hamed rezaei

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying stressful factors perceived by teachers in first secondary schools. This research was a qualitative and descriptive phenomenological method. The studied society was formed by all the first secondary teachers of Kermanshah city in 1402-1403. The sampling of this research was non-random and purposeful. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the teachers and the data continued until saturation, that is, 12 teachers. Data analysis was done by Claysey method. Reviewing and analyzing the data from the conversation with 12 teachers in the field of their stress and concerns in the school, led to the identification of 6 general themes of student misbehavior, the problems of the principal and assistants, the problems of the teacher, the number of students, teaching in the outskirts of the city. And the educational base. The obtained themes of the misbehavior theme include 5 sub-themes of fear of the consequences of punishment, strict classroom management, rumination, teaching disorder, confusion; The problems of the manager and deputies include 5 sub-themes of the coalition, weakness in authority-seeking, insufficient support and support, excessive skepticism and lack of coordination and agreement; For the problems of the teacher's lesson, three sub-themes are not paying attention to the desire of the learners, stricter control and the content of the book; The themes obtained for the number of students are two themes: not respecting the distance with the teacher and making more noise; Teaching in the outskirts of the city includes two themes: few facilities and many negative emotions; In the main theme of the academic foundation, 4 sub-themes of communication with virtual networks, anti-social values, larger body and moral problems were identified. The results of the data showed that students' misbehavior, then teaching in the outskirts of the city, and then the principal and assistants are the most stressful factors for teachers.

One of the most important limitations of cultivation in the Sistan plain is soil salinity. To investigate the salinity status using remote sensing in Sistan Plain, Landsat 8 (LC08-LOI/TIRS) satellite images were used in April, August and November of 2017 and April 2018. To convert radiance data, the initial correction related to voltage change to digital number (DN) to convert radiance data was done by sensor calibration file as well as data radiometric correction using flat area method in ENVI 5.1 software. To determine the soil sampling points, first draw a 2x2 km grid and then by referring to the area and checking the sampling location, 312 soil samples were taken and the values of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption ratio (SAR) and texture in them were measured. By secondary processing, extracting the spectral features of satellite images and using several algorithms and indices, a salinity map was prepared for the surface soils of the region in four periods. The results of the remote sensing investigation showed that surface soil salinity in the region is a dynamic phenomenon and has significant changes with the changes of season, rainfall, irrigation and land management. The results obtained from the interpretation of satellite images showed that time, rainfall events of the planting season and water and soil management have a significant effect on soil salinity and the areas of lands with different salinity. The extent of soils with high salinity increased in the summer season, but in April 2018 (MBE=0.98, NRMSE=17.56%, R2=0.69) which coincided with the sampling due to the occurrence of rains and floods in these areas, this extent decreased.

One of the most frequent topics in military organizations is the purchase of clothing and organizational rations for employees, considering the amount of credit spent to provide it, the involvement of all people in the organization with the above topic, its importance in the organization current discipline, and a tool to help fulfill the organization missions is of a high priority. The purpose of this research is to identify the harms of purchasing organizational ration clothing for the employees of a military organization. For the pathology of the above issue, McKinsey's seven "s" model has been used, and according to the needs of the research, the environment dimension has been added as the eighth dimension to the research model.

The purpose of this research is in the field of applied research and based on the nature and method of data collection, it is a descriptive - survey research. In order to measure the variables, a questionnaire tool based on a five-level Likert scale was used, the validity of which was assessed by the Lawshe coefficient method by the organization's experts, and its reliability was confirmed through the formula of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Due to the specialization of the subject and the smallness of the statistical population, the selected sample of this research is 32 people. Arithmetic average method and IPA model have been used to analyze data and identify and prioritize damages.

The findings showed that according to the respondents, among the 93 identified indicators, there are 24 main complications, whose performance is weak and their importance is high.

Based on the findings of this research, it was determined that by determining and prioritizing the main harms and providing suitable implementation solutions, the managers of the organization should use their maximum concentration to eliminate or reduce their effects in the organization.

The entry of heavy metals into the soil through fertilization is one of the most important challenges of agriculture. The present study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of some heavy metals in plots treated with different levels of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) for 4 years at the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2021. The studied treatments were T1: control (application of NPK based on soil testing); T2: 20 tons/ha MSWC every two years + T1; T3: annual application of 20 tons/ha MSWC + nitrogen chemical fertilizer; T4: annual application of 20 tons/ha of MSWC; T5: application of 20 tons/ha MSWC every two years + T1 + application of plant growth biological stimulants. Based on the concentration of the studied metals in the soil, their status was checked using HYDRUS-1D and MACRO models. The estimation results of the models at the depth of 0-45 cm of the soil showed that the most problematic treatment was the T3 treatment. So its application after 50 years will result in the highest accumulation of heavy elements. Therefore, to take advantage of the significant potential of MSWC in increasing the yield and also reducing the risk of heavy metals entering the food chain as a result of using MSWC as fertilizer, it is suggested that after the quality control of the MSWC used, regarding the content of heavy metals, its application is proportional to the plant's nutritional needs and soil characteristics.

In the first part of this paper, multi-dimensional understanding of the soil and water management of agricultural lands of Honam Sub-catchment was provided by determining the 53 homogeneous soil and water management units (HSWMUs), current behavior assessment of the farmers, and the yield gap analysis. It was found that efficiency of water and fertilizer consumption in the region was relatively low. Therefore, soil and water management packages including soil fertility management, irrigation management and land degradation prevention were prepared for each HSWMUs. The method of preparation and validation steps of management packages is the subject of this paper. To transfer the achieved knowledge and technology and to evaluate and validate the recommended packages, Aliabad Agricultural Jihad Center of Lorestan was selected as an innovation platform. Scaling-up was carried out by active cooperation of multi-level local to national experts to hold a technology exhibition including management of optimal use of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers, and irrigation methods to test the research results. To this end, the selected technologies and recommendations were implemented at volunteer farmers’ fields. The pilots were separated into two treatments of farmers' conventional practice and integrated recommendation in the beet-wheat rotation. The results of the best bet showed that, on average, crop production of winter wheat increased from 5 to 7.5 t/ha and water use efficiency improved by 13%. These results were displayed to other farmers on the field day, which matched up with the time of wheat harvest. By proofing the effectiveness of the results in the farmers' fields, the soil and water management packages of the region were prepared. Despite holding workshops for farmers, results were not scaled to others. We found that the out-scaling of soil and water management packages within HSWMUs and improvement of the average yield along with the principles of sustainability is rooted in three gaps: yield, research and development, and value chain gap. In other words, the awareness and motivation of the farmers, the ability to implement recommendations, and the availability of facilities are the basic conditions for filling crop yield gap in the region. Therefore, one-year pilots are not effective enough and should be continued for several years. Afterward, the capacity building of local extensions at the Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI) was carried out to show the different stages of preparing HSWMUs, recommendations and instructions. All data were transferred to the innovation platform in digital and printed format. Receiving feedback and to continue scaling-out under spiral proses method, a number of farmers of HSWMUs who volunteered to test the recommended packages in their farms were selected, and the pilots was designed based on participatory research. It is expected that with the establishment of long-term demonstration farms and the provision of various requirements such as the existence of various fertilizers and other agricultural inputs by the collaboration of public and private sectors, the transfer of recommendations to other farmers as well as decision makers of the sub-basin is facilitated.

loess are a special type of silty soil with a porous structure and poor cohesion, and often contain silt with minor amounts of clay to fine sand . These characteristics make loess among the problematic soils in terms of engineering geology. problematic soils are observed in different parts of the world including Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the United States and many areas of Iran. Some fine-grained soils are structurally unstable, that is, they are easily dispersed and are highly erodible. Hence, presence of such soils in engineering and Agricultural projects can cause great damage and financial loss. One of the most important influencing factors in the vulnerability of loess soils is the dispersion phenomenon. Dispersion or colloidal erosion is a physical-chemical process that often occurs in fine-grained soils containing clay particles. In general, dispersion phenomena occur when the shear stress induced by the flow exceeds the friction among particles, causing surface abrasion. Erosion can extend itself along a drying crack, settlement, hydraulic fracture, or other high permeability channels in a soil mass. Dispersive loess soil easily and quickly separates and disperses from each other in water with low salt concentration without any special mechanical stimulation. Climate and physicochemical characteristics are two important factors in soil dispersive. which affect the degree of soil dispersive. Climate affects soil development by influencing physicochemical characteristics. On the other hand, soil texture, clay content, porosity and Bulk density, pH and solubility of salts in soil are closely related to dispersive. Although, extensive researches carried out to determine the dispersion potential of the soils, affecting factors on dispersion phenomenon and validation of the soil dispersion tests, no comprehensive studies have been performed on The effect of climatic characteristics loess soils in golestan province. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of climate and physicochemical characteristics on soil dispersive.

This research was focused on loess soils of Golestan province. seven pedons were selected, sampled and described in different parts of the province. Climatic data was prepared and physicochemical and dispersive analyzes were performed on soil samples. The values of pH, electrical conductivity, equivalent calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity and bulk density were measured. In order to study the degree of divergence, Sherrard's chemical test and pinhole test were performed.

By investigating the amount of rainfall in different regions of the province, it was found that the loess soils of Golestan province are not in the same climatic conditions. The results showed that the climatic and physicochemical characteristics of the soils in interaction with each other had a significant effect on the evolution of the soil and the reduction of divergence in the studied soils. The highest amount of precipitation was in Ramyan and Minodasht region And these two regions had greater depth of soil and heavier texture than other pedons. The results of the pinhole test show these soils with intermadiate dispersion potential. While the results of the chemical test for most of the samples are non dispersive. According to the results obtained from the pinhole test, Minodasht and Sufian pedons with rainfall of 815.8 and 608.9 mm were completely non-divergent, and Hoten pedon with Aridic moisture regime and rainfall of 189.7 mm had the highest dispersion potential. In total, 30% of the horizons showed moderate dispersion. which were mostly in the Aridic moisture regime. The chemical test in this research also confirmed the presence of a small amount of sodium ion in the saturated soil extract, and only three horizons had the potential of chemical divergence based on the SAR level. From the results, it can be analyzed that the soil dispersion in this research is due to the physical nature of soil particles.

The review of climatic data and the results of physico-chemical tests showed the existence of direct coordination between the climatic and physico-chemical properties of the soil. So that with the increase of rainfall, the soil formation process increased. This means that in soils with xeric regime and high rainfall, the percentage of clay, organic matter, porosity and water retention in the soil has increased. As a result, the dispersion potential in these soils has decreased. Keywords: Loess soils, Dispersive soil, Physicochemical dispersion, Pinhole test.

About 80 percent of the world's agricultural lands, supplying nearly 60 percent of all human food, is under rain-fed cultivation. Considering the uneven distribution of global rainfall, arid and semi-arid areas call for measures to prevent soil and water salinization. Being one of the most important resources for agricultural production, especially in the face of the current restrictions on the development of irrigated lands, drylands are especially stressed by soil salinity as an important limitation on dry farming, which causes decreased production especially when combined with other limitations such as lack of moisture. In order to gain an enlightened knowledge of the salinity status of rain-fed lands in Iran, a research project of national-scale including 849 study sites was performed and soil samples were collected from different depths across the study sites to determine their Electrical Conductivity (EC) as well as soil physical and chemical characteristics. The results showed that the highest and lowest salinity levels of the surface soil (depths of 0-30 cm) in rain-fed lands under cultivation were 97.5 and 0.19 dS/m, respectively, with an average value of 2.28 dS/m while more than 50% of the soils collected exhibited salinity levels greater than 0.6 dS/m. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variability of soil salinity in rain-fed lands were affected by climatic parameters (such as temperature and precipitation as well as indices resulting from their interactions including standardized precipitation indices and effective drought). Moreover, soil characteristics such as organic carbon, clay, and soluble salt (especially sodium) contents were found to have due effects on salinity level.

To apply sludge in agriculture, knowing its effects and transfer of heavy metals to plant is vital. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design in 2021, in the greenhouse of Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals in forage corn grown in soil treated with different levels of sludge. The selected soil was treated with 4 different levels of urban sewage sludge at the rate of 0%, 0.5%, 2%, and 4%, with 3 replications. The results showed that, compared to the control treatment, all treatments using sludge increased wet and dry yield (P<0.05). The highest yield of shoot with an average of 214.9 gr per pot (300% increase) was obtained from the use of 4% sludge, and this treatment had a significant difference compared to the other levels of sludge (p<0.05). Compared to each other, sludge treatments did not have a significant effect on dry yield. Use of sewage sludge caused a significant increase in the concentration of Pb, Ni and Cu elements in the shoot of corn. The value of the transfer factor (TF) among the studied elements in all treatments was as follows: Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>As>Cr>Co, where the highest average value of the TF was related to the Cd, followed by copper and Pb. Sewage sludge caused significant changes in the TF of Cd, Ni, As, Cu and Pb compared to the control. However, these changes were not significant for Cr and Co (p<0.05). The average value of root BCFroot had the following trend: Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>As>Co>Cr. The trend for BCFshoot was as follows: Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Cr>Co. Among the investigated heavy metals, the BCF of Cd for roots and shoots, as well as its transfer factor, was higher than other heavy metals. In general, the highest concentrations for Cd, Pb and As in the shoot of the corn were 0.17, 1.94, and 0.74 mg/kg, respectively, while the permissible values of the maximum standard tolerance in livestock feed for animals raw materials from plant sources are 1, 30, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the increase in the concentration in the shoots was not more than the permissible limits in the national standard of Iran. However, it should be noted that the results of this investigation were only related to one-time use of the sludge sample, while the quality and contents of sludge have many variations. Considering deficiency of organic matter and phosphorus in the country's agricultural soils, the use of treated sewage sludge should be considered due to its high percentage of organic carbon and phosphorus. However, due to the changes in the quality of sludge and its multiple uses in cultivated lands, it is suggested that additional studies be conducted for different sludge in order to provide a specific agronomic recommendation based on that.

This study expresses the steps of achievement to the indigenous-executive framework of integrated soil and water management at farm level through a mega project with 19 sub-projects. The projects were carried out during 2013-2020 with active participation of international, national and regional experts as well as local farmers in Honam Sub-basin, Lorestan Province, Iran. To understand the soil and water management problems for agriculture in the same homogeneous units (HSWMUs), farmlands were classified regarding physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, making it possible to convert soil maps into thematic maps. In this research, the fertility capability classification (FCC) method that integrates surface and sub-surface soil textures with modifieres was used. In addition, several modifieres were revised for soils of semi-arid regions and new modifieres were introduced for Irrigation Capability Classification (ICC). The required information was collected from 119 soil profiles and 101 surface soil samples in detailed scale of 1:25000 and the corresponding measurements were made. Accordingly, different data layers including detailed soil map were produced via geopedological method icluding land limitation, land suitability, and land production potential (LPP) of major crops, land degradation, location of water withdrawal, land use and agricultural cadastre of 2395 farms were prepared. To evaluate the current soil and water behavior of farmers within HSWMUs, the multidisciplinary team recorded the issues through field visits and open semi-structured questionnaire of 84 selected farmers in 24 villages who were interviewed during 2018-2019. The results showed that 23 and 30 HSWMUs that covered, respectively, 93% and 90% of the irrigated and rainfed areas were delineated on the map. Investigations showed that the sub-basin suffers from problems such as plow pan, phosphorus and zinc deficiencies, poor irrigation scheduling, and three types of farmers. Finally, recommended packages were prepared and validated for each HSWMU, which will be discussed in the part 2.

One of the ways to reduce the costs of running organizations is to outsource non-line activities. Many organizations outsource support and logistics activities to get rid of unnecessary issues and margins. In this study, researchers seek to answer the question of whether it is better for the defense organization to outsource its manpower transportation services. For this purpose, the factors influencing the decision of manpower transportation outsourcing have been identified.

This research is of descriptive-analytical type and is in the category of applied research and its method is survey. The method of data collection is documentary and field. In this way, first, the factors affecting the decision of staff transportation outsourcing were extracted from the theoretical literature. Then, the extracted model was distributed among 10 academic and professional experts with the help of a questionnaire to obtain a saturated model after validation. After that, the main questionnaire was distributed among 12 experts based on the saturated pattern and the information was analyzed by TOPSIS method. The statistical sample of this research is the personnel related to transportation activities in the readiness and support complexes in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

A total of 21 indicators were counted which were organized into 6 components. The main components affecting outsourcing decisions in the transportation of human resources of the studied organization include performance improvement (with 5 indicators), strategic importance (with 3 indicators), structural improvement (with 3 indicators), information protection (with 3 indicators), social capital And there was a relationship (with 4 indicators) and suppliers (with 3 indicators).

Based on the analysis, outsourcing of transportation services is preferable for the organization under study.

The burden on caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders is significantly higher than the care burden of patients with other medical conditions. Substance use disorder is also one of the most common psychiatric disorders that has negative effects on people's quality of life. This study was designed to investigate caregiver burden in severe mental disorders versus substance use disorder.

First-degree relatives of patients admitted to the Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tehran with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type1, schizoaffective disorder, or substance use disorder entered this study. They completed the sociodemographic questionnaire for patients and caregivers and the Zarit burden interview for caregivers.

Our study shows that caregiver burden in substance use disorder has no significant difference with that in severe mental disorders (P > 0.05). In both groups, the highest spectrum of burden was moderate to severe. To find caregiver burden related factors, a general linear regression model with multiple predictor variables was fitted. In this model, caregivers’ burden was significantly higher in patients with comorbidity (P = 0.007), poor compliance (P < 0.001), and in female caregivers (P = 0.013).

Statistically speaking, the caregiver burden in substance use disorders is as severe as other mental disorders. The considerable burden on both groups necessitates serious efforts to minimize its negative effects.

The status of food intake and the level of satisfaction of operational staff with food programs and the quantity and quality of food periodically is one of the most effective cases in modifying food programs, improving the quality of nutrition services and increasing staff satisfaction level. This study has been done with the aim of measuring the satisfaction of beneficiaries with nutrition services in the headquarters of a military organization.

This study is descriptive-survey and is applied in terms of purpose and The statistical sample was randomly categorized selected and 338 people from the headquarters of a military-police organization were selected and examined using Morgan table.

Measuring the level of beneficiaries' satisfaction with nutrition services in the headquarters of a military-police organization showed that four factors: food quality, environment and location of dining halls, quality of services provided and beneficiaries' satisfaction are effective in staff satisfaction with nutrition services.

The results of the subjects' response to the components of the questionnaire using Friedman test show that there is relative satisfaction in the quality of services provided and the environment and location of dining halls and there is dissatisfaction in food quality and beneficiaries satisfaction.

Many factors are involved in the production of healthy crop products and their monitoring requires a process-based and systemic approach at all stages from site selection to consumption. The present paper draws upon national and international experiences reflected in reviews in order to identify the most important factors affecting crop quality; the results will be expectedly exploited toward designing future studies and developing measures to improve crop qulity. Soil is the medium in which agricultural production takes place. Although geological formations with high concentrations of pollutants (especially heavy metals) might pollute soil resources, human activities inlcuding polluting industrial activities, improper application of agricultural inputs such as pesticides, chemical and organic fertilizers (especially phosphate fertilizers and non-standard sewage sludge), undertreated effluents, and atmospheric deposits (especially in urban and peri-urban areas) are some of the factors that expose soil and agricultural production more severely to the adverse of effects of such pollutants. Water pollution cannot be divorced from that of soil as they are closely related. While certain reports attribute soil pollution in parts of Iran solely to heavy metals with geohydrological origins, long-time crop irrigation using wastewater with high pollutant loads should not be ignored as a serious source of soil pollution. It should be noted that management plays a pivotal role in growing healthy products via using healthy inputs while maintaining biodiversity but that this cannot be achieved in the absence of such healthy basic resources as: a) soil, b) water, and c) air. In other words, unhealthy crops with pollutant loads result from both production processes and the environmental factors affecting them. A review of some domestic studies revealed that extensive background experience is required in the various sampling, measurement, and reporting skills, given the high sensitivity of these processes, to arrive at sound interpretations of the results of nitrate and heavy metals concentrations reported in some domestic journals. These studies have reported high concentrations of nitrate in spinach, lettuce, and celery but lower concentrations in such fruits as tomatoes, watermelon, and cantaloupe. Crops such as cucumbers, celery, and potatoes reportedly accounted for the highest nitrate concentration exceeding the allowable nitrate limits but minimum levels in tomatoes, watermelons, and cantaloupes. This is while heavy metal contaminations in plants have not been extensively reported on. Production of crops with allowable limits of pollutants presupposes due consideration of the factors outlined above. The approach proposed in this article requires soil fertility management, proper selection of crop species and cultivars, prohibited farming in contaminated lands, and avoidance of soil exposure to atmospheric deposition and polluted waters. These goals, in turn, may be achieved through accurate monitoring of agricultural product quality and identification of high-risk farming regions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Arabic language teaching with Jig Sao participatory teaching model on the academic achievement motivation of ninth grade students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre test-post test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population was all male students studying in the ninth grade of Harsin city. To achieve this goal, first a sample of 30 people was selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling and then divided into experimental and control groups. The research tool was Wellernd motivational questionnaire. Pre-test of academic motivation was performed by the researcher in two experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the teacher first presented his her lesson to the students and used the Jig Saw participatory teaching model as a complement to the taught concept. In the control group, he used his usual method to teach the concepts of the Arabic language. The academic motivation test was performed by the researcher and the data were analyzed using Spss software. Data analysis using repeated measures showed that after training there is a significant difference in the results of academic achievement motivation of the experimental group compared to the control group. The effect of repetition with a value of F equal to 37.57 at the level (p ≥ 0.001) is significant. The findings of this study generally confirmed the validity and reliability of the Jig Sao participatory education program as an effective tool to increase students' motivation for academic achievement.

Let p be a prime number and R_2 be the ring F_p^m + uF_p^m, where u^2 = 0. In this paper, we study the algebraic structure of F_p^m R_2-additive skew cyclic codes of length 2p^s and we determine a set of generator polynomials for this family of codes. These codes will be classified into seven distinct types of submodules. Finally, using a Gray map, we present some examples of F_p^m R_2-additive skew cyclic codes of length 2p^s.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is one of the sediments' most important physical properties, affecting other physicochemical properties. Fractals are the objects or processes that show a similar appearance or behavior on some large, spatial, or temporal scale. Each fractal can be divided into several parts, each of which resembles the main body. Many natural phenomena and processes are based on fractal models. Loess particles maintain good self-similar properties even when modified through pedogenesis so that the fractal dimension of their particle size is considered as a new indicator of particle size. The loess sequences, produced by aeolian under the influence of past weather changes, have been transported, deposited, and undergone many changes by pedogenesis, whose information is recorded in loess particles. By studying the PSD loess, which is a natural fractal, one can discover data about the past environment. Therefore, PSD changes can be used to indicate the pedogenesis intensity and process or the soil age.Post-depositional pedogenesis, including chemical and biological weathering, causes further particle crushing, the extent of which may vary in different locations due to deposition PSD and the time and intensity of pedogenesis or some other factors. Typically, intense pedogenesis or poor to very poor sorting occurs in warm and humid climates, while poor pedogenesis occurs in cold and dry climates. Changes in the loess texture reflect its post-deposition conditions. Thus, this study sought to analyze Golestan's loess texture developments via fractal PSD for the first time, which could interpret the extent of tissue changes at different points. The results were then compared to the fractal geometry obtained from the electron microscope images.

This study was conducted in Golestan province. The study area is located at latitudes of 38° 8' to 36° 30'N and longitudes of 53° 57' to 56° 22' E. Based on three types of loess texture, including sand loess, silt loess, and clay loess, sixteen samples were totally collected from three zones. Moreover, the fractals were measured using differential box-counting and PSD. The PSD fractal was calculated by sieve-hydrometric (DbH) and laser (Dbl) methods.

The mean DbH for region 1 was 2.64  and region 2 was 2.30. DbH in region three differed in two values. For two regions S12  and S13, the values of DbH are 2.74  and 2.70 and for S 14, S15 and S16 are 2.62,1.06 and 2.24 respectively. Also, the results showed a mean of 4.37 microns and sorting is very poorly (mean φ = 2.96) for region one, a mean of 14.35  microns and sorting is very poorly (mean φ = 3.17) for region two and  a mean of 49.56 microns with two different sorting values show very poorly sorting (mean φ = 2.28) at S13 and S12 stations and sorting poorly (mean φ = 1.78) at stations S16, S15, S14  for zone three. The average fractal grain dimension in region one is 0.673  in region two is 00.788  and in region three is 0.850.. The fractal dimensions of the grain surface in region one have an average of 0.51  in region two is 0.49  and in region three is 0.50. The average value of fractal geometry of grain density arrangement (DFf) is 1.94  in region one, 1.87 in region two and 1.91 in region three.The average fractal arrangement of pore fabric density (DFp) in region one is 1.47  in region two and 1.5  in region three is 1.59.. The fractal geometry of the cement fabric density arrangement is 1.33  in region one, 1.43 in region two and 1.52 in region three.

The results of examining DbH dimensions in the loess of Golestan province show that the percentage of sand decreases and the clay content increases with the increase of DbH. Comparison of fractal with sediment textual parameters indicate that the number of sorting increases and the sorting of particle decreases with the increase of DbH. This means that the samples have a better gradation of PSD and a larger volume of particle size classes. The kurtosis index decreases with the increase of DbH and the curvature broadening increases as a result of the increase of the particle size classes.The results of examining DbL fractal dimensions in the loess of Golestan province show that the percentage of sand decreases and the silt and clay contents increase with the increase of DbL. Based on the results of laser sizing, the increased silt and clay contents lead to a better gradation of sediments. The negative trend of particle sorting against DbL means that the sorting index decreases and the particle sorting increases with the increase of DbL. The positive trend of kurtosis against DbL means that the kurtosis index increases and the curvature broadening decreases with increase of DbL.Three stations of AlmaGol, AlaGol and Agh Ghala Belt in zone 3 had lower DbH and DbL, better sorting, and the highest median size. This may be due to the differences in the sediments’ origins or forming environment and retransfer. This implies that the fractal values ​​can be useful for identifying the transfer mechanism in different sediments.The fractal geometry changes with the changes in loess texture. Therefore, a higher fractal dimension content indicates a higher soil formation and higher fine particle ratios. According to the results, if particle distribution is well graded, it can be claimed that fractal geometry demonstrates the changes after loess deposition. According to the fractal results obtained from electron microscope images in Golestan loess, the fractal dimensions of the grain increased with the increase of diameter. This confirms that near the source, grains are deposited with higher order and away from the source, the fractal number becomes smaller as the grain size decreases. The fractal dimensions of the grain decrease with the increase of particles roundness from zone 3 (near the source) to zone 1 (away from the source). This implies that the sedimentss order decreases and the texture undergoes less changes with the increase of particles roundness. On the other hand, the fractal grain dimensions increase with the increase of sphericity. Since the sphericity decreases from zone 3 to zone 1, the fractal number of grain dimensions decreases. This means that a higher sphericity leads to a higher initial order of the sediment and less texture exposure to changes.The fractal geometry values ​​of the grain fabric density of the fabric in different parts of Golestan province are not equal. Zones 3 and 1 have a higher order than zone 2. Zone 3, with the fractal number close to 2, has a high order during the deposition due to its proximity to the source. In zone 2, with a farther transfer, the particles have been highly subjected to changes in size and arrangement, and thereby the fractal number and order have been subjected to changes and decline. The highest fractal number is seen in zone 1. This can be due to the humid climate in zone 1, which induces the formation of secondary clay and increases the fractal numbers and sediment order. These results show that the content of clay can determine the order and homogeneity of the sediment texture. It can be concluded that fractal and its related parameters, as an efficient tool in analysis of loess sediment, can justify the zone of texture changes, distance from the main source, pedogenesis and climate and The results of DbH dimensions analysis in Golestan province's loess showed that the percentage of sand decreased, and the clay content increased with an increase in DbH. Comparing the fractal with textual sediment parameters indicated that the number of sorting increased and the particle sorting decreased with an increase in DbH, suggesting that the collected samples had a better PSD grading and a larger volume of particle size classes. Moreover, it was found that the kurtosis index decreased with an increase in DbH, and the curvature broadening increased with an increase in particle size classes.The results of Dbl fractal dimensions analysis in Golestan loess showed that the percentage of sand decreased, and the silt and clay contents increased with an increase in DbL. Furthermore, according to the results of laser sizing, the increased silt and clay contents led to a better sediments gradation. A negative trend of particle sorting against DbL means that the sorting index decreased and the particle sorting increased with an increase in DbL. on the other hand, a positive trend of kurtosis against DbL means that the kurtosis index increased and the curvature broadening decreased with an increase in DbL.Three stations, including AlmaGol, AlaGol, and Agh Ghala Belt in zone 3, had lower DbH and DbL, better sorting, and the largest median size, which could be due to the differences in the sediments' origins or the environment's form and retransfer, implying that the fractal values could help identify the transfer mechanism in different sediments.The fractal geometry would change with the changes made in loess texture. Therefore, a higher fractal dimension content indicates a higher soil formation and higher fine particle ratios. According to the study's results, should the particle distribution is well graded, it can be claimed that fractal geometry demonstrates the post-deposition changes in the loess. Based on the fractal results obtained from electron microscope images in Golestan loess, the grain's fractal dimensions increased with an increase in diameter, indicating that the grains are deposited with higher-order near the source, and the fractal number becomes smaller with the decrease in the grains' size away from the source. It was also found that from zone 3 (near the source) to zone 1 (away from the source), the grains' fractal dimensions decreased with an increase in particles roundness, implying that the sediments' order decreased and the texture underwent fewer changes with an increase in particles roundness. On the other hand, the grains' fractal dimensions increased with an increase in sphericity. Therefore, as the sphericity decreased from zone 3 to zone 1, the fractal number of grain dimensions decreased too, indicating that higher sphericity led to a higher initial order of the sediment and less texture exposure to changes.The fractal geometry values of the grain's fabric density in different parts of Golestan province are not equal. Therefore, zones 3 and 1 had a higher order than zone 2. Due to its proximity to the source, zone 3, with the fractal number close to 2, had a high order during the deposition. In zone 2, with a farther transfer, the particles were highly subjected to changes in size and arrangement, and thereby the fractal number and order were subjected to changes and decline. Moreover, zone 1 was found to have the highest fractal number because of its humid climate, inducing secondary clay formation and increasing the fractal numbers and sediment order.These results suggest that the content of clay can determine the order and homogeneity of the sediment's texture. Therefore, it can be concluded that as an efficient tool in analyzing loess sediment, fractal and its related parameters can justify the zone of texture changes, distance from the main source, pedogenesis, and climate, and determine the model of post-deposition changes.

Knowledge on the spatial distribution of soil quality is one of the most ‎important issues in recognition, planning, management and optimal ‎exploitation of soil resources. In this study, physical, chemical and biological properties of topsoil ‎‎(0-30 cm) were measured in 50 fields (1650 m × 1650 m) in Savojbolagh region, Alborz ‎province. All of the factors influencing soil quality were selected using ‎the principal component analysis (PCA). The Weighted Additive Soil Quality Index (SQIw), the Additive Soil Quality Index (SQIa) and the Nemero Soil Quality Index (NQI) were quantified using either the total data set (TDS) or the minimum data set (MDS). Spatial variability of these soil quality indices were analyzed using geostatistical technique. In addition, spatial distribution of them were determined using the Ordinary Kriging method‎. The results showed that for the NQI index, the best fitted model was the Gaussian (R2= 0.93) when MDS was used, whereas, the exponential (R2= 0.79-0.99) model was strongly fitted to the other indices obtained from MDS and TDS. Furthermore, the effective range of spatial variability for SQIa, SQIw and NQI indices was 6-6.2, 2.7-3.65 and 4.5-7.2 kilometers, respectively. The NQI obtained from the TDS appeared to have the higher accuracy in the area (R2= 0.85, normalized root mean squares error (NRMSE) = 0.01). A large part of the area has high quality (class II) as well as to some extent areas have medium quality (class III) and very high (class I). Soil quality indices in the region were in moderate spatial dependence (0.31-0.7). So, the soil quality in the region is affected by both natural and external factors. Therefore, regarding the low organic matter as well as the weak structural stability of soil in the study area, one may expect that by implementing appropriate management methods such as adding organic matter, the soil quality will be increased.

One of the areas where marketing has entered is religious propaganda. Christian-centered church scientists have tried to use marketing tools and concepts to grow their audience. Nevertheless, the combination of the two terms of marketing and religion with negative and positive connotations respectively has always been controversial for some reasons like difference in the views about these two words. In this article, effort has been made to examine the views of the religious communities. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and validated by 15 professors of marketing and commerce familiar with religious affairs. The questionnaire was sent electronically to about 1,500 individuals on social networks with target audiences and 71 questionnaires were returned. This article has examined two hypotheses: The first hypothesis was that the religious communities agree to use the term "marketing" in promoting religious affairs. This was confirmed. The second hypothesis was that people with higher marketing knowledge agree to use marketing in religious matters. This hypothesis was not approved. Also, using the designed tool, we tried to identify the mosques' propaganda tools. In over 60% of mosques, paper posters are used to advertise. In 47% of the mosques banners are employed for propaganda. Also, newspapers and emails, radio and television, and finally, the Internet and websites comprise the lowest propaganda rates, i.e. 1.5%, 6.1% and 10.6% respectively.