtilis (10.14%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.93%). The predominant genus of fungi were Cladosporium (41%), Alternaria (16%), and Aspergillus (11%). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the concentration of bioaerosols and wind direction and relative humidity and a significant negative correlation between temperature, wind speed and UV intensity in warm season.

The predominant species of bioaerosols identified in this study were opportunistic pathogens and allergens which can threaten public health. So, monitoring of the concentration of airborne bioaerosols in cities is a vital key to assess the health effects of ambient air pollution.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Rapid spread of the virus around the world shows that identification of transmission routes and preventing environmental contamination, especially in healthcare settings plays a vital role in controlling the disease. In this study, air and surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated in different wards of Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord.

In current study, 13 samples of different surfaces and 15 air samples were taken using sterile swabs impregnated with VTM and standard impinger, respectively. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 was performed using RT-PCR.

Findings showed that 46.15% of surface samples and 26.66% of air samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. These contaminations were detected only in areas which were in close contact with COVID-19 patients.

This study confirmed the contamination of air and surface with SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 admitting wards. Therefore, personal precautionary measures, including frequent hand-washing, timely changing of face mask, and using more protective equipment are highly recommended in healthcare settings. Moreover, cleaning and regular disinfection of surfaces and equipment and appropriate ventilation of wards are crucial for preventing the disease transmission.

The aim of this study was to reduce the amount of diazinon from aqueous media using chemical–thermal-activated watermelon rind. Materials and 

 This experimental study was carried out in a laboratory. First, watermelon rind was activated by chemical–thermal method. Then, the effective parameters of the diazinon adsorption process, including the initial concentration of diazinon (0.17–1 μg/L), pH (3–10), adsorbent amount (0.05–1 g/l), and contact time (30–100 min), were investigated and optimized. The amount of residual diazinon was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this study, Taguchi method was used to determine the sample size and statistical analysis. Furthermore, in this study, to describe the adsorption equilibrium, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used. 

 The results showed that under an optimal pH of 6, the equilibrium time of 30 min, the amount of adsorbent 1 g/L, and the initial concentration 0.17 μg/L, the elimination efficiency of diazinon was 95.1%. Furthermore, the results of isothermic studies have shown that the removal of diazinon follows the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.921). 

 Chemical–thermal-activated watermelon rind can effectively be used to remove low concentrations of diazinon from aqueous solutions.

 This study aimed to comparatively investigate the efficiency of removal of formaldehyde using advanced oxidation process ultraviolet (UV)/S2O82-/Fe2+ and UV/S2O82- from aqueous solutions. 

 In this experimental-laboratory study, the UV/S2O82 and UV/S2O82-/Fe2+ processes were used to remove formaldehyde. UV radiation was provided by a low pressure (6 W) UV lamp. Effects of various factors including pH, different irradiation durations, different concentrations of iron ions, initial concentration formaldehyde, and persulfate concentration were evaluated. The remaining formaldehyde concentration in the samples was measured by spectrophotometer at 412 nm wavelength. 

 The results showed that in the UV/S2O82- method, the formaldehyde removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 9, while in the UV/S2O82-/Fe2+ method, the formaldehyde removal efficiency increased with increasing pH and concentrations of iron ion. In both methods, as the initial concentration of formaldehyde was increased, its removal efficiency decreased, and the highest formaldehyde removal rate was obtained in UV/S2O82- method at persulfate concentration of 100 mM. However, in the UV/S2O82-/Fe2+ method, the removal efficiency decreased with increasing concentration of persulfate to 100 mM. 

 The results showed that the UV/S2O82-/Fe2+ process was more efficient (87.57%) to remove formaldehyde at high concentrations. Therefore, it is recommended to study the efficiency of this process as one of the clean and environmentally friendly methods at full scale for real wastewater.

Water pollution by heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems. Among the heavy metals, mercury (Hg) is a very toxic metal and its high concentration can lead to impaired pulmonary and renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of Hg removal by carbon nanotubes coated with manganese (Mn) oxide from aqueous solutions.

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with Mn oxide were prepared and used to remove Hg from aqueous environments. In addition, the physical and structural characteristics of the nanotubes were determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The impact of diverse variables was further investigated, including the initial concentration of Hg, the initial pH of the solution, contact time, mixing rate, as well as the amount of nano-composite and the impacts of confounders (nitrate and chloride). Finally, optimum conditions for each of these parameters were obtained by the Taguchi statistical method.

The XRD analysis showed that the nanotubes were properly coated with Mn oxide. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that under pH 7, the rate of mixing of 150 rpm, the contact time of 60 minutes, the amount of nano-composite of 60 mg, and the initial density of Hg 80 mg/L can be achieved by removing 95% Hg. Moreover, the confounder factors of nitrate and chloride reduced the amount of Hg removal by 4 and 5%, respectively.

Based on the results, the nanotubes coated with Mn oxide can be used as easy and strong absorbents for the rapid absorption of Hg from drinking water and industrial wastewater

This study investigated the bioremediation of lead and zinc in contaminated soils by the compost worm Eisenia Fetida.

The initial concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg for zinc and lead respectively as well as 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for the control group were studied. 30 earthworms were used for bioremediation of 500g samples of the polluted soils during 14 and 28 days. Then, Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption kit (Varian 240) in the soil and earthworm’s tissue.

The mortality rate of earthworms was insignificant statistically, so that it was lower than 20% when exposed to 86 mg/L of lead. Moreover, the removal efficiency of Pb and Zn was higher than 90% in th soil. Initial concentration of Pb and Zn was 3 and 6 mg/kg and the bioaccumulation was 0.16 and 32 μg/g respectively during 14 days, while they were 0.31 and 59 μg/g at the end of 28 days. The removal efficiency of Pb and Zn was increased as the exposure time and concentration of Pb and Zn in the earthworm bodies increased.

As a consequence, the use of earthworms is an appropriate organic and cost-effective method for bioremediation of Pb and Zn significantly. However, the improvement and modification of bioaccumulation in earthworm bodies is an environmental challenge that should be managed.

High heat capacity and low reactivity of polychlorinated biphenyls have caused to remain their herbs in the environment from a few decades. Accumulation of these pollutants in animal tissues leads to genetic mutationsas and exposure to them will accelate the trend of getting these chronic deseases. During the recent years, removal of PCBs from natural ecosystems has been considered as one of the environmental chalanges. The aim of this theoretical study was to investigate the ability of the special kind of carbon nanotubes for removal and identification of the hazardous type of PCBs.
The current study investigates PCB-153 removal by using computational nanotechnology: So, this theoretical study by using semi-empirical MNDO, analysis and obsorption of PCB-153 in interactions with the wall of carbon nanotubes single-walled zigzag (0, 14) during two 6-step process has similarized and computed. The first six stages included decomposition of pollutants in middle level (Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4), and the second six stages contained calculations related to middle defeat in final products (1,2-chloropropane and 1-chloropropane).
During the two studied interactions, the total energy, Gibbs free energy, dependence of energy and enthalpy show a considerable decrease in the transition phase. Moreover, parameters of nuclear energy and bipolar disorder in the transition phase shows a significant increase in their amounts. Also, the conductivity of nanotubes in absorption time and decomposition of pollutants and the amount of intermediate increases considerable.
Conclution: The thermodynamic parameters obtained from the interaction shows that the chemical absorption reaction of PCB-153 and its removal using the examined carbon nanotube can be done spontaneously, and this zigzag nanotube may be a suitable tool for detection and analysis for the pollutant of PCB-153.

With the development of society and people's lifestyle changes/ the use of disposable containers has become inevitable. The use of these containers threatens public and personal health. At present/ Iran is among the 5 countries with the highest use of these containers in the world. This study is conducted to measure the concentrations of heavy metals including lead/ chromium and copper in disposable containers used in Shahrekord City.
For this purpose/ three disposable container samples including foam/ plant/ and plastic were provided from each company. The total number of collected samples was 72 samples were collected from three different companies.. The samples are extracted based on ISIRI standard and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. SPSS was used to statistically analyse the obtained data.
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in these containers for copper/ chromium and lead based on foam/ plant and plastic were (8.19/ 7.4/ 0.83- 4.5/ 6.04/ 3.33 and 3.73/ 7.09/ 0) based on the type of container glass/ food container and spoon (5.55/ 6.07/ 2.55- 5.26/ 7.48/ 2 and 4.32/ 6.75/ 0)/ and Iranian/ Ghaem and Kiyani in terms of brand (5.36/ 2.46/ 1.56- 5.68/ 10.76/ 1.68 and 4.35/ 7.1/ 1.12) per kg (mg / kg) of dry weight respectively.
The comparison of the amount of metals in disposable containers showed that the average concentration of lead compared to the maximum recommended amount of lead (2 mg.kg) is within the standard limits. And the average concentration of chromium in disposable containers is higher than the maximum recommended amount (1 mg.kg). No certain standard is determined for copper.

Dye is one of the most important pollutants in textile industry wastewater and is often toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. Thus, dye contaminants should be treated before discharge into the environment. This study was conducted to assess the efficiency of Glycyrrhiza glabra ash in Reactive Black 5 dye removal from aqueous solutions.
The present experimental study was performed at a laboratory scale. The adsorbent was prepared under laboratory conditions and pulverized using ASTM standard sieves. In this research, the effect of pH (2-12), initial dye concentration (20, 60, and 80 mg/l), absorbent dosage (0.3-2 gr/100 ml), and reaction time (10-180 minutes) were investigated.
Findings: The results showed that the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra root ash in dye removal decreased with increase in pH and initial dye concentration, and increased with increase in exposure time during the initial 60 minutes. The results followed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0. 9467).
The results showed that licorice root ash has desirable efficacy (98.48% removal at a concentration of 20 mg of pollutant) in the removal of Reactive Black 5 dye from aqueous solutions and textile industry wastewater.

A lab-scale SBR equipped with a flat sheet membrane in submerged configuration that is named MSBR was used for the treatment of composting leachate. It was fed by biologically treated leachate with overall 70-1360 mg/L Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The values of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were monitored routinely. However, analysis of total COD, Soluble COD (SCOD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) was done in feed and filtrate, whenever the system reached steady state twice a week for about 6 months.In all loading rate, BOD5 concentration was less than standard limit. The removal efficiency of total COD increased in the bioreactor with time in all experiments was up to 80%.Influent SCOD varied spectacularly (50-1050mg/L) due to the leachate collection during different seasons but in the effluent, it remained relatively stable. About 60% of the feed SCOD was the non biodegradable type that was separated by the membrane.Up to 99 % further solids was removed with micropore membrane which might be mainly included in colloidal solids. The value of EC for the leachate sample was 0.86-4 mS/cm at 22 °C which decreased by membrane significantly.It was concluded that MSBR as a versatile technology with high throughput could treat composting leachate belowthe standard limit if used after proper processes.

Heavy metal pollution is a major problem in the environmental and health concerns of food. Toxic elements in the environment of mushrooms may be attracted to them, in which case the problem will create mushroom consumption. This study was aimed to determine the concentration of heavy metals, manganese, chromium, iron, lead, zinc and copper in mushroom consumed in Shahrekord.
This study was a cross- sectional research. 6 samples of the edible mushroom cultivation and 2 samples of wild edible mushrooms in the market of Shahrekord were selected. The sampling method was census with 3 repetitions and it was performed at intervals of a month in the spring. 3 samples and a total of 24 samples were taken of each kind of mushroom. The samples were digested using acid digestion, and then, the metal concentration was determined using atomic emission Spectrometry set.
Average values were measured including zinc, (61.29±14.94) (58.48±29.11), Fe (26.29±8.69) (28.30±11.93), Pb (2.05±0.56) (2.07±0.35), Cr (1.46±0.41) (1.1±0.91), Cu (22.99±5.68) (25.83±6.67), and Mn (3.8±0.72) (6.25±0.99) mg/kg in cultivation and wild mushrooms respectively. Findings of this study indicate that the mean concentration of zinc in both mushrooms (cultivation and wild) was at allowable standard level (CODEX/FAO/WHO), Chromium, lead, iron exceeded the standard, and manganese, copper, less was than the standard limit.
Regards to some samples of contained heavy metals, chromium, lead, iron levels are higher than standard level. With regard to the increasing consumption of edible mushrooms cultured in Iran, it is required more careful about the conditions and environments.

Water pollution is undoubtedly one of the major problems faced by the world today. Water pollution by heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems., mercury is a highly toxic metal Among the heavy metals. it can cause nerve damage in humans irreversibility. It can easily cross the brain-blood barrier and affect fetal brain. High concentrations of Hg+ 2 due to respiratory and renal dysfunction and pain in the chest as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotubes Combined with iron oxide to remove mercury in aqueous solutions. This experimental study the multi-walled nanotubes combined with iron oxide and used for removal mercury. the effects of parameters such as pH solution, contact time, stirring speed, amount of nano-composite and interference (nitrate and chloride) were investigated and the optimum conditions were determined for each of these parameters by using minitab software and analyzed by Taguchi statistical method. The findings of this study showed that the neutral pH than acidic and alkaline pH is more suitable for the removal of mercury, and the best stirring speed is 150 rpm, 60 minutes Contact time, is a good time. At this time can be removed 93% of the mercury depending on the nano composite. the Best of nano composite is 60 mg per liter to achieve the desirable removal of mercury. In addition, at low concentrations (less than one milligram per liter) nanocomposites can be 87 percent remove mercury mercury. In this study, the addition of interfering factors (nitrate and chloride), decreased mercury removal by 10%. The results of this study showed that use of the nanotubes coated with iron oxide without at neutral pH, contact time 60 min, stirring rate of 150 rpm, and the nano-composite 60 mg, can be achieved mercury removal 93%. also according to the results this nano-composite considered as a suitable choice for treatment of drinking water and industrial wastewater.

The aim of this study was the increasing of leachate quality using integrated membrane bioreactor (MBR). The reactor was fed with treated leachate with overall 70-1360 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD). The analysis of COD, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were performed in feed and filtrate, whenever the system reached steady state twice a week for 6 months. In all loading rate, BOD5 concentration was less than the standard limit. The removal efficiency of COD in all experiments was up to 80%. Up to 99% of solids, which may mainly include colloidal solids, were removed with micropore membrane. There was no significant difference between TDS concentration in feed and filtrate. It was concluded that MBR is a versatile technology with high throughput and can treat compost leachate below standard limit if used after appropriate processes.

Lead is one of the priority toxic pollutants from industrial wastewater, such as batteries, paint, weapons, glass, printing, etc. In this study, was investigated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles maghemite for the removal of lead from synthetic wastewater of battery industry. In this study was used the influence of various factors such as pH, initial concentration of lead, and contact time on lead removal from synthetic wastewater by nanoparticles maghemite was investigated. After separating adsorbent by magnetic field, remaining lead concentration was measured by atomic adsorption (perkin elmer 2380). The results were analyzed by the software SPSS Version 18. Results showed that in the pH value of 7, the initial concentration of lead of 50 mg/L and 0.1 g. per liter Nano maghemite dose and contact time of 40 min and stirring speed of 150 rpm 63.91 percent lead removal was obtained. Adsorption capacity was 61mg/g. Maghemite nanoparticles had high adsorption capacity, rapid and effective. Removal efficiency of lead was directly related to pH and time and reversely to initial concentration of lead. The absorption model was fitt well to Freundlich isotherm.

Antibiotics have the potential to adversely affect the microbial community. For anaerobic digestion, a sufficient methanogenic population needs to be preserved in the system.The main aim of this study was determination of inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline on methanogenic bacteria. A 120 mL jacketed bioreactor with a 90 mL working volume was inoculated granular sludge from an anaerobic digester, substrate and different concentration of oxytetracycline with 10 days cycles and intermittent mixing. The reactor was operated at 35 ± 2 ° C. The inhibitoryeffect of antibiotic was evaluated by monitoring biogas production. Based on the findings from each batch, complete inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline was in concentration of 800 mg L-1.Significant relation was seen between inoculated antibiotic concentrations and methane production (r=-0.86). The addition of antibiotics to the biomass affected the utilization of fatty acids, resulting in unfavorable effects on methanogenesis. Thus, overusing of antibiotics can adverse effects of intestinal flora.

 The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process as an advanced treatment to secondary effluent quality improvement in Isfahan - Morchekhort Industrial Estate wastewater treatment plant. 

 Membrane system used in this study included a flat sheet UF module of polysulfone with 0.1 μm pore size. The coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation (Coag, Floc, Sed) and rapid sand filtration in conjunction with granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was used as pretreatment of secondary effluent. All test methods was obtained of standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. 

 The membrane system could decrease turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total hardness (TH), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), total nitrogen (TN) and Cl− , 24.5, 19, 48, 10.5, 94.5, 85.1, 15.4 and 1.01%, respectively. 

 UF was able to improve chemical parameters of secondary effluent and meet national environmental standards. However, achievement to optimum operation of this system requires adequate pretreatments such as adding filter aid, sand filtration and GAC. The most part of suspended particles expressed by turbidity was removed within UF membrane, whereas only a little of organic substance expressed by COD or color and salt expressed by conductivity could be removed.

One of the recent environmental problems is the presence of toxic، resistant and potentially carcinogenic compounds such as Malachite Green (MG) in effluent wastewater and fish tissues of fish farms. The aim of this research is the measurement of MG in the effluent wastewater and fish tissues of fish farms in Chahar- Mahal and Bakhtiari province. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، from total of 50 fish farms، five farms were selected from three categories of large، medium، and small scales of fish farms، based on fish production capacity. During three months، effluent wastewater and fish tissue samples were taken monthly and were analyzed to detect MG after preparation of the samples. MG analysis was done through Cloud Point Extraction method for effluents samples and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for fish tissue samples.

Out of different techniques for chromium (Cr) removal, biological treatment has a special status. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of biological sludge on hexavalent Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solutions. In this experimental study, the required sludge was collected from municipal sewage refinery after aeration basin and introduced into the reactor and Cr and nutrients were added to it. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO), Cr initial concentration, pH, temperature, glucose concentration, and contact time on chromium removal rate was evaluated. At each step, the samples withdrawn from the reactor were filtered and Cr (VI) level was measured using HACH Company instructions and spectrophotometry. The findings of this study showed that at 2 mg/L DO, 80 mg/L Cr initial concentration, 5000 mg/L sludge concentration, pH= 3, 30°C temperature, 250 mg/L introduced glucose concentration, and 24 h contact time, about 97.5 % of Cr (VI) was removed. As DO, pH, and the introduced glucose concentration decreased and the initial sludge concentration increased, temperature and contact time of Cr removal efficiency increased. The results of this study showed that use of the activated sludge of sewage refinery could be used for Cr removal with regards to environmental aspects.

Due to the lack of proper rail road and air transportation, most commutes in Iran are carried out by buses. In most cases, the water in the busses is used for passengers for drinking usage. Although this kind of water source has provided convince for the travelers, it could be a great risk in disease outbreak. The aim of this study is to determine the water quality in commuting buses of Shiraz Karandish terminal in winter 2011. The study is of descriptive-cross-sectional type. 48 samples were collected through quota sampling. In this study, water microbial contamination (total and fecal coliform bacteria) was studied by method using nine-tube fermentation (MPN). The residual chlorine amount, Turbidity, pH and temperature were measured. SPSS software version 11.5 was used for statistical analysis. Results suggested that 18.75% of total coliform and 4.17 % of fecal coliform were positive. The turbidity in 8.3 % of the cases was at the standard level (0.1-1NTU). Comparing between the results of this research with other studies showed that fecal contamination in bus water fountain of Shiraz was less than fecal contamination in bus water fountain of Kermanshah, Bandar Abbas and Kerman but it was more than Isfahan.

Today, in many countries, wastewater treatment plants effluent is an important part of the renewable water resources. In this case, the effluent quality standards are developed and used is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of wastewater plants effluent Restricted Irrigation. In this descriptive - analytical study, samples was collected from the Isfahan wastewater treatment plants effluent. Effluent quality parameters; BOD5, COD, pH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio absorption %Na, SAR, boron and chloride were analyzed. Average of BOD5 and COD parameters in both plants was same as environmental standards but does not meet EPA standards. Both Wastewater effluent pH values were in the range of 9-6. Boron concentration and sodium adsorption ratio in the north wastewater treatment plant was good, for irrigation. %Na, chloride concentration and EC was inappropriate. In the south wastewater treatment plant, boron and SAR was at the excellent level. Chloride and EC was permissible, and %Na was good. Based on independent sample t test, there was significant deference between Isfahan North and South wastewater treatment plants (P<0.05). There was not seen significant deference between effluent quality and standard level in both treatment plants (P>0.05). With proper operation of treatment plants and use of an appropriate disinfection process, the suitable effluent quality for agricultural purposes is provided.