alireza mohammadzadeh

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common urinary system disease, which is considered a contributing factor to renal failure. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance of hyponatremia in the diagnosis and treatment of hospitalized patients with UTI at Allameh Bohlol Gonabadi Hospital in Gonabad City, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 collected samples from patients diagnosed with UTI from 2013 to 2017. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded using a checklist. The samples were divided into two groups: hyponatremia and non-hyponatremia, and variables including leukocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and duration of fever were examined. After sample collection, the data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 20) software and Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney statistical tests.

In this study, 384 individuals with febrile UTI were examined, of which 71.6% were female and 28.4% were male. Hyponatremia was present in 57.6% of individuals with UTI. No significant correlation was found between age, gender, and hyponatremia (P=0.189 and P=0.238, respectively). Patients with hyponatremia had increased leukocyte count, elevated ESR, and positive CRP. A significant association was observed between hyponatremia and CRP, ESR, leukocyte count, and duration of fever (P<0.001).

The results demonstrated that hyponatremia may serve as a marker in the diagnosis of febrile renal infections, and its presence at the time of diagnosis suggests a likelihood of pyelonephritis and severe inflammation.

Nosocomial infections have always been a serious threat to hospitalized patients, and in recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates has aggravated the severity of this problem. The type and rate of bacteria causing nosocomial infection can vary across different geographical areas; therefore, it is of utmost importance to periodically check the type of infection and variations in the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection hospitalized in Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020.

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 392 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Allameh Bohllol Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020. The age and gender of the patients, the hospital department, the type of hospital infection, the cause of the infection, and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were extracted from the patient's files. Finally, all the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive statistical tests, and the variation in antimicrobial resistance pattern in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection was investigated.

Out of 44,204 examined patients, 392 cases had nosocomial infections. The rate of nosocomial infection was 0.88%. Ventilator-related pneumonia (32.14%), urinary infection (27.55%), and surgical site infection (20.15%) were the most common nosocomial infections. The highest rate of nosocomial infections was related to the intensive care unit. E. coli (17.6%), Klebsiella (12.2%), and Acinetobacter (10.9%) were the dominant pathogens causing nosocomial infections. The results regarding the variation in antibiotic resistance pattern demonstrated that the rate of antibiotic resistance and the frequency of isolates with multidrug resistance increased over four years. All the isolates showed 100% resistance to ampicillin. Gentamicin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics used for gram-negative bacilli.

As evidenced by the obtained results, there was a significant increasing trend in the resistance of isolates to all studied antibiotics during these four years; moreover, the frequency of multidrug-resistant strains was also increasing. Furthermore, the marked increase in antibiotic resistance among isolates causing nosocomial infections in recent years is a serious risk. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns can be of great help to physicians in selecting more appropriate antibiotics for treatment and preventing the development of antibiotic resistance.

 Considering that university professors are one of the main groups of researchers and as students tend to be novices in this regard, it is of particular importance to examine their perspective and compliance with ethics in research. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the perspectives of the students and the faculty members of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences towards the inhibitors and the facilitators of ethical compliance in research in 2019.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 66 faculty members and 144 students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences were selected through census and stratified random sampling, respectively. The research tools included a demographic information form as well as the questionnaire of ethical codes and inhibitors and facilitators of ethical compliance in research. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 18, using descriptive and analytical statistics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the compliance of the data with the normal distribution. The chi-square test was used in data analysis, with a P-value<0/05.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all the stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.

 Sixty-six participants (31.5%) were faculty members and 144 of them (68.5%) were students.  The most important inhibitor of ethical compliance in research from the students' point of view (84%), in the stage of choosing the topic, was the researcher’s insufficient awareness of ethics in research. From the faculty members' point of view (50%), the most important inhibitor of ethical compliance in research in the stage of reviewing the existing documents was the lack of skill in reviewing the existing documents including search skills. The most important facilitator of ethical compliance in research was placing more emphasis on the issue of ethics in research while presenting the course of research methods, from the faculty members' point of view (68%) and holding educational workshops on professional and research ethics, from students' point of view (37.5%). The results regarding the agreement to use ethical codes in research from the perspectives of the students and the professors in the three stages of choosing the research topic and stating the problem, reviewing the available documents and analyzing and reporting and publishing the results of statistical differences, showed the significance levels of P<0.001, P=0.007 and P=0.01, respectively.

 Despite the good state of ethical compliance and the appropriate performance of the ethics committee in research, there are still obstacles on the way to reaching better ethical compliance. The need to hold periodic training workshops, monitor research projects closely and provide the necessary infrastructure is felt.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common bacterial infections. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTI. In this research, the prevalence of several virulence factors and beta-lactam resistance genes was investigated.

One hundred E. coli isolates were collected from patients’ specimens with UTI referred to Allame-Bohlol Gonabadi hospital. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to identify five pathogenic genes (fimH, aer, pap, hly, traT) and three antibiotic resistance genes (blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV).

The frequencies of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX beta-lactamase genes among extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBLs) positive isolates were 11.1%, 48.1%, and 93.3%, respectively. A significant number of isolates were resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics.

Pathogenic genes may also increase the severity, progression, and expansion of urinary tract infections. Therefore, identifying these genes as critical controllers of illness can use for better manage the treatment.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the relatively common causes of vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, which in case of infection in pregnant women is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes, such as early neonatal infection, abortion, premature delivery and neonatal death. Considering the different prevalence of GBS in different geographical locations, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of GBS colonization in the vagina of pregnant women referred to Fatemieh hospital in Hamadan city in 2021.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 130 pregnant women referred to Fatemiyeh hospital in Hamadan city in 2021 were examined for GBS colonization using the purpose-based sampling method. Sampling was done using a sterile swab from the vaginal area, and the swabs were transferred to the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine after being placed in the Todd Hewitt broth medium. Bacterial diagnostic tests were performed to identify GBS. After registering in the checklist, the results were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software at a confidence level of 95%.

The average age of the studied women was 29.85 ± 6.86 years, in terms of employment status, mostly unemployed and housekeeper (95.4 %), with middle school education (34.6%) and living in the city (93.8 %). About 70% of them had a history of pregnancy at least once, 30% had a history of abortion, 6.2 % had a history of premature birth, 6.9% had a history of gestational hypertension, 16.4 % had a history of gestational diabetes, 3.1 % had a history of genital disease, and 47.7 % had a history of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of GBS was 3.8 %. No significant relationship was observed between the frequency of GBS with the age of pregnant women, gestational age, previous pregnancy records, history of abortion and premature birth, and their disease records.

 Although the colonization of GBS in the vagina of pregnant women referred to Fatemiyeh hospital in Hamedan was low, due to its adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy, screening for GBS infection and, as a result, its timely diagnosis and treatment is of special importance.

COVID-19 is a viral disease that has plagued all countries as a pandemic. The range of the disease varies from mild and asymptomatic to severe and fatal. Individuals with COVID-19 have several clinical and paraclinical symptoms. In this study, gastrointestinal symptoms and laboratory findings related to the COVID-19 virus were studied in patients referred to Allameh Bahloul Gonabadi Hospital (Gonabad, Iran).

In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, using a simple random sampling method, 235 patients with COVID-19 and gastrointestinal symptoms admitted to Allameh Bahloul Gonabadi Hospital in Gonabad from 2019 to 2021 were selected and examined in terms of gastrointestinal symptoms and laboratory findings due to COVID-19 virus. 

The mean age of the patients was 59.62±20.12 years, among which 48.1% were male and 51.9% were female. The most important gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19 were nausea (45.1%), vomiting (16.6%), anorexia (14.5%), abdominal pain (14.0%), and diarrhea (8.9%) respectively. Increase in lactate dehydrogenase (96.6%), aspartate transaminase (75.7%), prothrombin time (46.8%), international normalized ratio (42.8%), and decrease in white blood count (25.7%), platelet count (23%), and lymphocytes (68.5%) were the most important laboratory findings of COVID-19 positive patients. Lung involvement (94.7%), weakness and lethargy (87.7%), body aches (83.8%), and shortness of breath (76.6%) were the most common complaints of patients with COVID-19 and 83.8% of patients were C-reactive protein.

Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and anorexia were common complaints in patients with COVID-19. Some chemical biomarkers, including white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum ferritin were altered in patients with COVID-19. An increase or decrease in each of the blood cells, inflammatory factors, and enzymes indicates the involvement and complication of a specific organ or tissue in the body. Lung involvement is the most obvious, which can be seen with a computerized tomography scan.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease is a global public health concern which imposes considerable economic costs on the communities in endemic regions. CE surveillance data are not adequately reliable. The present study reports the development and outcomes of a CE registry in Iran.

Hydatid Registry (HydatidReg) was initially established as a single-center registry in 2014 after the ethical approval of KMU. Following a call from MoHME to promote registry of different diseases and health outcomes, a call for participation was announced and all the Iranian Universities of Medical Sciences were requested to contribute to the registry. Subsequently, a nation-wide registry of hydatid disease was established in 2016. With a global perspective, HydatidReg joined the European Register of Cystic Echinococcosis (ERCE). A data collection form based on minimum dataset was designed and standard operating procedures (SOPs) were prepared to ensure standardized patient enrolment in the registry. A biobank system with two-dimensional barcoding was established along with HydatidReg for management and organization of biological specimens.

As of March 2021, a total of 690 patients were enrolled in the registry. HydatidReg registered 362 (17.3%) out of the total 2097 patients enrolled in ERCE. Quality control (QC) of the data demonstrated 91.2% completeness and 80% timeliness. In the biobank, 322 biological specimens from 184 CE patients have been deposited including 70 blood, 96 sera and 156 parasite materials.

High-quality data in the HydatidReg registry provided opportunities for health professionals to improve quality of care and organize meaningful research.

Helicobacter pylori infection is known as one of the health problems in the world, and the concurrent infection of diabetics with Helicobacter pylori contributes to health and economic problems in the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with type 2 diabetes in Gonabad City, Iran.

This case-control study was conducted in Gonabad City, Iran. The number of participants in the study was 168. The method was simple random sampling and the study population was typing 2 diabetic and non-diabetic people who were referred to Gonabad health centers. After obtaining informed consent from the patients, 4 milliliters of venous blood were collected from the patients with type 2 diabetes and the control group, and IgG antibodies against Helicobacter pylori and Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) were measured by ELISA and Colorimetric method, respectively. After entering the data into SPSS version 16 software, they were analyzed using independent tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression tests.

In the present study, 71.4% of type 2 diabetes patients had IgG antibodies against H. pylori bacteria. The odds ratio of diabetes in the patients with positive IgG was 1.37 times that of patients with negative IgG, and this relationship was statistically significant (P=0.003).

The present study showed that H. pylori was more common in diabetic patients than non-diabetic ones, and in diabetic patients, there was no statistically significant relationship between the duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes, and smoking history with Helicobacter pylori infection.

About 4.5 million children die annually due to acute respiratory diseases. Because of the importance of mortality in children, detecting the preventing factors of respiratory infections is very important.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and acute febrile respiratory infections in children.

In this case-control study, 50 children younger than 5 years old were investigated in 2019. Twenty-five children were selected from the healthy children as the case group and 25 from the patients as the control group. Data was entered into the checklist and analyzed by SPSS version 16.

In this study, there was a significant difference between the serum levels of vitamin D in the case and control groups (P = 0.053). In the case group, the difference between vitaminDand sex (P = 0.25), place of living (P = 0.48), and attending to a care center (P = 0.62) were not significant, and vitamin D levels in the formula group (P = 0.005) and the group with multiple hospitalizations (P = 0.004) was significantly higher.

The results of this studyshowedthat the serum levels of vitaminDin children with acute febrile respiratory infections hospitalized in the hospital were higher than in healthy outpatient children, and this difference was significant.

Today, polyethylene plastics have become a big problem of environmental health, i.e. excessive production of waste, and it has endangered the environment. But insects have come to the aid of the environment, and in the meantime, the large wax-eating moth (Galleria mellonella) is able to digest polyethylene plastic, polyester, aluminum foil, and even fabric masks with the help of the microbiome of its larva's stomach. This study was also designed to investigate the ability of G. mellonella larvae to remove polyethylene plastic .

First, G. melonella larvae were collected from Gonabad honey apiaries in June 2022. The larvae were reared in the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences medical entomology laboratory with beeswax and synthetic food in plastic boxes and dark rooms (temperature 25±2 oC and humidity 33%). To feed the larvae, pieces of plastic film were cut into diameters (10×10 cm) from the freezer, garbage, and shopping bag (so-called with handles) and placed on ten Petri dishes with a diameter of (8×8 cm) containing ten larvae. Another petri dish (with a hole for larvae to breathe) was placed on the polyethylene films. The produced biomass of larvae related to each type of plastic was analyzed separately with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR).

Analysis of 8 types of biomass produced by larvae feeding from wax (control) compared to polyethylene plastics (target item) with FT-IRIt revealed functional groups C-CL, C=O, C=C, R-OH, CH2, -C-C-, which is a sign of polyethylene plastic degradation. Also, the comparison of the amount of plastic removal among the larvae fed on different types of polyethylene film revealed a significant difference (P<0.05).

G. melonella larvae as a biological method can be effective in removing plastic from nature in the future.

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans, affecting large populations worldwide.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between H. pylori infection prevalence with ABO and Rh blood groups.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a case-control design on individuals with anti-H. pylori positive test. Patients with IgG pylori were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The individuals were divided into two groups based on antibody titer. The case group included subjects with positive serological results with a titer greater than 12 u/mL IgG, and the control group entailed subjects with negative serological results with a titer less than 8 u/mL IgG. The ABO and Rh blood groups of both groups were examined based on case information. Finally, the data were entered into the SPSS software, and a significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses.

According to the results of this study, there was no significant relationship between the blood group and H. pylori infection (P > 0.05). However, the prevalence of blood type A was significantly higher in individuals with positive H. pylori IgG test.

The current study suggests no association between ABO and Rh groups, but people with A blood group infected with H. pylori need more attention.

Amongst sexually transmitted infections in the world, Trichomonas vaginalis is of the most common. Most of the infections are asymptomatic. It can infect women more than men because of genital tracts condition. The mother’s birth canal and perineum are common sources of infants’ eye infection. Some studies noted the possibility of T. vaginalis transmission through the birth canal to infants. Such an event can lead to neonatal conjunctivitis. By following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review conducted to assess the possibility of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis. Several factors can play a role in T. vaginalis transmission, such as low sanitary level, physical contact by contaminated biological fluids and infant’s opened eyes during the delivery. Through the review of different studies, it is inferred, although the probability of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis is low, but it is possible. Finally, metronidazole is an approved drug for treatment of trichomoniasis and needs to consider in neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic infection with significant health problems and economic burden in most of developing countries. The current study aims to investigate the 10-year prevalence of human CE and the demographic and clinical characteristics of operated patients in Qazvin province, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the medical records of CE patients who had undergone surgery in two hospitals of Qazvin Province from 2009 to 2019 were studied.

There was 203 CE cases in ten years, corresponding to a surgical incidence rate of 1.49 in 100,000 people. Of these, 99(48.8%) were male, and 104 (51.2%) were female. Patients’ age ranged from 8 to 86 years, with a mean age of 43±19.16 years. A significantly higher CE incidence was reported in patients aged 20-40 years. The majority of patients were housekeeper (48.8%), and the CE was diagnosed in almost all patients by imaging techniques. Involved organs were liver (n=119, 58.6%) and lungs (n=64, 31.5%), and their concurrent involvement was 4.5% (n=9). The highest CE incidence was recorded in 2015 (n=35, 17.2%). Affected organ and number of cysts had significant association with the CE recurrence in operated patients.

The CE has had a uneven incidence trend in Qazvin Province during 2009-2019. A further epidemiological study is recommended to evaluate more risk factors of CE for its control in this area.

Mosques are known as a gathering place and a center of worship for Muslims. The present study aimed to investigate the environmental health status and fungal and bacterial contamination of mosques in Gonabad, Iran.

This analytic-cross sectional study assessed the environmental health status of mosques using the relevant regulations. The sterile carpet sampling method and the sterile swap were used to take the samples of the surfaces. Standard methods were used to determine fungal and bacterial contamination. Overall, 67 samples were taken from the surfaces of doors, windows, and carpets. Data were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

Data analysis indicated that the environmental health status of mosques was acceptable. None of the dermatophyte fungal colonies grew on the plates which contained Sabouraud agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (SCC) during incubation of primary culture media. Aspergillus niger was detected in all mosques and on all surfaces. Frequency and percentage of Aspergillus niger were 18 (48.67%) and 6 (16.23) for Mucor. In the case of bacterial contamination, Coagulasenegative staphylococci with the highest percentage (38.46%) and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli, each with 3.84%, were the lowest types of detected bacteria, respectively. The most fungal and bacterial contamination was detected in the carpets.

According to the results, it is essential to pay attention to the environmental health of the mosques and personal hygiene that requires the implementation of new programs and rules to increase the health awareness of worshipers and mosque servants to prevent the spread of fungal and bacterial infections.

Software quality engineering is the process of conducting quality reviews throughout the software product life cycle. This activity plays a key role in ensuring the production of high quality software by agile teams at high speed. When software quality engineering is integrated into the workflow, it can improve agility, productivity and return on investment. Quality engineering is a process that applies rigorous quality assessments to every stage of product development. This process is done through the analysis, development, management and maintenance of quality assurance protocols and often continues after product delivery. The purpose of this process is to ensure the quality of the software product from the beginning and to minimize potential losses due to defects. In traditional systems, however, quality is only checked in the final stages of production. In comparison, traditional methods are inefficient and can lead to additional costs and labor. To ensure quality throughout the software product life cycle, you must follow the basic steps and standard and key methods of software quality engineering. In this article, we intend to examine the dimensions of this issue and the basic steps and key solutions for software quality engineering.

Hepatitis B infection is one of the common diseases and the most prevalent communicable virus transferred by blood to the healthcare personnel. Active immunity, through vaccination, is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection. The current study aimed to determine the protective antibody titer against HBs antigen in Gonabad University of Medical Sciences students, Gonabad City, Iran, 2018.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 416 students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. The HBsAb level was determined in blood samples by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit made in Iran. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency distribution tables and inferential statistics as independent 2-sample t-test and Chi-square test to determine the relationship between variables. The significance level was considered P<0.05.

HBsAb level of 217 cases (51.8%) was below 10 IU/mL, 96 (61.3%) had an HBsAb level between 10 and 100 IU/mL, and in 106 (36.5%) cases, HBsAb level was above 100 IU/mL. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of HBsAb in terms of gender, age, and body mass index (P<0.05).

In general, more than 50% of the study participants had mild immunity against hepatitis B viruses. Therefore, in these people, it is recommended to check the antibody titer periodically to ensure immunity against hepatitis B.

The present study surveyed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Ureaplasma urealyticum in isolates from Gonabad (in the northeast of Iran) including susceptibility testing for U. urealyticum to different antibiotics.

In this research, a total of 95 vaginal swab specimens were aseptically collected from women who were admitted to the Bohlool Teaching Hospital and Jahad Daneshgahi Center from April 2016 to April 2017. Culture and subsequently antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed according to the Mycoplasma IST 2 kit. Then the cupules were read and interpreted in 24 and 48 hours according to kit guidelines.

In the studied patients, 38 (40.4 %), 12 (12.8 %), and 11 (11.7%) cases were single positive for U. urealyticum, single positive for Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), and dually positive for U. urealyticum and M. hominis, respectively. The positive rates of genital U. urealyticum in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were 86.8% and 13.2%, respectively. The highest positive rate (42.1%) was found in the 26-30-year-old group. In addition, tetracycline (TET) and doxycycline (DOT) were the most effective antibiotics against isolates, and one strain was multi-drug resistant. The U. urealyticum resistance rates were more than 39% to erythromycin and pristinamycin, and more than 55% to ciprofloxacin. All U. urealyticum isolates with <104 CFU/specimen were sensitive to all tested drugs.

Although the emerging resistance to TETs among our isolates is alarming, these data show that the standard therapeutic regimen for urogenital infections caused by U. urealyticum is DOT, TET, and clarithromycin, leading to better outcomes in most respective patients.

In the Qurʼan, God has mentioned some fruits, such as grapes, pomegranates, dates, figs, and olives, as heavenly fruits. Fruits are rich in vitamins and minerals and their consumption has a great impact on human health and prevention and treatment of diseases. In addition, in the Qurʼan and hadiths, there are many references to the aforementioned fruits. Therefore, the present study determines the effects of each of these fruits.

In the present study, several keywords were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Institute for Scientific Information, and PubMed databases without time limitation and Quranic verses and hadiths.

In this study, a review was carried out on fruits, such as grapes, pomegranates, dates, figs, and olives. The obtained results showed that the aforementioned fruits in the Holy Quran contain a very effective substance called flavonoids which have beneficial and protective effects on human health and can be used for the complementary treatment of many diseases. The most important effects of these fruits are anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties.

The consumption of these fruits, as mentioned in the Qurʼan and hadiths, has healing properties that are confirmed by classical medicine.

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important problems in hospitals and medical centers which cause loss of economic resources increased length of stay in hospitals and mortality. Correct and appropriate use of antiseptic and disinfectants play an important role in reducing infections. In this study the efficacy of the Current Disinfectants on Bacteria Isolated from Different Wards of an Educational Hospital has been studied.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 245 samples were taken from different wards of Allameh Behlul Hospital in Gonabad. Samples were taken before and after disinfection with disinfectants of Deconnex AF50, Peranacide M1, microzed GPH and Sarphosepte Quicks. Samples were cultured on special culture media and identified by biochemical tests and the number of colonies was determined. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon statistical test.

In the present study, microbial contamination of different sections showed that the most gram -positive bacteria were isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the most Gram -negative bacteria were isolated included, Escherichia coli. Mean before and after disinfection in deconox and microzed disinfection was significantly different in all parts (P <0.05). For peranaside disinfection in Internal and NICU sections, and in ICU and Maternity before and after There was no significant difference in disinfection (P> 0/05).

The results of this study showed that Deconex and Microzed were among the most effective disinfectants. Peranaside disinfectant in the maternity and NICU sections, and the Sarphosepte Quicks were also less effective in the Internal and ICU sections, but had good efficacy in other sections.

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that infects the large intestine (colon) and causes a range of clinical manifestations from mild to severe diarrhea. The aim of this study was to assess the detection of pathogenic toxin A/Bpositive C. difficile strains among hospitalized patients with diarrhoea in Gonabad, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, hospitalized patients submitted to 22 Bahman Hospital (Gonabad, Iran) were included if they had a liquid stool specimen. From November 2016 through July 2017, a total of 50 sequential stool samples (unformed or liquid) were obtained from hospitalized patients for inclusion in this study. The stool samples were collected and C. difficile toxin A/B immunoassay was performed according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.

Based on the results, the maximum number of cases belonged to the age group of less than 10 years (n=29, 58%). Most studied patients were hospitalized in the pediatrics ward (n=24, 48%). Among the studied patients, 16 (32%) cases were positive for C. difficile toxin A/B by immunochromatographic assay. Frothy-four (88%) patients received one or more antibiotic treatment on admission and hospitalization. Ceftriaxone was the most common applied drug for the treatment of these patients. Finally, 5 (31.25%) patients received combination therapy. Overall, 34.48% of pediatric cases were positive for C. difficile toxin A/B.

Our results showed that the emergence of potentially highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant C. difficile isolates is alarming. The diagnostic of pathogenic C. difficile by the clinical microbiology laboratory can improve the handling of disease and more reasonable use of antimicrobials by the physician.

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are important causes of nosocomial infections. Due to the presence of these bacteria in hospitals as a significant challenge in hospital infection control, the identification of effective disinfectants against methicillin-resistant staphylococci is necessary. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of common hospital disinfectants against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.

In this cross-sectional study, the effectiveness of 4 surface disinfectant cleaners (Deconex 50 AF, Microzed GP-H, Peranacid M1 and Surfocept quick) against methicillin-resistant staphylococci (10 Staphylococcus aureus, 10 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and 55 Staphylococcus epidermidis) was evaluated using broth dilution method, disc diffusion assay, and cell viability assay.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of Peranacid and Surfocept against the isolates were higher than those of Deconex and Microzed. The results of disk diffusion assay showed that staphylococcus strains exhibited greater inhibition zone diameter than other disinfectants at different concentrations of Deconex and Microzed. According to the results of cell viability assay, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus isolates did not grow at three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) of Deconex, Microzed, and Peranacid, respectively.

Deconex and Microzed had more antimicrobial properties than the 2 other agents and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus isolates had a higher resistance to both Peranacid and Surfosept

This research is aimed at determining the role of acceptance and mindfulness therapy on physical activity increment and obesity decrement in in the patients suffering from heart disease in Bandar Abbas.

In terms of type, the research is applied one and in terms of research method, it is a quasi-experimental study along with a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the research involves all the patients suffering from heart disease being overweight who had visited Bandar Abbas’ hospitals during 2018-2019 and according to angiographic reports, eclipse was more than 50% and BMI ≥30. Available sampling method was used in the study. The population size was 20 that 10 were assigned to experimental group and 10 to control group. The data were collected though making use of physical activity level, body mass index (BMI) questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS software.

The results showed that acceptance therapy had been effective on physical activity increment and body mass decrement of the patients suffering from heart disease.

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based therapy can be considered as a non-invasive treatment. This clinical trial will result in more effective mindfulness-based interventions as a complementary treatment in primary care for people with overweight and obesity

In late December, when the world faced a huge challenge called Corona New Virus-2019 (SARS- CoV-2), health systems faced lots of challenges. We are in Midway through or perhaps at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Infection with COVID-19 has completely disrupted nearly every aspect of daily life and is the focus of attention of almost all visual and written media. By the way, cardiovascular and cancer have been identified as risk factors for suffering from COVID-19 and death [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the risk of COVID-19 as a preventive strategy. Besides, regarding health issues, staying at home is the best way to reduce the risk of being affected by COVID-19. On the other hand, patients with cancer and heart problems require regular supervision and visits. This causes conflict and anxiety for patients and makes them feel confused. Therefore, the best way to solve this conflict and prevent being affected with COVID-19; while continuing the monitoring and therapeutic adherence is using E-visits and E-service. According to the findings of Mohammadzadeh in 2019 using the E-visit was a good way to monitor the pharmacy and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection [2]. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an  infectious  disease  caused  by  severe  acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) with droplets and contact as the main means of transmission. Although most patients have mild symptoms and good prognosis after infection, some patients with cancer and heart diseases have developed severe and died from multiple organ complications. Social distancing is the best way for the prevention of COVID-19, therefore to support the social distance and continuing therapeutic adherence, the use of cyberspace and E-visit are recommended.
For more information refer to http://ijnv.ir/article-1- 695-fa.html

TGF-β has long been considered as the main inducer of Tregs in tumor microenvironment and is the reason for the aberrant number of Tregs in tumor-bearing individuals. Recently, it has been suggested that the enzyme arginase I is able to mediate the induction of Tregs in a TGF-β independent fashion. The recombinant WW2/WW3 domains from Smurf2 molecule was demonstrated to increase TGF-β signaling while reducing arginase I gene expression. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of this recombinant protein on CD4+CD25+/CD4+ proportion in the spleen of 4T1 mammary carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice.

Flow cytometry was used to evaluate CD4+CD25+ spleen cell populations of the tumor-bearing mice that received WW2/WW3 protein treatment and those of the control group. :

The results indicated a significant rise in CD4+CD25+/CD4+ ratio, along with an average increase in tumor mass of the subjects that underwent protein treatment.

It can be inferred that the heightened CD4+CD25+/CD4+ proportion in the spleen of  protein treated  tumor-bearing mice can be the result of the increased TGF-β signaling despite the reduced arginase I expression.

One of the high risk groups due to the prevalence of COVID-19 are patients with chronic heart disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the electronic health care and drug monitoring program to prevent COVID-19 and adherence to therapeutic regimen of patients with chronic heart disease (ischemic heart disease).

This pilot study is a quasi-experimental study with control group. 10 patients with ischemic heart disease were randomly assigned to two groups of 5 individuals (intervention and control). Data collected using demographic questionnaire and Beigi's treatment follow-up questionnaire (2012), researcher-made questionnaire for prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Data analyzed with SPSS-22 software.

Patients in both groups were matched in age, sex, and BMI (P>0.05). The adherence to the medication regimen and adherence to diet and physical activity, and adherence to the preventive issues of Covid-19 during 10 training sessions, showed a significant increase in the intervention group (p<0.005).

Electronic services and the use of e-visit in primary health care and adherence to home care regimen, using the mobile phones and the Internet, can enable accurate monitoring of patients' status and prevent patients at risk to avoid COVID-19.