ahmad sadraei javaheri

Market economies rely on the payment system to facilitate trade and exchange between businesses and consumers in the product market. "Payment" is the transfer of monetary value. The ability to control monetary policy instruments is one of the challenges of monetary policy in Iran. The reduction of the central bank's control over the money supply and the implementation of monetary policy is due to the change that occurs in the monetary base and the monetary multiplier. The structure of stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models, like other general equilibrium models, aims to describe the behavior of the entire economy and use decision interaction analysis. Wisdom is built on different levels.Due to the existence of sanctions and the lack of clear and correct information on the amount of sales of crude oil and other export items and petroleum products and unnecessary complications in doing the economics paper, it is considered closed, but if the correct information in can be considered as the expansion of the economy.The findings of this section indicate that the central bank's reaction to the growth rate of the total index of the real sector of the economy against the reaction to the deviation of the total index from its long-term equilibrium level can be more effective in reducing the real effects of the shocks of the real sector of the economy on macroeconomic variables. . Because the central bank controls the status of asset returns in other parallel markets such as currency, price levels, deposits and loans, and therefore the reaction to the emotional dynamics of the market return against the reaction to the market index level further guarantees macroeconomic stability.

Making changes in the tax system is one of the basic and important needs for increasing government tax revenues. To achieve this, the tax system must move in a direction that increases the tax base. One of the most important solutions can be reducing tax exemptions and deductions. Since tax deduction plays an important role in determining tax revenues, ignoring its effect in tax studies can lead to misleading results. To address this research gap, this study uses a three-part dynamic general equilibrium model to estimate the Laffer Curve and investigate the effects of tax deductions on the curve and taxable income.

The analysis focuses on the household, business, and government sectors, highlighting the significance of tax deductions within each.
Findings from this research show that, in the absence of tax deductions, the optimal tax rate for maximizing tax revenue in terms of labor income is below 45%, while for capital income, it is below 40%. In contrast, when tax deductions are present, tax rates exceeding 50% and 55% maximize tax revenue for labor and capital income, respectively. Furthermore, the elasticity of taxable income for both labor and capital remains relatively constant across scenarios, with a slightly higher value observed when deductions are considered. Regarding capital income, the elasticity consistently exceeds 1 due to the presence of varied capital deductions. In both cases, the elasticity exhibits a downward slope, gradually decreasing as the tax rate increases and approaching a value of 1. In contrast, the ETI associated with labor income remains below 37%, regardless of the presence or absence of deductions.
Furthermore, under tax revenue elasticity, the rate of reaction to the tax rate for the labor force is almost uniform in low tax rates and has a downward trend with the increase of the tax rate in all three cases (considering and not considering deductions). But in the case of reductions in the labor force, the amount of reaction is higher than the other two cases. While the elasticity of tax income from capital gains due to capital depreciation deductions is always greater than 1 and is downward in all three cases and gradually decreases with the increase of the tax rate and approaches 1.

In the current research, to understand the effects of tax exemptions and deductions in the economic system, an attempt has been made to analyze the effects of tax deductions on the government tax revenues and the elasticity of taxable income and tax elasticity, in a simple three-part dynamic general equilibrium model including households, firms and government, three special cases regarding the absence of tax deductions and social security premiums should be investigated. To evaluate and estimate the model, first the calibrated parameters in previous studies were collected and then the results were obtained through MATLAB software.

One of the important results of this research is the changes in the government tax income and the reaction of individuals in the form of taxable income, caused by the consideration and non-consideration of deductions and tax exemptions on the household and corporate sectors.
As it can be seen, tax revenues in the scenario of removing tax deductions are more than the other two scenarios, i.e. considering deductions, on the other hand, the elasticity of taxable income in the presence of tax deductions show a greater reaction than in the case of not considering tax deductions.
Iran has been experiencing consecutive budget deficits over different periods. As a result of reduced oil revenues much greater attention has been drawn to a more efficient and effective taxing system. So, a substitution in the government revenue system can potentially deminish the over-dependence of the Iranian economy on oil revenues, which can lead to far reduced deficits both in the long and short term.
In terms of deductions and exemptions as a factor affecting tax revenues, it can display a more realistic picture of an economy and take into account the existing economic realities. Therefore, the tax system should act in such a way that it moves in the direction of expanding the tax base. One of the solutions for this is realized through elimination of tax exemptions and deductions. It seems that such policies can prevent tax evasion, collecting more tax, and ultimately increase the motivation for work and activity and cause economic growth and prosperity

The interactions of economies have caused the sensitivity to choose import sources, target markets and trade partners in general. Each country chooses its own trade partners based on its coordinates in order to minimize its import costs and generate maximum export income while avoiding the negative effects of international economic fluctuations. Diversification of trade partners is one of the ways to strengthen of an economy and reduce the vulnerability against international economic fluctuations and shocks. Diversification of import sources and export destinations of each country can lead to the stability of foreign trade and increase the stability of domestic production. In Iran's economy, due to the special conditions, such as economic sanctions, this issue is of double importance. In the previous periods of sanctions (before 2017), one of the weak points of Iran's economy has been the decrease in diversity in the mix of foreign trading partners, which includes the decrease in the number of buyers of oil (as Iran's main export product), the decrease in the arrival of foreign tourists, and the reduction of countries exporting goods to Iran. In this situation, two countries, China and Russia, became Iran's main trade partners, and to some extent, it reduced the impact of Western economic sanctions against Iran's economy. Meanwhile, in the last two decades, China has practically become the main competitor and substitute for the economic powers of the world, known as the OECD member countries, and has acquired large markets in South and East Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Therefore, it can be said that diversification of trade partners for all countries of the world practically means creating opportunities and for Iran, it means a way to survive.

The present research is based on the "Locomotive theory", which expresses the influence and effectiveness of the economic fluctuations of countries on each other through foreign trade. For this purpose, two models with the same structure were designed for two periods during 1970- 2018 to investigate the role of China's presence or absence among Iran's trading partners using the structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) model. According to the "Locomotive theory", international economic fluctuations affect countries through foreign trade, and only a few countries have the potential to bring countries out of the crisis. This theory states that during 1975-77, the United States was the main "locomotive" to pull out the world economy (more precisely, the industrialized countries) from the previous recession (the first oil shock), and paid a very high price for it, and it was necessary for America's major partners in that period, especially Japan and Germany, to accept their role as the locomotive of the world economy and in this way help both the American economy and the world economy. This theory specifically states that industrialized countries are the sources of international economic fluctuations and their prosperity or recession first spreads to major partners and with a delay to other countries.
The monetary and financial policies of the United States have played a decisive role in the development of global economic cycles through trade and financial links with smaller countries. In recent decades, although the importance and role of the United States has remained, but the US economy is not growing fast enough to act as the sole locomotive of the world economy train, especially in the last decade. China alone, and other major emerging markets as a whole, have become important drivers of the global economy. China and other major emerging markets are increasingly interdependent. Because on the one hand, China is the main importer of raw materials, and on the other hand, it is a supplier of manufactured products and foreign investment. The occurrence of such a phenomenon in the field of international economy has attracted the attention of many researchers to discuss the role of business partners and examine the unilateral and mutual effects of such decisions.
According to a study conducted in 2015 by Assoumou Ella for Kenya, the trade relationship between a third world country and industrialized countries is drawn in the presence of an emerging economy. In this research, the same model is used for Iran's economy. For this purpose, in the present study, based on the theoretical and experimental literature of this field a structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) model has been designed and specified. The first reason for using this model is its design based on the theoretical structure, and second reason is to provide a framework in which a variable, while being endogenous, is affected by other endogenous variables; but it should not affect them. The second case is very important regarding Iran's economy; because the macroeconomic variables of Iran's economy for several reasons (weak structure of Iran's economy, the issue of sanctions, customs tariffs) have no significant effects on the macroeconomic variables of trading partners included in the model.

The results of the analysis of the reaction functions show that in most cases, the fluctuations of the macroeconomic variables of Iran (including GDP, inflation, FDI, export and import) have decreased in response to the fluctuations of GDP and inflation of OECD countries after the inclusion of China in the model. So that the intensity of the impact of the shocks entered into the model has become milder and the time for disappearing of the shocks has also been shortened.

The results show that the diversification of Iran's Trade partners during the mentioned period has reduced the effect of the economic fluctuations of OECD countries on the macroeconomic variables of Iran. This means more stability of Iran's economy, so diversification of trade partners leads to resiliency against international crises, especially in the context of sanctions.

One of the essential goals countries are pursuing is achieving a high economic growth rate. There are several factors involved in achieving this goal. Among these, innovation in financial markets, especially the stock market, plays an important role. Since the impact of financial innovation on economic growth in countries varies according to the level of governance, so in this study, the role of good governance has been considered. In this study, the ratio of exchange-traded fund (ETF) value to GDP is selected as a proxy for financial innovation, and the good governance variable is selected as the threshold variable. In order to investigate the impact of financial innovation in the stock market on economic growth, panel data from 38 selected developing and developed countries from 2002 to 2017 and a threshold dynamic panel model have been used. The results indicate that the impact of financial innovation on economic growth is different at low and high levels of governance. In other words, the good governance index plays a role in the impact of financial innovation on economic growth. When the level of good governance index is higher than the threshold level, the impact of financial innovation on economic growth is more significant.

Uncertainty is a controversial issue in the philosophy and methodology of economics. Since economic uncertainty is not directly observable, quantifying it is confronted with significant complexities. A common method in this context involves computing the proxy of uncertainty using time series models. Within this framework, the conditional volatility of the unforecastable components of time series is considered as an uncertainty measure. In this regard, the basic forecasting model should be specified in a way that its forecast errors lack any predictable content. In previous studies, the focus has solely been on economic and financial variables in computing the uncertainty measure, while the role of institutional factors has been neglected in the forecasting model. Meanwhile, based on economic literature, institutions play an important role in controlling and reducing uncertainty. Therefore, in the present study, the economic uncertainty measure is extracted based on a Large-dimensional dynamic factor model, employing a set of 72 macroeconomic and institutional time series for the Iranian economy. The results indicate that overlooking institutional factors in the forecasting model can lead to an overestimation of economic uncertainty. Our perspective enhances the accuracy of uncertainty measurement and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the determinant factors of economic uncertainty.

In recent years, given the significance of the financial sector and its interdependence with other sectors, especially the international trade sector, this industry’s academics and planners have examined the impact of financial development on commerce and trade integration. Therefore, in the present study, using the data of 12 selected countries that are members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Eurasia, and D8 during the period 1996-2020, and utilizing the augmented gravity model, the effect of a variety of financial tools, such as financial liberalization (FL) and open market operation (OMO), was discussed as a financial development to create trade integration between Iran and the selected countries. The results reveal that the index of financial liberalization has a positive and statistically significant impact on the degree of trade integration of the examined countries. In addition, the elasticity of trade integration is +0.01 than the OMO index. Another independent variable that has a positive effect on trade integration degree is economic size. Income convergence, population, the real exchange rate, and geographical distance have negative significant effects on trade integration in the countries under study. In order to establish the development plans of trade and financial sectors, the findings of this study may be of interest to policymakers and planners in ECO, Eurasia, and D8 nations, especially Iran; because the formation, growth, and strengthening of regional arrangements can offer a foundation for the entry of the region’s countries into the global economy and shield them from globalization’s challenges.

Exchange rate misalignment has involved many world countries. It has profoundly affected the internal and external sectors of the economy. Hence, disclosing the emergence and formation causes of the misalignments is a requisite. Studies on the Iranian economy have mostly evaluated the sanctions’ efficacy on macroeconomic variables, involving the economic growth, domestic production, liquidity, exports, imports, oil price, oil revenues, etc. Few studies have evaluated the sanctions’ impact on the foreign exchange market. There is no research work assessing the sanctions’ impact on exchange rate misalignment in Iran. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of economic sanctions on real effective exchange rate (REER) misalignment in the context of the Iranian economy during the period 1996:1 - 2019:4. In doing so, at first we apply the model designed by Edwards (1989) and Cottani et al. (1990) and using smooth transition regression (STR) to estimate the REER equilibrium and its misalignment. Moreover, factor analysis is used to estimate the sanction indices. Then to analyze the impact of economic sanctions on the REER misalignment a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model is employed.The time path of estimated REER misalignment indicates a lot of volatilities during the period of study. The estimated results also show that sanctions significantly affect these volatilities in the short run and long run and thereby increase REER disequilibrium in the Iranian economy.

Tax evasion is considered an important challenge, especially in developing countries. One of the models that can be used to identify the social and behavioral dimensions of tax evasion is the agent-based model. These models are based on simulation techniques that consider a system of agents and their relationships. In this study, this method has been used to study the structure of tax evasion in different occupational groups. The information on the occupational groups has been extracted from the results of the statistics from the expenditure and income plan of the country's households from 2001-to 2019. Three occupational groups of public sector jobs, low-income self-employed jobs, and high-income self-employed jobs have been evaluated. Three scenarios are embedded. In the first scenario (the honesty of all agents) and the second (assumption of tax evasion), the effect of risk aversion on job selection is evaluated. In the third scenario, the decision model for tax evasion is designed, taking into account behavioral factors and social interactions. Evaluation of behavioral parameters of the model shows that in moving from low-risk self-employed to high-risk self-employed, the coefficient of social norms decreases, and the coefficient of tax evasion increases. The results show that with changes in tax rates and fines, tax evasion changes with a very slope. In other words, policies to increase tax rates and penalties in the presence of behavioral factors do not significantly deter individuals from tax evasion

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of central bank independence on the establishment of Political Business Cycles (PBC) in Iran. For this purpose, the modified model of Shi and Svensson (2006) in the framework of the Smooth Transition Autoregressive Regression (STAR) during the period of 1978-2018 has been used. The results, in addition to confirming the linear relationship between the variables, showed that in the election period, for the values ​​of PBC (ratio of budget deficit to GDP) above the threshold, central bank independence, a positive and significant effect, and for values ​​below threshold has had a significant negative effect on PBC. Another finding of this paper is that the sum of the coefficients of central bank independence in the two regimes indicates the negative effect of increasing central bank independence on PBC. Therefore, it is suggested that, in addition to restricting the use of oil revenues, increasing the central bank's independence in the true sense of the word should be considered in order to gradually reduce PBC.

Energy is one of the essential inputs in production that due to inefficient and inappropriate use of its resources, its consumption has increased significantly. In this regard, the identification of factors affecting energy consumption in the provinces is important. This study aims to investigate the effect of urbanization on energy consumption in Iranian provinces. To do so, we used the STIRPAT model to design the econometric model. The spatial error econometric model in panel data was used to estimate the effect of urbanization on energy consumption in 28 Iranian provinces from 2002 to 2015. The results show that the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption is inverted U-shaped. This finding indicates that an increase in urbanization first causes to increase and then decreases energy consumption.

Taxes, as the most important source of government revenue and one of the economic policy instruments, play a key role in development policies. In this study, the evolution process of different models of tax evasion (from neoclassical approach to behavioral economics) is investigated, also the assumptions and variables of these models are analyzed. Then, using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on the opinions of tax experts, the factors affecting tax evasion are ranked in different models to determine which model is superior in explaining and measuring the factors affecting tax evasion in Iran. The results show that instability of preferences, loss avoidance, and ambiguity avoidance are the main factors influencing tax evasion. Correspondingly, rational behavior and behavioral adaptation have the least explanatory power as regards tax evasion in Iran. Based on the results, in analyzing and measuring Iranchr('39')s tax evasion, a paradigm shift towards behavioral economy models is needed.

Each country for economic growth and development requires to create capital for financing and basic infrastructure. Countries that do'nt have sufficient capital to develop internally are trying to attract foreign capital and transfer funds and resources to establish economic enterprises with higher returns than other countries.. In order to achieve this, governments enter a competitive game and try to attract these funds with their policies. One of the most important of these policies is determining the optimal taxation on foreign direct investments. In this study, determine the optimal taxation on foreign direct investments in a small open economy for Iran and selected countries by expanding the Ramsey model and using a dynamic optimization control model, The results show that the optimal amount of tax for Iran from 1991 to 2017, although is negative in some years and indicates the payment of subsidies on foreign direct investment, but on average is 0.16 percent that is close to zero. While this rate has been different for some countries, most are trying to reduce tax rates to attract foreign capital. In this study, the results of optimizing foreign direct investment tax for selected countries indicate that despite the differences between these countries in terms of macroeconomic variables, but all rates of taxation is close to zero and even in In some cases, the negative amount of taxation (subsidy) is considered optimal for attracting foreign investments.

The main objective of this research is to determine the executive model of the policy of the requirement of the internal contribution to the program of foreign investment in large-scale projects. Since the investment decisions are heavily dependent on the production cost structure, the "cost modeling of systems" (SCM) method has been used to categorize and simplify the cost information in a desirable manner. Implementation of the internal commitment policy is aimed at supporting domestic production and technology transfer, and the deregulation of the entire production process. In order to support domestic production, there are other options, such as subsidy policies for domestic production and tariffs for goods and services. Therefore, in this research, the internal demand policy, in accordance with the principles and requirements governing international trade, applied through the World Trade Organization and other international organizations and institutions, is compared with other common choices. Finally, the proposed model has been developed for the requirement of internal contributions to oil and gas projects. The model has been determined for a gas refinery with a daily refueling capacity of 20 million cubic meters of gross natural gas, and the optimal share of domestic and foreign investment has been identified. In the project, the share of domestic sector is equal to 49.6% and the share of the foreign investor is 6 / 50% estimated. The welfare effects of the internal contribution requirement are also measured and described by comparing this policy with the policy of applying foreign investor's tariffs. The amount of public welfare resulting from the required internal contribution policy in the project under consideration is estimated at $ 220 million.

The purpose of this study has been to consider the effects of non-price factors along with price factors on the demand of Iranian export from 1988 to 2017.In this research, a single error correction model is used to evaluate the short-term dynamics and long-term effects simultaneously. Moreover, in this study compare to previous researches, a more flexible approach has been included in the export function which is based on the structural time series' patterns which are the trends that express the effects of non-pricing factors. Then, the OXmetric software and the Kalman filter is utilized to estimate the amount of trend in each year, and the effect of each factor on the trend component is evaluated by the Ordinary Least Square Method. The results indicate that the price elasticity of the export is low. Also, the impact of non-pricing factors such as globalization, total productivity of production factors, innovation, electronic commerce and foreign direct investment on non-oil exports were assessed. The results have shown the significant effect of all factors and the negative impact of economic freedom, openness and foreign direct investment on the implicit process export.

In recent years, due to excessive consumption and unbalance between water consumption and water resources, Iran has led to a severe shortage of renewable water sources. Therefore, in this situation, analyzing the status and presenting appropriate strategies is the main priority for policymakers. For this purpose, by designing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, status of consumption of water resources has been studied in the household, agriculture and industry sectors. The existence and definite status of the stable situation, both parametric and numerically, has been investigated according to estimated values for Iran's economic parameters. According to the results of the research, it should be noted that at present, per capita water consumption is 1000 cubic meters per year. In other words, with current domestic consumption per capita, water per capita is less than that on the optimal Path. It is expected to achieve sustainable equilibrium in a long-term horizons by reforming consumption and providing policy solutions. Also, based on the simulation, from different policies, Establishing a 8-year limit on agricultural products with high water consumption is the most important policy for achieving the above equilibrium.

Recently, sustainable development and policy on improving the quality of the environment have attracted economists. The use of fossil fuel tax and subsidies to research and development are among the tools that can reduce air pollution by creating economic incentives and relative price adjustments. In this regard, the present study uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to examine environmental impacts, the effectiveness and economic implications of using these two tools. The results show that both instruments reduce the air emissions and social costs of air pollution, while the tax effect was more efficient. Taxation of energy consumption leads to a reduction in consumption indicators, investment types, and welfare. By paying subsidies to the R&D, and resulting increase in investment in R&D, a decline rate in consumer expenditure and physical investment were observed. The welfare increases at a low rate of subsidy and decreases at higher rates.

Competitiveness is one of the main and important issues in the economy which is considered as a tool for optimal growth and sustainable development. In present research Competitiveness of Iranian Industries listed in Tehran stock exchange which have had more than two firms during the period of 2007 to 2016 was studied. To study the competitiveness, mobility of productivity score and normalized market share have been applied with two salter curve and mobility indices obtained from the Markov chain. First method is a Qualitative method and the latter is a quantitative one. The result showed that technological mobility is more than Economic mobility in studied industries. The results of mobility indices obtained from the Markov chain also showed that Computer and real property industries have higher Technological mobility Compared to other industries. Also economic mobility is higher in Transportation industry Compared to others.

This paper studied the impact of the most important factors affecting on volatility of GDP in Iran by using Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE). Furthermore, it is important to understand the contribution of each of the factors to create volatility in GDP. To this end, we introduced institutional quality in production function. In our model, oil price shock is assumed to affect macroeconomics variables through affecting on productivity. The paper applied the model in Iran economy for the period of 1989-2014. The results indicated that one structural break had taken place in GDP in 2007:3 and Gross domestic product volatility has increased in the period after the structural break. The reason for this structural break can be found in the rise in oil prices that began in 2004 and continued for several consecutive years. We also found that the share of factors that affect volatility in GDP has changed after structural break. The variance decomposition indicates that volatility in GDP is most affected by the oil price and the monetary policy shocks. Besides, their share increases after the break point. The share of oil price shocks before the structural break was about 28 percent, but the share rose to 35 percent after the structural break.

Greenhouse gas emission abatement is an important issue at the center of attention worldwide with the aim of achieving sustainable economic growth. One of the policies put forward in this area is to subsidize investment in research and development and to levy tax on fossil fuels in order to make appropriate technical changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present paper determines the subsidy rate for investment in research and development to double it with using a computable general equilibrium model. It considers in the first scenarios subsidy payment for investment and in the second scenarios subsidy payment along with, the taxation of fossil fuel consumption. It then examines the economic, welfare and environmental impacts of these policies. The results of modeling and calibration show that in the first scenario, the subsidy rate for investment in research and development is 9.4% and in the second scenario it is 9. 1%. Meanwhile, the tax rate for fossil fuels in the second scenario is 2.5%. The results indicate a reduction in welfare in both scenarios, regardless of the social gains of reducing emissions. The results also show that both the energy tax policy, and research and development subsidy policy is able to reduce energy consumption and air pollution.

Achieving high productivity and efficiency in the electricity distribution industry is one of the main missions of Power Distribution Companies in Iran. The main problem in incentive regulation of Power Distribution Companies to fulfill this target is to develop an appropriate benchmark for efficiency and productivity growth dubbed as "X-factor". This paper aims at measuring X-factor for the Iranian power distribution industry. Data of Power Distribution Companies for the period of 2003-2014 and a DEA model including desirable and undesirable outputs and controllable and uncontrollable inputs have been used. According to the results, efficient companies must improve their total factor productivity at an annual rate of 3.06 percent; and inefficient companies most improve it at higher rates. The maximum X-factor is 0.0703 percent belonging to Power Distribution Company of North of Kerman Province, meaning that the Regula

It is obvious that an optimal policy should consider main dimensions of the phenomenon that can affect the transmission mechanism of that policy. In an open economy, it is expected that variables of the foreign sector play important role in its economic behavior. Therefore, it needs that any optimal policy in an open economy to design in such a way which involves changes in the foreign sector. Due to this fact, this paper aims at assessing the monetary policy of Central Bank of Iran to find that whether this policy takes a right way or not. To do so, a DSGE model along with MCMC criteria are employed.
The main result indicates that the Central Bank decision on monetary policy follows McCallum rule without any respond to exchange rate shocks.

In economics, natural monopoly is described as a situation in which, for structural reasons, only one firm finds it profitable to produce in the market. This Concept is more important and more practical in Industries that faced price and non-price regulation such as water, gas and electricity distribution and telecommunication. In this study natural monopoly structure in Iranian electricity distribution was investigated. To this, a Translog cost function was employed. Relative capital price, relative other input price and customer electricity sales were assumed as input price vector and output, respectively. In order to estimate the second order approximation of Translog cost function, the random coefficient model in panel data and the data of 2004 till 2014 were used. The results showed the existence of natural monopoly in some companies in contrast to other.

This paper aims at estimating the efficiency of hydroelectric power plants (renewable energy resources) and thermal power plant (non-renewable energy resources) in Iranian provinces. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches is applied to estimate the efficiency. The network is modeled as a linear system with multiple inputs and one output. Fuel cost, labor force, operation cost are used as inputs. Electrical energy delivered per year is used in the model as output. The study offers some detailed policies to improve the efficiency of the plants. Mean technical efficiency of hydroelectric power plant in 2011 and 2010 are 62% and 53%, respectively. Mean technical efficiency of thermal power plant in 2011 and 2010 is 82% and 77%, respectively. The results of the study indicate the fact that mean technical efficiency of thermal power plant in 2010 and 2011 is higher than efficiency of hydroelectric power plants.

The paper studies the changes of total factor productivity forall Iranian Insurance companies for the period 2003-2009. In order to measure the changes in productivity, data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is applied. DEA method is used to estimate output oriented Malmquist productivity index. To determine effective factors on the total factor productivity growth of insurance companies tobit regression is used. The results of the study confirm the positive effect of liberalization policy adopted by government on productivity growth. The results also indicate that dimension and the field of activity have significant positive effect on productivity growth.