kiarash fartash

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the key technologies of the current era which plays a significant role in the advancement of countries. The development of this technology calls for appropriate infrastructure, which contributes to its effective application across various sectors. Despite the advancements in developed countries, developing nations face multiple challenges such as limited access to the Internet, shortage of experts, and bureaucratic hurdles. To fill this gap, this paper aims to provide a framework for the different levels of AI development infrastructure in Iran, designed in two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary framework for infrastructure was developed by reviewing international studies and experiences. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with domestic experts were conducted, and their content was analyzed to propose a final infrastructure framework tailored to the conditions of Iran. This framework comprises six main infrastructural levels including High-speed data networks and exchange, Computational infrastructure, Data storage infrastructure, Core models and algorithms, Software and frameworks, and Applications, at two levels of AI service provider and aggregator operators. Considering the peculiarities of developing countries, particularly Iran, proper development of AI infrastructure seems unlikely unless government intervenes in favor of the establishment of AI service providers and service aggregators operators. Our findings provide insights and implications at the policy and management level for both policymakers and managers of the ICT sector, and particularly artificial intelligence.

In recent years, the occurrence of unexpected events such as climate change, environmental destruction, and health pandemics, in addition to creating social, economic, and political disturbances, highlights the strengthening of the infrastructure to deal with such crises. As one of the recent global pandemics, COVID-19 revealed the weaknesses of health systems, especially in providing medical equipment for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In response to this challenge, many countries including Iran, tried to enhance their capabilities in medical equipment by adopting policies proportionate to the conditions of the COVID-19 period. Given the abovementioned, this paper intends to review and analyze policies aimed at supporting the development of medical equipment during COVID-19 in Iran. We first reviewed the literature and international experiences to propose a preliminary conceptual policy framework for supporting medical equipment, which seven experts confirmed as suitable for the specificities of the Iranian context. By conducting 13 semi-structured interviews, we collected primary data and analyzed them by content analysis. Our findings elaborate on three categories, including 1) financial and tax policies; 2) accelerating the process related to regulations, trials, and approvals; and 3) business, production, and networking incentives that influenced the development of medical equipment during COVID-19. Adopted policies in Iran led to the rapid development and production of advanced equipment, such as ventilators and pulse oximeters, by accelerating the existing processes and providing new supports that would not have been offered under normal circumstances. Our findings entail policy implications on supporting the development of medical equipment in the post-COVID-19 era.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is driving profound changes in human life, significantly impacting areas such as employment, the economy, communication, warfare, privacy, security, ethics, and healthcare. Despite its current influence, the future evolution and impact of AI remain uncertain. Depicting future scenarios of emerging technologies is a common method for understanding and shaping desired outcomes, as well as preparing for potential future situations. These scenarios can be proposed by various sources, including media and science fiction. Science fiction films, in particular, have a long history of portraying the future of emerging technologies, especially AI. This paper aims to explore future scenarios of AI development.

To conduct this research, first, we reviewed the literature and reports related to the future of AI, which led to the identification of drivers shaping the future. Then, By gathering experts' opinions and conducting a content analysis of science-fiction films with an IMDb score higher than six, relevant to the future of AI, we identified three uncertainties underlying the future of AI. Following our content analysis protocol, we analyzed films and identified evidence of drivers in each film. Eventually, from the intersection of our uncertainties, nine scenarios were obtained, of which four scenarios were logically acceptable.

We found that uncertainties shaping the future of AI are social acceptance, singularity, and legality and regulation, with expert average scores of 4.40, 4.33, and 4.78, respectively. We selected them from the six drivers identified in the literature review, i.e., social acceptance, scope of AI development, singularity, cost-benefit of AI, legality and regulation, and government support. The scenario of AI dominating the world is a dystopian narrative of the future of human beings, where AI takes over power and pushes humans to the outskirts of the cities. In contrast to this scenario, in the utopia scenario, the synergy of humans and AI creates a utopia where humans and AI co-exist and thrive peacefully. The remaining scenarios’ features are located between dystopia and utopia.

Our findings indicate that ‘Utopia: Human and AI Synergy’ is the most optimistic scenario, while ‘AI Domination of the World’ represents the most pessimistic outlook for AI development. The results show that the advantages of AI development are significant for both governments and individuals, necessitating proportionate policies to realize these benefits. However, the potential risks and challenges of AI in the future highlight the need for regulations and restrictions to prevent uncontrolled development and applications of AI.

In addition to education and research, universities and research institutions are also responsible for other functions such as research, entrepreneurship, socialization and participation in the development of their surrounding environment, which is also known as the third mission. In this regard, the aim of this article is to analyze the functions of research and the third mission in Iranian universities and research institutions, identify challenges and provide policy solutions to solve these challenges. The current research is qualitative and descriptive in terms of type and purpose, and its orientation is applied-developmental. The required secondary data is extracted from documents, reports, books and research background. Primary data was also collected through 20 semi-structured interviews between March and June 2023. Based on the findings of this article, in total, the challenges identified in the 4 functions of conducting basic research and at the edge of knowledge, conducting demand-oriented research for industry, society and government, entrepreneurship and commercialization of research and technological achievements and paying attention to national needs and regional and sustainable extraction and then corresponding to each challenge, policies were proposed to promote these functions. The findings of this research have practical and policy implications and suggestions for science and technology policy makers and university managers.

Knowledge exchange between university and industry is considered a vital phenomenon to promote innovation in industries. despite the apparent benefits for the industry and the university, its success cannot be guaranteed, and many university-industry collaborations face various challenges. In other words, it can be stated that the formation of this relationship over time is not fundamentally based and its direction is not purposeful. Despite the studies conducted in the field of industry-university relationships, more needs to be addressed explicitly to the challenges of the university side in the relationship between industry and university. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present the framework of the university's challenges in the relationship between the university and the industry. This research is applied type, its strategy is a qualitative study, and in terms of its objective, it is descriptive. The data required to achieve the research goal has been obtained using primary and secondary data from December 2021 to April 2022. By using secondary data, the dimensions of the challenges of the university side in the relationship between the industry and the university in 5 categories, including 1) policy-making and governance; 2) administrative and executive; 3) intermediary institutions; 4) intellectual and financial ownership; 5) cultural identification and as a conceptual framework for identifying challenges in this research. Then, 25 experts from universities, research institutes, and political institutions who are familiar with industry-university relationship issues were interviewed to identify examples of challenges. Finally, through the analysis of the content of the conducted interviews, 22 challenges corresponding to each of the dimensions were identified.

Nowadays, Governance in science and technology has become more serious for policymakers and governors. One of the most important reasons for this matter would be for the investigation of the main players’ roles and their operations in science and technology. The importance of reviewing Science and Technology Parks (STPs) - as a key player in science and technology governance and also a government policy tool for science and technology development- has got less attention of policy makers, despite its main role in science and technology. In this regard, this paper aims to investigate on the governance of innovation and technology in science and technology parks of Iran. In this regard, STPs main functions are extracted from the literature and related regulations and government supports which are related to STPs functions are highlighted. Eventually, a discussion about the effectiveness of mentioned supports and regulations for implementation of the STPs functions’ in Iran has been presented.

Despite the high importance of public procurement for innovation (PPI) in developed countries, this policy tool has received less attention from policymakers and researchers in Iran. The significance of public procurement policies has made it one of the industrial development policies in some countries. On the other hand, the critical role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and knowledge-based companies in technology development and national economic development has been emphasized in many developing countries, including Iran. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to review the public procurement process with an emphasis on PPI and support domestic SMEs. To this end, related laws and policies to support public procurement in the country and several countries with comparable conditions to Iran (Brazil, Turkey, South Korea, and India) have been reviewed. Based on the findings, consideration has been adjusted to policies to support the supply of innovation in the country's public procurement to an acceptable level. However, there are various challenges and issues in its implementation. Nevertheless, what is seen in the country's public procurement system, especially in the PPI, is the weakness in implementing and enforcement of policies to stimulate the demand side of innovation. Therefore, ten policy suggestions and solutions resulting from policy analysis and interviews with domestic stakeholders, as well as an international comparative study, have been provided. These are all for further support and create a role for SMEs and domestic knowledge-based companies in public procurement and foster technology development and innovation of these companies through public procurement.

Supporting innovation in firms is one of the critical policy issues in technology and innovation policy. In this regard, "innovation agencies" - generally public institutions - are founded in different countries to design and implement technology and innovation policy tools. Hence, the purpose of this research is to present a framework and investigate the functions of the Iran Vice-Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-based Economy (VPST) as the national innovation agency. The temporal boundary of our paper includes 2016 to 2022 and the spatial boundary is the activities and actions of VPST. We collected data through 21 semi-structured interviews, documents, and policy reports, then we analyzed data by content analysis. Based on our findings, the 8 main functions of innovation agencies, as well as VPST include supporting research and technology development; supporting networking and infrastructure formation and maturity of innovation ecosystem; supporting commercialization and shaping market for technology and innovation; empowering technological, knowledge-based firms and startups; strengthening technology and innovation diplomacy and international circulation of experts; supporting exports and strengthening export capabilities; financing technology and innovation; and lastly technology and innovation policy intelligence. Considering the institutional gaps and context of Iran, VPST has played a more significant role in functions such as regulation and financing, including IPO, compared to other international innovation agencies. While in some functions, such as technological cooperation and foreign investment, VPST is less engaged compared to its international counterparts. The results of this research contain recommendations for policymakers as well as future research.

According to the evidence, there are unbalanced distributions in different geographical areas in terms of level and type of innovative behavior. Regional innovation system, as one of the theories in this field, considers innovation as a process resulting from various factors inside and outside companies. Researchers and government agencies have provided many models for monitoring their regional innovation systems, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region. In this research, by a comprehensive overview of the regional innovation model, has been tried to provide a model based on the context and conditions of the regions in Iran for monitoring of regional innovation systems. In the first stage, after reviewing the literature, interviewing the experts and then thematic analyzing the content of the obtained data, initial Dimensions and indicators were identified Then, a Fuzzy Delphi technique and a seven-scale questionnaire were used to test the results and expert opinion. Finally, after the extraction and correction of the indicators to evaluate the regional innovation systems, a comprehensive model was identified in 5 dimensions, 20 indicators and 180 sub-indicators. The proposed regional innovation system assessment model consists of firms' behavior and regional interactions, economy, Human Capital, Innovative outputs, Locational Features, that each dimension has its own indicators and sub-indicators, each one is discussed in the paper. Finally, the regional innovation system of Yazd province as a special science and technology region was evaluated using this model. The evaluation results showed that the Locational Features and firms' behavior and regional interactions are in a better position than other dimensions, although the progress rate of all dimensions is less than 50%. Also, according to these results, the dimensions of innovative outputs and economy have the least amount of progress.

The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and its subordinate actors, as one of the crucial sub-systems in the national innovation system, play a vital role in the structure, functions, and performance of the national innovation system. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the functions and sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in the national innovation system. In terms of methodology, this research is mixed research that has benefited from thematic analysis in the qualitative part and importance-performance analysis in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the review of international documents, laws and regulations, and upstream documents and the analysis of data related to focus groups with different stakeholders led to the preparation of a list of 60 sub-functions under the 7 main functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. Then, to achieve the priority sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, the importance-performance questionnaire was sent to universities, research institutes, and science and technology parks, and 33 completed questionnaires were collected. Based on the importance-performance analysis, 40 sub-functions were selected as priority sub-functions (low performance and high importance) of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Identifying the priority sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology can be a basis for a more accurate functional and performance analysis and formulation of policies and programs in order to strengthen the role of this Ministry in the national innovation system.

A given technology goes through a unique path in the process of its diffusion. Factors residing in a socio-technical environment either inhibit or strengthen the path and speed of technology diffusion. In this regard, the aim of this research analyzes the diffusion curve of unstructured supplementary service data (USSD) technology in Iran. The scope of this paper includes mobile phone subscribers who have adopted USSD technology from 2010 to 2019. By adopting Roger’s technology diffusion framework, this article depicts and analyzes the diffusion curves of different applications of USSD technology through the historical data of USSD technology subscribers in the Hamrahe Avval operator in Iran. To better understand and explain the diffusion and the influential factors in the diffusion in the context of Iran, 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted with USSD experts affiliated to the regulatory bodies, policymakers, and mobile phone operators. Our findings reveal that USSD was mostly used in the operator and banking services while its adoption in other survives was been limited. We also found that relative advantage, complexity and Trialability have the highest strengthening effect on the diffusion of USSD; in the same vein price, regulations, and the interaction of actors are the key barriers to the diffusion of USSD in Iran. The findings of this paper provide policy and management implications for regulation and business activities of financial technologies and in particular USSD. To this end, the significant influence of regulation needs to be taken into account which could be a barrier to financial technologies diffusion as the case of USSD in Iran indicates.

"Region" is a concept that plays an important role in the policy-making of the governments of the world. With the changes that have taken place and new technologies, a new type of region is needed today. Regions, as a combination of criteria and elements, can create and continuously improve knowledge enterprises by injecting new ideas, knowledge and organizational learning. Regions must incorporate the principles of knowledge creation and continuous learning to eventually become learning regions. According to the special characteristics of each region of Iran; Innovation has a different effect in each of these areas. To determine the extent of the impact of these systems, it is necessary to evaluate their performance. The authors of this study intend to provide a model for evaluation in accordance with the conditions of the regions in Iran. The proposed regional innovation system evaluation model consists of three levels, each of which evaluates regions from different perspectives. In such a way that the indicators presented in each level are complementary to other levels. First, the general indicators and potentials of each region are identified, and at the third level, the performance of the firm and the system is evaluated and monitored. Finally, using a case study of Isfahan region; Intends to experimentally evaluate the performance of a regional innovation system in Iran.

In this paper, we investigate the implementation experience, performance, and challenges of open innovation tools under the law for supporting New Technology-Based Firms (NTBFs) from 2012 to 2022. This law is the most important national initiative for supporting innovative and technologically capable firms entailing more than 110 tools – of which 10 tools are dedicated to supporting open innovation and we focus on them in this paper. By adopting a qualitative research method and we conducted a content analysis of data gathered from semi-structured interviews, reports, and documents pertinent to open innovation (inbound, outbound, and coupled) tools. Our findings reveal that events and networks and meeting the technological needs of large companies are the two tools with higher influence on performance in match-making and the exchange of ideas and knowledge among NTBFs. Compared to international experiences, the creation and diffusion of knowledge and joint research are less supported tools in Iran. Assessing open innovation tools, policy-level open innovation coordination, and encouraging large public firms toward engaging in open innovation, are the key practical and theoretical implications of this paper.

The institution of the university in a community is the driving force behind the students' behavioral ethics and the spread of elitism and sophistication among them. The university can prove its work by nurturing a skilled and capable force. Of course, with the review of the process of higher education this is not very satisfactory. Therefore, in order to optimize the performance of higher education in the process of scientific / cultural development and nurture the creative and creative value of the Center for Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship of Imam Sadegh University, to support this important goal is to support efforts to identify problems and provide innovative solutions. Entrepreneurial and problem solving, it strived to provide the best conditions, facilities and opportunities for the transfer of global knowledge to our country's youth to protect the elites and ideas of Iranian youth. Therefore, with the establishment of a student government based on an educational model (work and experience) designed to empower participants in this project, utilizing the capacity of the university institution and devoid of the usual political categories. The steps of this plan are outlined in this article, using the action research method.

Covid_19 pandemic is the most important issue that the world is facing with which directly effects human and even animal health. In addition to its irreparable effects on human health, this disease has had many economic social and environmental effects on the world and has alleviate the quality of human life. This essay proposes five main solutions for the world after Covid_19. Authors first recommend economic redistribution by advising to avoid a development model concentrated on cumulative economic growth then the importance of regenerative agriculture, protection of environment, reduction of consumption as well as unnecessary travel and forgiveness of debts at the international level as the key solutions for the world post covid-19 to deal with current risks. After reviewing each solution, we suggestions for further research are presented.

Creating demand for technological products, financing innovation, outsourcing research and development, etc. are among the effective actions of large firms in interaction with knowledge-based firms. On the other hand, knowledge-based firms can also play an effective role in meeting the technological needs of large firms with their scientific and technical ability do However, the interaction of these firms is facing problems due to various reasons and the cooperation of these two pillars of Iran's knowledge-based economy is far from its desired position. In the meantime, government policies can play a significant role in facilitating these connections. South Korea is one of the governments that has taken effective steps to develop interaction between firms by passing the Law on Mutually Beneficial Cooperation between Large Firms and Small Firms and forming the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Startups. This research, with a comparative analysis and a comparative study of the policies for the development of technological cooperation between South Korea and Iran and the division of the policy tools of these two governments into three categories of tools including tools for stimulating demand, tools for stimulating supply and tools for improving cooperation infrastructure, looking for solutions to develop these cooperations in Iran Is. The focus on supply stimulation tools and cooperation infrastructures is remarkable in Iran, but unlike South Korea, which has used important tools to stimulate demand, there is a serious gap in demand stimulation tools in Iran.

Mosque, as the main axis of Islamic civilization and the first institution formed in Islam, has a very special position. Despite more than 70 thousand mosques, the limited use of this huge capacity in an Islamic country has caused its position to decline. In this study, using approach of participatory action researcha, concentrated effort has been made to generate ideas in the field of mosque with the ultimate goal of achieving its special position, called taraz mosque, in the startup event form. This issue is the first step in using the capacity of these events in serving the cultural issues. The idea of holding this event was planned for a year and it was held with two startup weekend events in the spring  2017 in Imam Sadiq University camp in Damavand during one month. This event is a reference for guiding and conducing the process of generating, collecting and promoting mosque ideas, team building, producing product, value creation and planning for its implementation to achieve a taraz mosque. Therefore, the main question in this study is what role taraz Mosque Startup weekend had in designing creative ideas? The main results of this action research are: formation, cultivation and implementation of creative ideas in the field of mosque until reaching to the minimum viable product (MVP). The ideas of "godly loan through mosque crowdfunding" and "Monitoring, evaluating and comparing the situation of mosques" were selected as the best ideas in this event.

Scientific authority is one of the keywords that are frequently used in upstream documents and macro policies of science, technology and innovation of the country, but usually appropriate evaluation indicators of its measurement are not transparently presented. Approval of the executive regulation of Iran's science, technology and innovation monitoring system in the Supreme Council of Science, Research and Technology (CSRT) in 2017 is a turning point in Iran's science, technology and innovation system. However, due to the soft nature and complexity of the fundamentals of the Humanities, monitoring and evaluation of science, technology and innovation in this field has been accompanied by difficulties. Therefore, setting a framework for the indicators of scientific authority evaluation in the Humanities is more important than ever before. From the perspective of the purpose, this paper seeks to provide an appropriate framework for monitoring and evaluation indicators of educational, scientific and developmental authority of the Humanities using upstream documents and related international experiences. In reviewing the background of the research, this section includes two subdivisions including the International Monitoring and Evaluation of Science, Technology and Innovation Experiences in the Field of Humanities (in which the experience of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, International Social Science Council, European Commission, British Academy and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences have been studied in the field of Humanities monitoring), as well as analysis of upstream documents related to the research (General Policies of Science and Technology Announcement of the Supreme Leader, Science and Technology Roadmap, Document of the fundamental transformation of education and also Document of the Islamic University) that the results extracted in accordance with the executive regulations of the system of monitoring and evaluation of science, Iran's technology and innovation has been examined. The research method in this paper is applied in terms of type, its basic strategy is qualitative and descriptive. For this purpose, both primary data (policy documents, reports, and international dashboards) extracted from study sources and secondary data (holding 8 expert panel meetings and structured interviews with 5 selected members of panels) have been exploited. In order to examine the findings, indicators derived from the analysis of relevant international experiences and policy documents (background review) following the executive regulations of Iran's science, technology and innovation monitoring system which includes eleven criteria have been investigated. According to the specific topic of this article, which is the explanation of the indicators of monitoring and evaluation of educational, scientific and extension authority of the Humanities, four categories of the mentioned regulations including a. general and professional education, b. higher education, c. scientific publications and d. promoting science, technology and innovation are considered. In the final section, the final framework of the indicators of educational, scientific and extension authority in the field of Humanities is summarized in the following four categories: General and professional education of Humanities (including quantity and quality of general and professional Humanities education); Higher education in the Humanities (including the quantity and quality of higher education in Humanities); Scientific publications of Humanities (including publication of books, quantity and quality of research, and quantity and quality of scientific articles in the field of Humanities); Promoting science, technology and innovation in the field of Humanities (including publications (magazines, and public books), events (specialized exhibitions, conferences, etc.), cyberspace (including databases, social networks, etc.) in the field of Humanities and promotion centers); The novelty of this paper's compared to the previous studies is considering Iran's peculiarities in monitoring and evaluating humanities toward attaining scientific authority. We also note that achieving the desired results in evaluation and monitoring of the status of scientific, educational and extension authority of the Humanities depend on cooperation and unity of procedural practices of the trustee organizations and institutions. It is expected that responsible entities, while executing their responsibilities, collaborate in collecting and analyzing relevant data to minort and assess scientific authority of humanities.

The present study was conducted with a scientometric approach and using the social network analysis method to investigate the relationships in the field of intangible assets. In this regard, the data of 2998 documents conducted between 1979 and 2019 based on the articles indexed in the Scopus database on intangible assets were analyzed using Gephi and Publish or Perish software. The status of scientific productions in this field and the most influential concepts and keywords, researchers, and journals were examined. Research findings show that knowledge management and intellectual capital are essential concepts in this field. Also, value creation, value chain, social responsibility, and trademark are the most valuable subject areas based on the networks. The co-authorship network is discrete, with low density and 58945 citations in all articles. Also, Emerald Publications has published the most significant number of articles in this field. Entering the era of a knowledge-based economy, a large part of organizations' assets is intangible, which confirms the identification and investment in these types of assets. This study shows that intangible assets are closely related to critical social issues such as intellectual capital, knowledge management, and competition. The present study helps researchers in this field explain the investigation process and policies based on the identified areas of influence.

The information and communication technology (ICT) sector is an economic development pillar as well as a key infrastructure at the national level. ICT firms face various challenges in their growth path due to the knowledge-based nature of ICT sector and the dynamics of competition and customer needs. These challenges in Iran are of greater importance in the growth of ICT companies and especially knowledge-based firms (KBFs), given the business environment, regulations, and limitations in international interactions of ICT sector. This paper identifies and analyzes the growth challenges of ICT KBFs in Iran. This research is applied and qualitative in terms of purpose and type, and the spatial and temporal boundary is ICT firms is in the list of pioneering KBFs (50 firms with the highest sales) in 2021. The required data were collected from documents, reports, semi-structured interviews with experts and managers of 15 studied firms that were selected by judgmental sampling and analyzed by content analysis through axial coding. Based on our findings, firms face 5 key category of growth challenges, i.e., financial; domestic market and export; political, regulatory and legal; business; and challenges pertinent to implementation of the law for supporting KBFs. The most frequent challenge includes financial limitations, difficulty of transferring foreign currency and supplying equipment, legal and IP restrictions and the mismatch of KBFs law with ICT firm’s contingencies. Our findings also provide recommendations for policy makers and managers of ICT KBFs as well as fruitful avenues for future researches. Challenges of KBFs growth in developing countries is an overlooked issue in the literature and this paper is an effort to narrow this empirical gap in the literature.

The fast technological change and increasing intensity of competitive environment have led to different types of innovation, including product and process innovation. However, this does not to guarantee firms’ success unless they adopt a holistic approach to innovation through business model innovation (BMI). As imitating BMI is not easy for competitors, it’s an efficient business experiment to attain a sustainable competitive advantage. By reviewing the existing literature on BMI, we concluded that one of the notable overlooked research streams is the analysis of BMI impact on firms’ performance. In this regard, this paper investigates the impact of BMI and its four dimensions (product, process, organizational and marketing innovation) on the performance of the tenants (firms) located at the Sharif Science and Technology (S&T) Park and highlights the moderating effect of networking and knowledge-based status of tenants.

The statistical population of this research includes firms located at the Sharif S&T Park which are 70 as of the summer 2020. Data to test our hypotheses was gathered by distributing questionnaires - formulated through the literature review and the Community Innovation Survey’s questionnaire - in the fall and summer of 2020. Among the filled questionnaires 59 ones were consideres as the basis for our statistical analysis. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to test our hypotheses by SmartPLS3 software. Validity and reliability of constructs were also verified by Cronbach’s Alpha, composite reliability and average variance.

The obtained results proved the positive and significant impact of BMI on the tenants’ performance. Among BMI’s dimensions, product and marketing innovation had also significant positive effect on the tenants’ performance. On the other hand, the impact of process and organizational innovation on the tenants’ performance was not significant and these two hypotheses were accordingly rejected. Besides, the positive, significant, and moderating impact of both moderators were confirmed.

Our contribution involves analyzing BMI in overlooked S&T park tenants which are small and newly established firms. In the academic literature, research on BMI is dominantly focused on large firms. Therefore, research on BMI in tenants is another novel aspect of this paper. Studied firms, Sharif S&T Park tenants, are generally small and dedicate most of their resources to product innovation; however, they neglect process and organizational innovation. Insignificant impact of process and organizational innovation on performance implies that tenants’ capabilities should be strengthened in these BMI dimensions. As our findings suggests, Sharif S&T Park tenants’ performance is not influenced by process and organizational innovation. Despite due to the limitations on generalization the achieved results, this paper provides theoretical and managerial implications to both tenants and the managers to reinforce BMI and its dimensions, particularly, process and organizational innovation of tenants.

This paper aims to provide a policy mix to support the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities.While gaining scientific authority within humanities disciplines and championing their role in advancing civilization have certainly pervaded policy discourse in recent years, the observation highlights a shortcoming - namely, the lack of a cohesive policy mix to reliably foster the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities. Literature shows that the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities have a rich historical trajectory. Its origins lie in addressing ethical and legal concerns, which then evolved to encompass the establishment of educational and research institutions focused on scientific concepts. Subsequently, humanities began yielding tangible economic and social benefits for industries and society. However, when comparing the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities to fundamental and engineering sciences, a tailored policy framework is indispensable to acknowledge the unique position of humanities within government structures. To shed light on this matter, we conducted an examination of nine esteemed international humanities institutions, including the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), European Social Fund (ESF), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation (OSICP), Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), and Arab Council for the Social Science (ACSS). From this comprehensive analysis, we derived an initial framework aimed at enhancing the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities.We employed a qualitative methodology to contextualize the initial framework within the Iranian context. From January to May 2023, we conducted interviews with 25 experts utilizing the snowball technique, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives. By engaging experts affiliated with various organizations and institutions, e.g., the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Vice-Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, and Academy of Sciences of Iran, we sought to minimize bias and capture a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. To analyze the gathered data, we employed the abductive content analysis approach—an esteemed qualitative research method renowned for its ability to unveil patterns, themes, and inherent meanings within textual data. This meticulous, analytical process allowed us to derive valuable insights specific to the Iranian context.Based on our findings, we suggested a set of 18 supports under 5 policy mix to foster the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities. The proposed policy mix, proposed by the authors, encompasses the following.- Supporting applied and developmental research: By allocating resources towards applied research initiatives, we aim to enhance the practical relevance of humanities. This approach ensures that research outcomes contribute directly to societal and economic needs.- Supporting product and service development: We foster their application in real-world contexts by facilitating the development of innovative products and services rooted in humanities. This enables translating theoretical knowledge into tangible solutions for industries and society.- Supporting empowerment and specialized skill enhancement for skilled workers: Recognizing the pivotal role of skilled professionals in driving socio-economic progress, we advocate for initiatives that empower and enhance the expertise of individuals working within humanities-related fields. This support ensures the cultivation of specialized skills needed to address contemporary challenges.- Supporting innovative cultural and social services and centers: By investing in the establishment and sustenance of cultural and social service centers, we create spaces that promote creativity, innovation, and community engagement. This support enables exploring novel ways in which humanities can positively impact society.- Supporting infrastructure development and networking: Recognizing the significance of robust infrastructure and networking opportunities, we emphasize the need for investments in this realm. By fostering a supportive ecosystem, we enable effective collaboration, knowledge sharing, and resource utilization within the humanities community.The policy mix and support measures proposed in this study hold both practical and theoretical implications. They provide a roadmap for directing mechanisms that effectively promote the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities, ensuring their continued relevance and impact in contemporary society.

New theories of economic growth that are policy-relevant and connect with the histories of success and failure in economic development are urgently needed. This article compares the neoclassical (or market efficiency) school of thought with the production-capability school of thought which included Alexander Hamilton, Friedrich List, and Joseph Schumpeter. Many affirmative, industrial policy steps by governments to promote economic development have been historically recorded—including in the UK and the United States. Meanwhile the neoclassical school has ignored the role of government in helping to create competitive advantage. It has also chosen to ignore how firms are formed, how technologies are acquired, and how industries emerge. The dynamic capability theory of economic growth developed here assigns the central role in economic growth to firms but also an important role to governments. The rate at which a country’s economy grows depends critically on whether its firms can build the capabilities to generate and take advantage of “windows of opportunity” that exist for innovation and new markets, and whether over time they are able to enhance their capabilities to move into higher value-added activities.

Mobile phones utilize multiple technologies in order to provide services for users. USSD, is one of the most used technologies, which has been used by mobile phone users in recent years. The aim of this paper is to analyze evolution of its development and application in Iran from 2011 to 2021 by an institutional approach. Moreover, this study includes analysis on how institutional players influenced USSD technology development and utilization. Findings are categorized into four periods of introduction to the market, growth through the market, limitations and challenges, and stagnation. Each period is analyzed from practical, policy, business, economic and political aspects. To collect data, 10 experts were interviewed. Besides, documents, reports, events, media news, rules and regulations related to the USSD were analyzed. Findings indicate that over the first and second period, institutions and players have positive impact on scaling up the application of technology in the market. However, in the subsequent periods, USSD technology negatively affected by central bank restrictive regulations and reorientation of banking and payment service providers, resulting from a new powerful alternative namely mobile internet. Findings also present policy suggestions and implications for policy-making on how face new technologies as well as future research avenues for policy researchers.

Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) is a collaborative approach to sharing and integrating information between business partners in a supply chain. This collaborative strategy due to its unique features is able to overcome many common barriers in a supply chain, including lack of timely and accurate communication between business partners and uncertainty in supply and demand. Based on the benefits of this technique the purpose of this study is to developing a CPFR readiness assessment framework for Iranian automotive companies which has been done in the period from April to November 2019. Following the Meta-Synthesis method of Sandelowski and Barroso we identified important factors affecting implementation of CPFR. Then by conducting the Friedman test by SPSS software and identifying the most important factors, a framework for assessing readiness was developed. After reviewing the content validity of the framework by using Lawshe method, the final framework of readiness assessment in the form of a questionnaire was completed by senior members of 10 automotive companies. The results according to obtained mean and based on 3 defined levels of readiness (low, medium, high), showed that Iranian automotive companies generally have a medium level of readiness to implement CPFR. The results of this study will help Iranian automotive companies to evaluate the level of their readiness and ensure its existence, to implement the CPFR collaborative approach with their business partners and will prevent the failure of the collaboration project and waste of organizational resources.