javad jamali

At the beginning of the 20th century, Iran and Afghanistan started the process of modernization. But despite the civilizational-historical similarities, the modernization achievements of the two countries were different from each other. Now the question is why despite the efforts to advance the process of modernization , these two countries faced a different situation in the modernization process and results? For answering to this question, The theoretical framework of this article was formed by critically combining the theories of "State in society" (limited state) by Joel Migdal and "developmental state" by Leftwich which is taken, "the relationship between the state and society" from Migdal's theory and "the main role of the state in the process of modernization" from Leftwich's theory. its data was collected and analyzed in a documentary-library form. Based on achivements of this reserch, In Iran, the cooperation of social forces that supported modernization, and the adoption of a successful "survival strategy and survival politics" by the government seems to have restrained social forces that were against modernization. In Afghanistan, however, the lack of social forces supporting modernization and the government's inability to apply a successful survival strategy and politics, caused the failure of modernization process.

Think tanks can be seen as a link between science and politics that enables politicians to predict the consequences and effects of their decisions using scientific-research studies. These think tanks in the United States, which claim to be the leader of the international system in this era, have grown a lot. Considering that the United States needs diverse and numerous strategies in various global issues, especially towards the Islamic Republic of Iran, the vital and influential role of active thinkers in this field seems very prominent.Therefore, the question that this article tries to answer is, how have institutions or think tanks in the field of American foreign policy influenced the approach of the Trump administration towards the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results of the research show that American think tanks and strategists have put many and varied strategies in front of the Trump administration using the American diplomacy system in order to change the behavior and nature of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979), made purposeful efforts to modernize Iran by government and social forces. Researches that have been usually done in this regard have mainly emphasized on the role of the government and oil revenues in the development process. Although the role of government institutions cannot be denied, developmental social forces also played an important positive role in this process. The relationship between the government and social forces, and the role of this relationship in advancing modernization in the Pahlavi era is the main question of this article.we believe Pahlavi as a strong developmental state could attract the cooperation of social forces that supported development, especially the intellectuals, the new middle class and bureaucrats.and could curb the social forces who were against development, and succeeded in advancing development . But at the end of Pahlavi's life, the gap between these social forces and the government led to the fall of the government and the halting of the development process.The theoretical framework of this article was formed by the critical look to Leftwich Developmental State theory. The article’s data have also been collected and analyzed in a documentary-library form.

The public sphere is a place for discussion and critique of power, which was first proposed theoretically by Jürgen Habermas. From his point of view, the background of this issue in the West goes back to salons, coffee houses and public places. This issue has a historical background in contemporary Iran as well as in the West. In such a way that these places and coffeehouses in particular, in Iran during the Qajar era, have always been considered as an area for criticism of power and the formation and continuation of the constitutionalist movement. Next to the coffeehouses, one of the places that has been mentioned as a public domain in Iran during this period (Qajar period) and has been mostly ignored by the researchers, is the public baths. Considering the above issue, this research tries to answer this question, how did public baths play a role as a "public area" in Qajar period Iran? The findings of the research indicate that public baths in Iran during the Qajar era, beyond purification and cleanliness, functioned as a social institution and as a public domain where many news and information were exchanged and discussed.

More than four decades have passed since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution entered its fifth decade, while many opponents and opponents did not see the revolution's 40th anniversary, but the revolution remained and witnessed its 40th anniversary and entered its fifth decade. . The decade that the supreme leader of the revolution mentioned as the beginning of the second step of the revolution. How the revolution was able to cross this path with strength in spite of all the internal and external conspiracies, among the astonishment of many analysts, needs a deep sociological investigation.In a sociological study, many factors are involved in the formation and continuation of a phenomenon. The Iranian revolution is not exempt from this, but among these indicators, according to the experts, the leadership factor has had a great impact on the maintenance and continuation of the revolution. Therefore, our question in this research is how the index of leadership in Iran after the revolution has played a role in preserving and continuing the Islamic revolution? Our hypothesis is that leadership in the form of the principle of the absolute authority of the jurist with wise, rational, duty-oriented and beneficial decisions. The most important factor in the preservation and continuation of the revolution in overcoming internal and external conspiracies has been the principle

Along with the developments leading to Constitutional Era, other social developments were emerging, which played a significant role in public awareness and liberation. This process which significantly formed in the area of critical literature in the form of humor and in the realm of press and literature, provided for the enlightenment of graduates` thoughts, intellectuals, carriers and agents of change, and in the final analysis, the general public. With regard to this and considering the profound impact of critical literature, especially humor, in expressing social reality in the language of humor, in this article we attempt to answer the following question: What was the effect of critical literature, especially humor, on the awareness of the public and the ruling elites regarding Iranian backwardness and the formation of Constitutional Revolution? Our hypothesis in the present study is that critical literature, especially in Constitutional Era, with its metaphorical and aesthetic features as well as its elegance has managed to deal with the deepest and most serious problems of the society, and has had a significant impact on public awareness.
As regards method, this is a descriptive – analytical research in which we used some Quentin – Skinner`s interpretive tools titled as “Illocutionary Hermeneutics” based on which the researcher tries to find out the intention of the author or writer of humor from what has been said.

The defeat in the 33 and 22 day wars against Hezbollah and Hamas institutionalized this definite understanding in the minds of the Israeli authorities That due to the different definition of the concept of threat and the culture of martyrdom, a mere military confrontation with the axis of resistance will result in nothing but defeat for this regime. Therefore, the question addressed in this article is what is Israel's strategy to strengthen its deterrence strategy in facing the axis of resistance and Iran? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article in the framework of the theory of complex deterrence is that Israel's fear of falling into the trap of deterrence in direct confrontation with the axis of resistance in the West Asian region has caused Israel with the aim of delegitimizing the ideals of the axis of resistance, to adopt a strategy take alliance with Iran's neighbors.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of the top hotels of Kish Island to examine the influential factors and to prioritize hotel services qualitatively-quantitatively; For this purpose, while interviewing experts and university professors, important and effective indicators were identified, and content analysis was extracted using multi-criteria MCDM decision-making methods and using Expert choice software. The research findings showed that the services provided by 5-star hotels in Kish are not in a good condition compared to the price paid; Also, by analyzing the content and prioritizing the effective criteria, it was found that the hotel's physical design style index is in the first place, the scope and variety of services are in the second place, and creativity and service innovation are in the third place; Finally, before any activity, hotel buildings should be repaired, renovated and renovated based on scientific plans and ideas, and industry managers, with the aim of customer satisfaction and durability, while continuously evaluating service quality strategies, should seek to correct and adapt their traditional views to those of tourists. To identify and attract customers by using new technologies to focus on improving the quality of service activities as well as interaction with the new generation of young tourists and seek to eliminate and improve the weaknesses of their services.

The Political is formed within a discourse, based on a dual antithesis and sympathy or an opposing and hostile relationship with the "discourse" discourses. Concepts with the definition of politics provide, on the one hand, the identity frontiers between forces \ "Insider \" and \ "another \", and on the other hand, give meaning to political conflicts in a society. The collapse of the constitutional discourse and, eventually, its dismantling, was the outcome of the conflict with the discourses that were at the head of the catholic discourse. The conflicts that brought the country back to the path and led to the return of tyranny in the form of Pahlavi discourse. With the preliminaries of this article, the present article examines the concept of political affairs in Iran during the Constitutional Revolution. In this research, the researcher is to show that by using the method of analyzing the critical discourse of Theon Van Dyke and extracting the concepts and categories related to this method, what does the concept of the political concept in this period have had on the collapse of constitutional discourse and the formation and hegemony of Pahlavi discourse? To answer the above question, we first examined the formulation of the political and then its impact on the collapse of constitutional discourse and the supremacy of Pahlavi discourse. The texts selected for this research are extracted from four newspapers Hable al-Matin, Kaveh, Iranshahr and Farhangestan letters. These newspapers represent the ruling discourse in this period

Politics are formed within a discourse, based on the duality of hostility and sympathy, or the incongruous and congrouos relationship with "other" discourses. Discourses with the definition of politics determine, on the one hand, the identity frontiers between the "insider" and "other" forces and, on the other, define the political conflicts in a community. The collapse of the Pahlavi regime and, eventually, its dismantling, was the result of a conflict among the discourses and the political Islamist discourse was at the head of them. The emergence of this discourse was more reactive than active to Pahlavi's discourse, which sought to stabilize itself in the context of the discourses of society by highlighting the other elements and marginalizing of religious discourse as non-existent. Accordingly, the present study examines how the political process was shaped by Pahlavi's discourse and its impact on the formation of the revolutionary political discourse of Islam in a crucial period in contemporary Iranian history. In this research, the researcher is trying to show how the political formulation of Pahlavi discourse has influenced the formation of the revolutionary political discourse of Islam in Iran by the method of Laclau and Moffe’s discourse analysis and the extraction of concepts and categories related to the political concept. Our hypothesis in this paper is that the political formulation of Pahlavi discourse in the form of full hostility with religious discourse led to the politicalization of religion and the formation of revolutionary political discourse in Iran.

Throughout centuries, Iran and Afghanistan have experienced almost peaceful neighborly, through presence in a common civilian and geographic context. Of course, this territorial proximity with some other causes, has created a contradiction, especially as regards the rate of exploitation of shared river water. Two sides have so far resorted to managing disputes in different ways, but have not had a clear outcome. This article is intended to explain and introduce economic diplomacy as a profitable element and an effective leverage in managing disputes between the two countries. In this regard, using the "qualitative method" (explanation and analysis), this hypothesis is assessed that "the interdependence of the economy and trade of Afghanistan and Iran and the existence of complementary economic capabilities and advantages, provide opportunity to engage the Afghan side to manage the water disputes". In this research, with emphasis on "economic diplomacy" in Iran's foreign policy in Afghanistan, findings such as exports, transit of goods, export of electricity and mechanized irrigation technology to Afghanistan, and the exchange of oil products with water are expressed that accordingly, expansion and deepening of commercial, financial and investment affiliation could encourage and persuade the sides to achieve a fair solution to use shared waters.

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia as two important countries of Islamic world, in the recent half-century have experienced close ties and in some cases strategic relations due to reasons such as bilateral needs, religious homogeneities and parallel regional interests. Although fluctuating, this relation has been relatively steady and continuous. Based on some observations, one can conclude that after supremacy of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan and Malik Salman in Saudi Arabia, the so mentioned cooperation has come to transform into a "strategic alliance and coalition" while understanding this transformation helps to understand future changes more clearly. Now let's see why does Pakistan and Saudi Arabia collaboration has demonstrated itself as a strategic alliance in Nawaz Sharif and Salman bin Abdulaziz era. To answer this question it is correct to state that, since coordinating the anti-Syria terrorist front, managing the war against Yemen and suppressing people's resistance in the region by Saudi Arabia demands the formation of a unified political - security block, and due to Saudi's belief that Pakistan should play the main part in this regard, as well as the collateral economical and military needs of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the collaboration between Nawaz and Salman governments has transformed into a strategic alliance and coalition.

After the fall of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 2001, Afghan Taliban has fought in three fronts against the occupiers (United States and NATO), ISIS and Taliban splinter groups and has suffered heavy military pressure. In recent year, the Taliban imposed war on two fronts, government forces and Islamic State has intensified and this group has been suffering huge casualties. However, the Taliban showed a kind of structural- functional sustainability which can leads complex strategies of international stalemate. In this paper in order to answer the question entitled how Taliban acted against military pressure of the government and ISIS? the conflict theory and descriptive analysis method have been used and results showed that in the recent decade Taliban has been made a proper opportunity by transforming serious threats to its advantages through the positive dimension of the conflict and has been using this situation toward reorganize, get power and survive.

ISIS showing a tenacity structural and functional to following the development of the land and Deeping of dialogic among other groups and extremist spectrum is in different regions of the Islamic world.It seems that Afghanistan is one of the objectives will be to expand ISIS because of the historical role in the production, growth of extremism and have a position in the international strategy.Understanding of the feasibility and these developments involves and examination of various aspects of this issue that is finds the "reality" in the early stages.In order to answer the main question that " did platforms and components are available for publishing ISIS phenomenon in Afghanistan?' This hypothesis can be demonstrated that capabilities geopolitics, ideology and strategic of Afghanistan has provided favorable context for presence of ISIS and its affiliates in this land.For this purpose, the diffusion theory is used to study the phenomena of diffusion method.According to the finding of this article with respect to attraction strategic geopolitics, excisions the ideology platform, presence the extremist groups, weakness structural, Americas strategic goals in central Asia and Russia, regional competition with the Islamic republic of Iran and etc.Platforms presence and alignment is available with ISIS in Afghanistan it can be as a "secondary focus ISS."

Undoubtedly Islamic Revolution of Iran has been the source of Islamic awakening in the middle-east. Therefore Islamic Republic of Iran plays the role of an example and a director of political developments in the region. Islamic awakening in Arab countries has been able to question the dominant discourse of dictators in the middle-east region and topple their regimes. These developments include opportunities such as making the resistant discourse dominant, people choosing their destiny themselves, establishing Islamic states etc. Among the threats faced by public revolutions in these countries are the presence of aliens and westerns in the region and its developments, attributing people's revolutions to some figures and groups, deviation in the implementation of people's revolutionary objectives and metamorphosis of these revolutions. Therefore this article tries to study challenges and opportunities of these geopolitical developments for Islamic revolution of Iran in the future using library and document method.

The large part of the international conflicts that currently is underway under name of the so-called “war on terrorism”, has aggravated chain of continuous violences which there is no end to it in the foreseeable future. A part of the world front comprises Jihadist radical groups that seek their own ideological goals and ideals through violent tools and techniques. In this regard, important problem is causes of resorting to extremism (al-Qaeda, Taliban, etc.) to very aggressive behaviors andits persistence on its continuation. In answer to question of this research, unlike the dominant approaches in the study on extremism, which primarily address to investigate of causes of its stabilizing and secondary i.e. poverty and ignorance and etc., try to extradite basic and effective foundations of extremism i.e. ideology and identity and etc by indicators of constructivist theory.Accordingly, I evaluate al-Qaeda’s and the Taliban’s behavioral doctrines and introduce their behavioral -analytical model

Prediction of spatial distribution of porosity in a reservoir is an essential issue forestimating reserves and planning production operations. In most cases, however, lateralvariations of porosity cannot be delineated from measurements made at sparsely located wells. The integration of 3D seismic data with petrophysical measurements cansignificantly improve the spatial description of porosity. In the last two decades, severalmethods have been developed for the estimation of reservoir porosity. A number ofinversion methods are available in the industry to convert seismic amplitude into acousticimpedance. Acoustic impedance is indirectly related to porosity. Alternate integrativeapproaches for estimating porosity include geo-statistical methods, such as kriging andco-kriging using well and seismic data. One of the most accurate methods for estimatingreservoir parameters is the application of seismic attributes by a nonlinear estimator, suchas neural network or neuro-fuzzy model. Both neural networks and neuro-fuzzy modelscan be good estimators but the latter has the benefit of being interpretable. In this study, aneuro-fuzzy model called NEFPROX was used to estimate porosity in a gas reservoirlocated in the Gorgan Basin.NEFPROX is a Mamdani-type neuro-fuzzy model, so it has an advantage of beinginterpretable that makes it distinct from other type of neuro-fuzzy models. The timeconsumingcharacteristic of that method is irrelevant in this case because the prediction ofporosity is an offline prediction problem.The Gorgan Basin is located in the northern part of Iran, southeast of the Caspian Sea.This area consists mainly of three formations:the upper formation, called Clay-SandGroup , belongs to quaternary period. Below Clay-Sand Group  is a tertiary formationcalled Clay-Sand Group. A formation of Brown Beds is also a tertiary formation thatlies below Clay-Sand Group. All of these formations consist mainly of shale and sand.The discovery of gas in the Brown Beds Formation has persuaded explorationists toincrease their activities in the Gorgan Basin. The purpose of this study is to recognizeshale and sand bodies in the Brown Beds formation that consists of alternative sand andshale layers with variable thickness.First, a list of 20 seismic attributes was prepared to extract from raw seismic data inthe location of wells. Stepwise regression was used to select four appropriate attributes.The maximum number of attributes was set at four to avoid the model complexity. Theseattributes, in the order of priority, are instantaneous frequency, amplitude weightedfrequency, apparent polarity, and second derivative instantaneous amplitude. Then thesefour selected attributes were introduced into the neuro-fuzzy model as input to predictporosity as an output of the model.The neuro-fuzzy model was trained with the data of well GO3. Based on hydrocarboncore samples obtained from the Brown Beds formation and the potential of this formationas a probable reservoir, the data corresponding to this formation were selected as atraining data. A model blind test was also conducted with the data of well GO5.Porosity sections generated as the output of the model showed two low porosity sandyand shaly-sand channels in the Brown Beds formation. Lateral variations of thesechannels can clearly be recognized in these sections. The core samples available in wellGO3 (containing hydrocarbon) confirm the existence of the two inferred channels. Thisclear image of channels is simply unidentifiable from raw seismic data. Hence,NEFPROX can be very helpful in supplying valuable information about extent, shape andlithological variation of a reservoir. Finally, compared comparison was made between theperformance of the neuro-fuzzy model and regular neural networks in estimation ofporosity. The comparison indicates that the accuracy of the NEFPROX estimation isequal to that of MLP and is greater than that of RBF.

Those strategic geopolitical areas which have a determining role in international political-security trends mainly become multi-faceted field of international actors. Currently, linkage of the geographical and cultural elements with the phenomena of political extremism and violence in some regions of Pakistan has made the events of this area attractive and challenging for United States and NATO.
The present paper tries to do a kind of analysis and review on the nature of political, security and military behavior of United States and Britain in Pakistan. Undoubtedly, each of these two countries have had extensive backgrounds, experiences and influences in South Asia that if we believe in "Process-based" in international developments, it can be said the current political-security projects of United States and Britain in this area have roots in their experience. Nevertheless, the reality is that United States has become the real inheritor of British colonialism worldwide, but despite transferring the conditions of role-playing, we should wait to see to what extent policies and strategies have changed.

Considered as sociopolitical actions and originated from the ideals and beliefs of human communities, revolutions generate and disseminate values and norms which are often against the existing conditions and quickly cause the opposition of the ruling authorities. Therefore, although revolutions occur within specific geographical boundaries, they proliferate and export their achievements in order to protect themselves against the intentions of their opponents. The present article, which seeks to analyze the influence of the soft power elements of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on Arabic Revolutions, highlights the point that attractiveness and humanitarian nature of these elements and introduction of a successful political model in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the spiritual power resulting from it made, though with delay, the ideals, goals, mottoes and the behavior of Iranians in creating the 1979 revolution, which was based on a spiritual policy and soft revolution (peaceful protest and avoiding violence), a model for Arab Muslims. After introducing the soft power elements of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, this article discusses its manifestations in Arabic revolutions and its long-term influence on the Islamic community.

Media can be considered a new power source in the power handover process in the 21st century. Meanwhile, the Internet and cyberspace are considered charismatic and decisive communication tools in the strategic psychological operations due to their speed, accuracy, ability to transfer huge volumes of messages to a wide span of audience. Considering WikiLeaks a media-PSYOP instrument acting as the intermediate link between the performers and the audience of psychological operations, this research work conceives of WikiLeaks as a multilayered puzzle aiming at covert security-political interventions. It seeks to align the political decision makers with the international goals of the hegemonic powers through developing information trends and attacking their minds and perceptions. In so doing, it attempts to generate 'virtual power' and rebuild its declining potency in cyberspace by influencing the minds and hearts of the public audience. Examining the phenomenology of WikiLeaks and looking at how the psycho-cyber phenomenon was created, this article probes into the novel functions of psychological operations in cyberspace.

Continuing military-security impasse of western countries in Afghanistan has caused again peacemaking ideas and initiatives in this country to be revealed and as a new alternative may create an opening in the current situation. Afghanistan’s Supreme Peace Council has grown in such a context which understanding its dimensions and angles bring a brighter perspective for interested actors in the intended area. In addition to examining and assessing processes and backgrounds of peacemaking in Afghanistan, goals and structure of council, exploring the positions of influential actors in Afghanistan, this study relying on conceptual issues related to the requirements and needs of political negotiations, has tried to provide five possible scenarios with a realistic understanding of the developments in Afghanistan records. Accordingly, it cannot be expected the council be able to achieve one of the far goals in Afghanistan i.e. "peace".

A large part of the international conflicts that are currently continuing under the name of so-called "war against terrorism" sparks a chain of sequential violence and there is no end for it in a predictable future. One part of this global front is radical jihadist groups who are seeking their own ideological goals and ideals through the violent means and methods. In this regard, the important question is the causes of Islamic radicalism's resort (Al-Qaeda, Taliban and ...) to the very violent behaviors and its insistence on continuation of these behaviors.
For answering this question, this research analyzes behaviorology of radicalism through utilization of psychological and anthropological theories and with relying on the results of the field studies, which challenge the current analyses, analyzes the model of radicalism's behavioral analysis. According to this model, if "motivation" (arousal of identity, frustration, foreign intervention and ...) and "attitude" (ideology, mentality and cognitive framework ...) become provided in environment-human context, would lead to the radical and violent "action".
In fact, according to the aforementioned model as an idea-centered model, behaviorology of radicalism is dependant to the sum and the combination of psychological elements, and highly politicalized ideas and mentalities, which provides motivation, determination and capability necessary for doing violent action.

while "Afghanistan's violent project" is becoming one of the long wars in the history, understanding its processes and events is considered as a fundamental cornerstone to the oncoming future in this field. In this context, the key question is understanding the nature of US activism based on its withdrawal and presence continuation in Afghanistan and the way of their realization. The purpose of this paper is providing a response based on the scene's realities and its actor's overt and covert actions. Understanding the US behavioral logic, which has been based on "American peace image" and US dominance on the peace resulted from it in many times and places, has been chosen as a conceptual framework for US behavior. Also based on it, US strategic goals and intentions in Afghanistan and the conditions governing the battlefield have been reexamined. Relying on these methods and principles, there are several options before United States in Afghanistan: "short term presence of combat troops and continuation of long term presence of other forces in the form of military bases on Afghanistan soil", "agreement and reconciliation with the Taliban and power division with moderate spectra", "expansion of the war to peripheral regions in Afghanistan", "accepting defeat and full withdrawal from Afghanistan and beginning of the civil war" and so on.

The depth and expansion of the current political-security developments in Pakistan, especially in extremism field, represent intelectual-religious roots among the present actors in the scene. A realistic glance at the nature of the events in confronting with extremism, proves inefficiency of the current strategies. Failure of Pakistan's governing body in managing political-security situations is discussed, while intellectual-military encountering in two opposite fronts are tied to the survival and fate of Pakistan.
The result of current situation is the most important concern which has been tied to the regional security. In this research, the belief is that the nature of intellectual-religious developments in Pakistan's Islamism front specially challenges and the perspectives determines Pakistan's future life. Without doubt, as much as political-military attitudes lead to radicalization of Islamism in Pakistan, intensification of the violence would become Popular.

Terrorism¡ due to its various and unknown dimensions and aspects¡ is still believed to be one of the major concerns in the field of science and research. At times¡ terrorist groups and movements enhance the range of their power and destruction by inventing¡ integrating and developing tools and methods of terrorism. Application of psychological operations elements and components in the context of terrorism is one of the factors helping the empowerment of terrorists. Utilizing the concept of “psychological operations”¡ the present study delves into the point that there is a direct relationship between conduction of destructive and consolidation psychological operations by terrorists and the terrorist goals and spread of “psychological insecurity” in the community. The main focus of the study is on explaining the characteristics and elements of the psychological terrorism and its applications in line with the intentions of Abdolmalek Rigi’s terrorist group. Development of the tools and contexts of the realization of psychological operations has given unique opportunities to such baseless groups so that they can create identity for themselves¡ legitimize their actions and spread panic.