mani mojaddam

In order to evaluate the effect of zinc sulfate fertilizer on quality characteristics, yield and yield components of barley cultivars under irrigation water salinity (salinity over 6 dS/m), this research was conducted as split-plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replicates in Kabutarabad Agricultural Research Station in Isfahan. Foliar application of zinc sulfate concentration at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) was considered as main factor and three cultivars of Armaghan (stress sensitivity), Goharan (drought tolerant), and Mehr (salinity tolerant) were considered as sub-factors. The results demonstrated that foliar application of zinc sulfate at concentration of 1% significantly increased the chlorophyll b content by 14.8% compared to a lower concentration (0.5%). The highest chlorophyll a content (1.85 mg/g), leaf content (45.9 mg/kg), and grains/spike (37.2) with foliar application of 1% zinc sulfate was observed in Mehr cultivar. Given foliar application of 1% zinc sulfate, Mehr and Goharan cultivars had 21.3% and 15.3% higher leaf proline than Armaghan cultivar, respectively. Foliar application of zinc sulfate at concentration of 1% in Mehr, Goharan, and Armaghan cultivars significantly increased grain yield by 22.2%, 25.7% and 29.0%, respectively, compared to the non-foliar application of sulfate fertilizer. Generally, the results of the present study suggested that under irrigation water salinity conditions, Mehr cultivar is superior to Goharan and Armaghan cultivars in response to foliar application of zinc sulfate and the photosynthetic pigments produced higher yield and yield components.

90% of Iran's land area is in arid and semi-arid areas. It is expected that by 2025, about two-thirds of the world's agricultural lands will face a water deficit. The yield also decreases by 50 to 90% under drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. Among the different types of stress, drought stress at the end of the season is the most important stress in Mediterranean areas such as many areas of Iran. Therefore, the yield of small grains cultivated in these areas is affected by drought stress at the terminal of the season. Salinity and drought stress increases the concentration of dissolved solutes in the root environment, increases the osmotic potential of the soil, decreases the absorption of nutrients and decreases the mobility of zinc and iron elements in the soil solution. Elements in the plant can be compensated and tolerance to saline conditions can be increased. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. In stress conditions due to reduction of stomatal conductance and limited access to CO2 for carboxylation reactions, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and increasing stomatal resistance is a suitable defense strategy for the survival of wheat and barley. Due to the cultivation of barley in these moderate areas and the role of the micronutrient element zinc in reducing the effects of drought and salinity stress, this research was carried out in different varieties of barley using different amounts of zinc sulfate. This research was carried out in November of the agricultural year 2017-2018 in two areas: 1) Kobutrabad Agricultural Research Station (drought stress by removing water after spike emergence); 2) Rudasht Station (rrigation with salt water 10 dS/m). Planting was carried out by machine planter in November in both regions. In the dry area of Kabutrabad, the plots containing 6 rows of 6 meters with the distance between the rows of 20 cm (the planting area of each plot is 7.2 square meters) with a density of 400 grains per square meter were done. Data analysis and step-by-step regression were performed using SAS9.1 software and mean comparison was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. If the interaction effect is significant, cutting (slicing) and comparison of means was done by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level. The results showed that barley cultivars under drought stress had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content than under salt stress. Drought stress at the end of the season compared to salinity stress during the growing season had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate had higher grain yield (4763 kg/ha about 34%) and biological yield (4763 kg/ha about 26%) than without foliar application and is recommended. It should be noted that there was no difference in the amount of proline between cultivars in drought stress, but in salt stress, tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars had more proline content than the stress-sensitive line. In drought stress, Armaghan (semi drought tolerant) and Goharan (drought tolerant) cultivars had more chlorophyll a in the application of zinc sulfate. It seems that the mechanism of increasing the tolerance and performance of Armaghan and Goharan cultivars under drought stress conditions is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll a due to the application of zinc sulfate. For this purpose, foliar spraying of suitable cultivars (Armaghan and Goharan) is recommended in drought stress conditions.Grain yield had positive correlation with traits of plant height (p = 0.01, r = 0.33), spike length (p = 0.05, r = 0.31), number of grain per spike (p = 0.01, r = 0.35), biological yield (p = 0.01,  r = 0.96), amount of chlorophyll a (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), amount of chlorophyll b (p = 0.05, r = 0.29) and zinc element (p = 0.01, r = 0.39), which is the highest correlation between grain yield and biological yield (r2 = 0.99). In terms of grain and biological yield, Armaghan and Goharan cultivars are recommended under drought stress and Armaghan and Mehr cultivars are recommended under salt stress with a concentration of 0.5% zinc sulfate. In salinity stress, the minimum and maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained respectively in foliar spraying of 0.1 and 0.5% zinc sulfate in all genotypes. It seems that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate is sufficient for all barley cultivars under salinity stress, and foliar application with a higher concentration of zinc sulfate is not recommended due to the decrease in grain and biological yield in this stress.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis could be used as an important tool to evaluate relation between traits, propose most effective trait on seed yield and determine direct and indirect effects of selected traits on dependent variable. Evaluate correlation be-tween traits and selected effective traits those had the highest effect on seed yield by stepwise regression and determine direct and indirect effect of selected traits on seed yield by path analysis. This research was done via combined analysis split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2015-16 and 2016-17. The main factor included different level of canola genotype (Hy-ola401, RGS003, Jerry) and sub factors consisted different concentration of gibberellin hormone (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) and different time of application of gibberellin hormone (Planting, vegetative phase before flowering, flowering until pod emergence). Correla-tion between traits revealed the most positive and significant relation between biologic yield (r=0.960**), number of pod per plant (r=0.931**), number of seed per pod (r=0.905**), 1000-seed weight (r= 0.834**), pod length (r= 0.824**), harvest index (r= 0.690**) and seed yield was observed. Also the traits of leaf dry weight (r=0.550*), stem dry weight (r=0.530*) and plant height (r=0.510*) had significant correlation with the seed yield at 5 percent probability level. Stepwise regression analysis introduced five selected traits (biologic yield, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 1000-seed weight and pod length determines) that covered 93.5 percent of variation related to seed yield. Variable of the biological yield with a positive direct effect (0.785) on seed yield with indirect effects of number of pods per plant (0.130), number of seed per pods (0.025), 1000-seed weight (-0.030) and pod length (0.05) caused a positive correlation between this trait and seed yield. So breeders can use selected traits for achieve opti-mum genotypes instead of direct selection for seed yield. Among studied traits, biologic yield had the most direct positive effect (0.785) on seed yield and had an important role to explain seed yield variation.

The management of fertilizers is one of the important factors that greatly affect the growth, development and yield of mung bean.

This study was conducted to investigation effect of different irrigation levels and combination humic acid and chelated Potassium on quantitative and qualitative traits of Mung bean.

This research was carried out via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications along 2023 year. The main factor included drought stress (80 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan or control, 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan, 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) based on the daily evaporation reported from Ahvaz weather station, the closest station to the test site. Also biologic fertilizer (nonuse of biofertilizer or control, 4 L.ha-1 humic acid, 4 kg.ha-1 Chelated Potassium, Combination of 4 L.ha-1 humic acid and 4 kg.ha-1 Chelated Potassium) belonged to sub plots.

Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of drought stress and biologic fertilizer on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments (instead seed yield) was not significant. Mean comparison result of different level of drought stress indicated that maximum amount of all measured traits (instead protein content) was for 80 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan. Also as for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of biologic fertilizer maximum and minimum amount of measured traits belonged to combination of 4 L.ha-1 humic acid and 4 kg.ha-1 Chelated Potassium and control.

Therefore, in general, it can be stated that in order to achieve the maximum crop production and qualitative components, planting mung bean with 80 mm from evaporation pan with combined application of humic acid and potassium chelate fertilizer in studied areas will be recommended.

In order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub treatment consisted: no foliar application (control), 35 mg.L-1 and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano chelate. results showed that the effect of deficit irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were statistically significant at 1% level of probability. Interaction irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds, in canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were significant at 1% probability and stomatal conductance at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was in full irrigation (control) (5308 kg.ha-1) and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-chelate (4854.9 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in irrigation at anthesis (3169.4 kg.ha-1) and no foliar application (control) (3588 kg.ha-1). the maximum relative water content of leaf was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (73.13%) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (35.99%). maximum stomatal coductance was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (185.87 mlmol.m-2s-1) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (47.99 mlmol.m-2s-1). as a result, foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer at different irrigation cut-off periods cause improves grain yield and leaf water in comparison to control (no foliar application) and is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

This experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in Ahvaz station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan province. The treatments included irrigation at two levels of drain water and pure water irrigation in the main plot, fertilizer compounds at six levels including control (no fertilizer), seed inoculation, seed inoculation and humic acid, seed inoculation and humic acid and growth promotion, seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high phosphorus and seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high potassium in sub-plot and sub-sub plot including three wheat cultivars of Mehregan, Shoosh, and Chamran 2. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and leaf proline content were significantly affected by irrigation treatment. It seems that the richness of drainage of minerals along with a significant increase in leaf proline as a mechanism of tolerance to adverse drainage irrigation conditions has been able to play a positive role in significantly increasing biological yield and grain yield under drainage irrigation conditions compared to Have irrigation with ordinary water.Also, grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike and grain protein were affected by fertilizer composition treatment and the highest increase in biological and grain yield compared to the control was obtained in seed treatment, humic acid and growth stimulant. In this study, biological yield and number of spikelets per spike were significantly different in the studied cultivars and Shush cultivar had relatively better yield than other cultivars.The results of correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with fertile tiller number, number of spikelets per spike and biological yield. Although the interaction of treatments in this experiment was not significant, but Shush cultivar had better performance in terms of irrigation with drainage and treatment with a combination of seed fertilizer, humic acid and growth stimulant.

The crop needs growth regulators in order to complete the growth, because of its important role in improving biological activity, as many researches and studies indicated that the treatment of plants with a specific growth regulator leads to the improvement of the plant structure and the yield quality and the production of seeds.
Current study was done to evaluate effect of Different level of Concentration and Time of Application Gibberellin on crop production and growth indices of Canola genotypes.
This research was done via combined analysis split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2015-16 and 2016-17. The main factor included different level of canola genotype (Hyola401, RGS003, Jerry) and sub factors consisted different concentration of gibberellin hormone (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) and different time of application of gibberellin hormone (Planting, vegetative phase before flowering, flowering until pod emergence).
According result of analysis of variance effect of genotype, concentration and time of application gibberellin on studied traits was significant at 5% probability level (on seed yield at 1%) but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Mean comparison result of different level of genotype indicated that maximum studied traits were noted for Hyola401 and minimum of those belonged to Jerry. As for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of Gibberellin Concentration maximum and minimum amount of studied traits belonged to 100 ppm and control. Between different levels of time of gibberellin application the maximum studied traits was observed in vegetative phase and the lowest ones were found in ripening phase.
Finally according result of current research application Hyola401 in amount of 100 ppm Gibberellin Concentration at Vegetative Phase had the highest amount of growth indices and seed yield and it can be advice to producers in studied region.

Safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and this role is highly related to the amount of water and how it is distributed. Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are one of the most important growth-promoting bacteria in plants due to their abundance and extent of spread, which is able to improve the availability of nitrogen. In areas where most rainfall occurs in winter and early spring, crops will face water constraints at the end of the growing season. In such conditions, finding cultivars and lines that have good performance in non-stress and drought stress conditions and have a suitable response to Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer is of special importance.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to the application of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions.

This experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017), in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station, Ilam Province. The factorial scheme 4 × 6 experiment was performed in both years in a randomized complete block design with three replications under terminal drought stress and non-stress conditions. The distance between these two environments was considered to be 10 meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. Experimental factors included seed inoculation with A. chroococcum using urea chemical fertilizer at four levels [without using any N fertilizer source (control), seed inoculation with A. chroococcumalso without use N fertilizer, seed inoculation with A. chroococcum + 50% N of urea fertilizer source, and 100% N of urea fertilizer source], and six safflower genotypes (312-S6-697, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, Padideh, and Sina).After harvesting and determining grain yield in both experimental conditions, stress tolerance indices including stress sensitivity index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean yield (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and Modified stress tolerance indices (MSTI) were calculated. Statistical calculations of analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 software. STATGRAPH software was used to principal component analysis and drawing biplot diagrams.

The results showed that among the nitrogen source treatments, the highest percentage of grain yield reduction with 48% in drought stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was related to the application of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. This result shows that in drought stress conditions, the application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer due to the increase of biological substances, causes an imbalance between the roots and plant aerial parts in water absorption and water loss through transpiration by aerial organs, which in Extremely serious damage to the economic sector of the plant.Azotobacter inoculation + 50% nitrogen fertilizer application had the highest mean productivity index and the lowest stress sensitivity index among nitrogen source treatments, although it was not significantly different from other nitrogen source treatments. These results indicate that the use of Azotobacter in combination with the application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduces the damage caused by drought stress in safflower. Sina cultivar was the most tolerant genotype under drought stress under Azotobacter inoculation and 100% nitrogen fertilizer application. In conditions of inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% of nitrogen fertilizer application, Sina and Padideh cultivars are located in the area of high production potential and low drought sensitivity in the vicinity of vectors related to drought tolerance indices

Sina cultivar in inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and consumption of 100% nitrogen fertilizer, Padideh cultivar in addition to Sina cultivar in combined application of Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest tolerance to terminal drought stress; Therefore, in selecting drought tolerant genotypes, special attention should be paid to nitrogen source factor.

According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.

Among the abiotic stresses, soil salinity is a prevalent environmental issue that impacts more than 77 million hectares (5% of the cultivable land worldwide). Potassium plays a crucial role in plant growth under saline conditions, as it is involved in essential processes such as photosynthesis and osmo regulatory adaptations that help plants cope with water stress. To investigate the impact of salinity stress and potassium sulfate on crop production and qualitative traits of mung bean current research was done. This study was conducted according factorial experiment based on randomized completely block design with three replications. The study was carried out in pots located in Ahvaz during the 2014 cropping season. The investigated factors included potassium fertilizer at three levels (including 0, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) from source of potassium sulfate and salinity stress from sodium chloride at 4 levels (including control, 2, 4, 6 ds.m-1). The results indicated that both salinity stress treatment and potassium fertilizer had a significant impact on yield and yield components, biological yield, chlorophyll index and proline content. The highest seed yield (with an average of 15.4 grams per plant) was achieved in the 0 ds.m-1 (control), while the lowest yield (with an average of 9.8 grams per plant) was observed at the salinity level of 6 ds.m-1. The treatment with 6 ds.m-1 salinity level exhibited the highest proline content (with an average of 7.76 mg.g-1 of leaf weight). Additionally, the application of potassium fertilizer led to a significant increase in both seed yield and biological yield. The highest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (without salinity stress) and with the consumption of 100 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer (with an average of 15.29 grams per plant). On the other hand, the lowest seed yield was recorded in the treatment with 6 ds.m-1 salinity level and no application of potassium fertilizer (with an average of 6.86 grams per plant). According to the obtained results, under the salinity treatment of 4 ds.m-1, the application of 100 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer effectively prevented the reduction in Mung bean yield, which was not significantly different from the 200 kg.ha-1 fertilizer treatment. The use of 100 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer can be considered as an effective management strategy to mitigate the negative impact of salinity stress on mung bean yield.

Water and nitrogen are among the main factors affecting crops yield. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and amounts of nitrogen on some traits affecting yield of spring corn, a research was carried out in the form of split plots and use of a completely randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch.  Treatments included irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 95, 130 mm of evaporation from class A evaporation pan, and the total volume of irrigation water in each treatment was, respectively, 6435, 5620 and 5140 m3/ha) and amounts of nitrogen consumption at three levels (including 80, 150, and 220 kg.N.ha-1), which were placed in the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that irrigation treatment had a significant effect on traits such as leaf area index, leaf relative water content, grain yield and its components, and harvest index. Also, application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the characteristics of leaf area index and cob leaf nitrogen, yield and yield components, biological yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield from the irrigation treatment was obtained after 60 mm of evaporation and 220 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with an average of 763.2 g.m-2, which had no statistically significant difference with the treatment of 60 mm of class A evaporation pan and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer; threfore, this treatment is suggested for the climatic conditions of Khuzestan

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.

In order to evaluate the response of quantitative and morphological traits of spring wheat cultivars to planting arrangement and density in late planting, this experiment was conducted in the cropping years of 2014-15 and 2015-2016 as twice split plots in a randomized complete block design in three repetition was performed on agriculture research center in Safiabad Dezful. Treatments include three cultivation method flat strip, two lines on the bed and three lines on the bed in the main plots, three seeds used including: 400, 600 and 800 seeds m-2 in the subplots and four genotypes of spring wheat including: Chamran, Baj, Chamran 2 and ER-92-19 were in the sub-plots. In this study, combined analysis for grain weight and spike length and other characteristics were analyzed in separate years. The results of analysis of variance in the first year showed that the effect of planting method, density and cultivars on grain yield was significant. Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and awn was significant.  Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and length of awn was significant. Most yield belong to three line on bed cultivation method (793.56 kg ha-1), 600 seed rate (754.78 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (948.34 kgha-1). In second year, cultivation method was non-significant and the most yield belonged to 800 seed rate (3435.18 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (5704.19 kgha-1). In general, it can be concluded that the yield of spring wheat in very late planting can be increased economically by selecting the appropriate cultivars, density and arrangement and this ability in areas such as northern Khuzestan province for three or four times in one Years of interest.

Optimum uses of nutrients is the most important factor in agricultural systems due to limitations of nutrients especially nitrogen. Current study was done to assess the consumption of different amounts of nitrogen and Nitroxin biological fertilizer on crop production of dual-purpose barley forage. This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2013-2014 in Ahvaz city in the form of a split plot using randomized block (RCDB) with three replications. The investigated treatments include the use of pure nitrogen at three levels (including the use of 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and the use of Nitroxin biofertilizer at three levels (including no use of nitroxin (control), use of 2 and 4 liters per hectare), were placed in the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and nitroxin biofertilizer on leaf area index, dry forage yield, forage protein yield and seed protein percentage were significant. The highest leaf area index at the flowering stage (4.5), dry forage yield (2450.3 kg.ha-1) and forage protein yield (544.9 kg.ha-1) belonged to the treatment of 150 kg N.ha-1. The consumption of higher doses of nitroxin caused a significant increase in the leaf area index at the flowering stage, dry forage yield and forage protein yield, although there was no significant difference between the consumption values of 2 and 4 liters per hectare in terms of these traits. The interaction effect of the treatments on the studied traits were not significant, according to this, under the consumption of larger amounts of nitrogen (up to 150 kg.ha-1) or the use of biological fertilizer at the rate of 2 liters per hectare (considering the lack of significant difference with the consumption of 4 liters per hectare) can achieve quantitative and qualitative yield of forage in dual-purpose barley cultivation.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

Zinc is an essential low-use element involved in the activity of various enzymes. Carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, contains zinc and requires zinc for its activity. Zinc plays a role in protein metabolism, gene expression, structural and functional integrity of biological membranes and photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer on the amount of proline and zinc element in leaves and the yield of barley cultivars under saline water irrigation conditions.
This research was done according split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out in the Station of Agricultural Research in Kabutrabad, Isfahan. Zinc sulfate application three levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) as the main factor and three cultivars (Armaghan (sensitive to stress), Goharan (tolerant to drought) and Mehr (tolerant to salinity)) were considered as secondary factor.
The highest content of zinc in leaves (45.9 mg.kg-1) and number of seeds per spike (37.2) was observed with 1% zinc sulfate solution in Mehr cultivar. With 1% zinc sulfate foliar application, Mehr and Goharan cultivars had more leaf proline, 21.3% and 15.3%, respectively, compared to Armaghan cultivar. Foliar appkication of zinc sulfate with a concentration of 1% in Mehr, Goharan and Armaghan cultivars significantly increased seed yield by 22.2, 25.7 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to no foliar application of sulfate fertilizer.
In general, the results of the research showed that under irrigation water salinity conditions, Mehr varieity was superior to Gohran and Armaghan cultivars in terms of seed yield in response to zinc sulfate application.

The method of sugarcane cultivation is generally affected by mechanization conditions and has always faced the problem of long distances between cultivation rows. On the other hand, its asexual cultivation through the cultivation of cuttings and influencing the characteristics of the cuttings does not provide the possibility of precise control of the planting density. Therefore, it is necessary to review the pattern of sugarcane cultivation and of course, keeping in mind the limitations of mechanization. In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on the yield changes and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarcane variety CP57-614 in the crop year of 2013-2014 in the Amirkabir Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the South of Khuzestan, a research was carried out in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatment was the planting pattern in six levels (including planting distance of 180 cm in two rows (control), planting distance of 180 cm in one row, planting distance of 150 cm in one row, planting distance of 90 cm in one row, planting distance of 180 cm in three rows on the stack, the planting distance was 180 cm, three rows of atmospheric soil) which were randomly placed in the plots. The treatments of 90 cm in one row and 180 cm in two rows produced the highest yields of 104.21 and 86.533 tons per hectare, and in total, they were superior to other treatments in terms of the investigated traits. The three-row cultivation treatments were not favorable either in terms of cuttings consumption or yield, compared to other treatments. Based on the obtained results, none of the studied cultivation methods were superior to each other in terms of quality characteristics.

In order to study the responses of chickpea genotypes and super absorbent application under supplemental irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted base on split-split- plot randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Station of Sarab Changaei, Khorramabad. Suplimental irrigation (rainfed, suplimental irrigation at 50% flowering and supplemental irrigation at 50% flowering+ 50% poding) in the main plots, super absorbent polymer in subplot and cultivars (Arman, Azad, Hashem, Adel and ILC482) the sub-subplots were located. The highest grain yield and protein yield were obtained in supplementary irrigation in two stages (50% flowering + 50% poding) with super absorbent application, by avrege of 3890 and 870 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were 24% and 21% higher than control, respectively. The highest leaf greenness (39.22), pods per plant (22.1), seed weight (52.4) and biological yield (5413.5) were related to two-stage irrigation. The highest number of pods per plant (27.7) was observed in Hashem cultivar and superabsorbent application, which was 34% more than non- super absorbent in same cultivar. Results of genotype× super absorbent showed that the highest grain yield (4159 kg.ha-1), grain nitrogen percentage (3.69) and protein yield (960 kg.ha-1) were obtained under super absorbent and Adel cultivar conditions. Based on the results, application of supera bsorbent increased grain yield and protein yield of chickpea genotype in rain-fed conditions. By improving physiological traits, associated with drought tolerance, the use of supplemental irrigation method in areas that make this possible, especially if combined with the application of super absorbent polymers, can increase seed yield in chickpea.

This experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years in Khuzestan province. The main factor, consisted as water shortage stress with four levels of irrigation after depletion of 45, 60, 75 and 90% of plant usable water was optimal irrigation, mild stress, severe stress and very severe stress, respectively. The levels of 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% and 50% combination of chemical fertilizer with 100% nitroxin and plant density at three levels of 57, 71 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were as sub-factors. The results showed that the interaction of water shortage stress, combination of nitrogen biochemical and chemical fertilizer and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, harvest index and biological yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from the optimal irrigation treatment by combining 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 95,000 plants per hectare, which showed a 75% increase compared to the very severe moisture stress treatment with 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 57,000 plants per hectare. The interaction of moisture stress and density and fertilizers on oil percentage and leaf area index was significant. In general, the use of nitrogen from both chemical and biological sources at a density of 95,000 plants per hectare may reduce the effects of moisture stress on the sunflower plant in the experimental condition.

Water deficit stress is one of the most important agricultural problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar has a great ability to absorb and store nutrients and chemical fertilizers, even keeping elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen and preventing their leaching, increases the growth of plants. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of Biochar and Humic acid amounts on the absorption of elements and the seed yield of corn hybrid (SC.704) under water deficit stress in Ahvaz region. Current study was conducted in the form of a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping years 2016-2018 and 2018-2019 in Ahvaz. The main plot includes water deficit stress with three levels of irrigation (irrigation after draining 30, 40 and 50% of the field capacity, respectively, optimal irrigation, mild stress and severe stress). Also the sub-plot includes biochar with 2 levels (no use of biochar and the application of 4 t.ha-1) and sub-subplot included humic acid with 4 levels (no application of humic acid, application of 2, 4 and 6 liters of humic acid per hectare). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of water stress, biochar and humic acid on all measured traits was significant. Also interaction effect of treatments was significant (instead effect of water stress × biochar on seed yield, iron and zinc seed content and water stress × humic acid on seed yield) Under severe stress conditions, seed yield decreased (36%). Humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all studied traits. The maximum seed yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to the irrigation treatment after draining 40% of the field capacity and applying 4 t.ha-1 of biochar. In general, in conditions of moderate moisture stress, the use of 4 liters of humic acid per hectare increased the seed yield by 42% compared to the treatment of severe stress and no use of humic acid.

Soybean antioxidant enzymes activity can change within different herbicide and herbicide active ingredient rates application but it is not corroborating to all herbicides and doses, hence more survey will help to identify herbicide effect on soybean antioxidant enzymes. Goals was to estimate five antioxidant soybean enzyme activities during herbicide tank-mix under different reduced rate exposure. Completely randomized factorial design with 3 replications was used to survey data variance and simple mean comparison used to compare treatment effect on enzymes activity. Herbicide treatment were apply at soybean v2 growth stage by backpack sprayer with v type nuzzle. There were two main treatment consist of herbicide treatment in 7 level composed of single exert of Imazethapyr, Bentazon and sethoxydim, doubled solution of Imazethapyr + Bentazon, Imazethapyr + sethoxydim and Bentazon + Sethoxydim and tripled solution, consist of Imazethapyr + Bentazon + sethoxydim active ingredients. Second treatment was herbicide different rates in 3 levels, where it was compose of: full herbicide dose (equals to 100% of producer recommended dose), reduced to 60% of recommended active ingredient per acre and reduced to 30% of recommended active ingredient per acre. Minimum SOD activity registered at imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim which it was 1.9 iu that induced at reduced rate of 10, 96 and 37 gr a.i ha-1 respectively. In contrast ascorbate peroxidase increased dramatically at bentazon treatment over 960 gr a.i ha-1, which it raises from 1.2 i.u in control to 7.2. Lowest APX activity demonstrated at imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim which used as reduced rate of 30% of full recommended dose of each solution that it fit to 10, 96 and 37 gr a.i ha-1 respectively. Maximum APX activity that registered 7.2 i.u recorded at bentazon in full rate of 960 gr a.i ha-1. Sethoxydim at full rate of 375 gr a.i ha-1 induced maximum CAT activity, where registered 5.2 i.u, which in compare of control treatment in raised 10 times. Accordance to other enzymes, minimum CAT activity obtained at reduced to 30% of label recommended of imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim treatment. Throughout all treatment by reducing herbicide rates enzymes activity diminished, similarly tank-mixed herbicide lower enzymes activity which it led to promote using reduced herbicide rate on soybean.

This study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Sarabela Agricultural Research Station in ILAM province. In one experiment under non stress condition, irrigation was based on the need of the plant, while the in the other experiment, plant growth was as rainfed where rainfalls was enough. The total amount of precipitation during the plant growth period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 410.7 and 388.5 mm, respectively, but it occurred with inappropriate ditribution during the growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six  safflower genotypes plus inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter and use of urea fertilizer application with four levels: 1- no fertilizer application (as control), 2- Azotobacter seed inoculation, 3- Azotobacter seed inoculation + 50% nitrogen from urea source and 4- to 100% nitrogen from urea fertilizer based on soil testing recommendation. The results showed that nitrogen source and genotype were significantly affected all traits both under drought and non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Sina genotype by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer and Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer treatments (with mean yield of 1408 and 1336 kg.ha-1 reapectively), which were not significantly different. Under non-stress conditions, the highest grain, with mean yield of 2185 kg.ha-1, was attributed to PI-306974 genotype with 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Thus, this genotype, under non-stress conditions, by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer for maximum yield of safflower and under drought stress, it was Sina genotype by using 50% nitrogen fertilizer with Azotobacter can be recommanded to the experimental region.

Nitrogen is one of the most significant influencing elements that help the atmosphere function better both quantitatively and qualitatively. Balanced and efficient use of applied nitrogen is of paramount importance in the overall nutrient management system than any other plant nutrient in order to reduce its negative impact on the environment.
A study was conducted in Weis city, located in the southwest of Iran, to examine the effect of pure nitrogen from urea (46% nitrogen) on grain yield and qualitative traits of experimental barley.
A split plot randomized full-block design was used to conduct the experiment over four replications. The main plot contained 50, 90, and 130 kg of nitrogen concentrations per hectare. In the sub-plot, nitrogen was distributed as follows: 50% during the planting stage and 50% during the shooting stage, 25% during the pregnancy stage, and 75% during the planting stage and shoot stage.
The results demonstrated a substantial interaction between nitrogen distribution technique and amount on seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike length, plant height, seed protein percentage, and seed protein yield. As a result of raising nitrogen fertilizer application to 130 kg per hectare, barley plants produced more seed (517 grams per square meter) and seed protein (71.65 grams per square meter), according to the study's results.
Based on the overall findings of this study, it can be concluded that barley plants should be grown with a nitrogen fertilizer consumption of 130 kg per hectare using a method that divides the planting stage by 25% and the stage of stem growth by 75% in order to produce the highest possible quantitative and qualitative yield.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual monocotyledonous plant of the poaceaae family. The corn is C4 and is native to the tropical region. The breadth of its degree of adaptation and adaptation makes it possible to cultivate it in temperate and cold regions. The corn is the third highest cereal after wheat and rice production, but its production is equal to the production volume of each of the world's two grains. The agricultural sector and its systems, with more than 90 percent of the country's water consumption, are the largest water consumer, wasting 80 percent of its traditional irrigation systems. Therefore, by reducing water resources, the reform of consumption patterns is the only way to overcome the depleted crisis. About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but unfortunately, the water crisis in many countries of the world, including the countries of the dry belt of the earth, such as Iran, is a concern. Iranian soils have difficulty absorbing elements such as iron and zinc due to high pH. Therefore, chelate fertilizers, while retaining the elements for a long time, reduce the possibility of water leaching of these elements into the soil. Chelated fertilizers stabilize the material in the soil and do not eliminate it quickly. So that fluctuations in pH range from high acid to alkaline cannot have a negative effect on them. Zinc is one of the essential nutrients needed for optimal plant growth. It plays an important role in many biochemical reactions within the plant. Therefore, study of agronomic traits and nutrient content of maize in Hamidiyeh region to identify sensitive growth stages of water deficit and to investigate the role of zinc and iron chelate were necessary.

This research was carried out in 2018-19 in a farm located in Hamidieh with a longitude of 48 degrees and 10 minutes east and 31 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 13 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included three levels of irrigation regimes: 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots and spraying iron and zinc in three levels (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) in the sub plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, grain yield, zinc percent, iron percent, protein percentage and biological yield. Iron and zinc foliar application at 5 per thousand treatments significantly increased yield, grain yield components, plant height, ear length, leaf area index, Fe and Zn concentration of corn, which was not significantly different from 2 per thousand treatments. Interaction between different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on grain number per ear, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (6400.49 kg.ha-1) was obtained by irrigating 95 mm evaporation from the pan and spraying of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand. According to the results of this study, foliar application of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand in 95 mm evaporation of pan caused to increase quantitative and qualitative characteristics of spring maize in Hamidiyeh region which was economically effective.

Overall, the results of this study indicate that soils in most of the southern parts of the country are low-pH calcareous and low in organic matter and lack of micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum quantitative yield and nutrient content, cultivation of maize with foliar application of 5 to 1000 micronutrients is recommended in appropriate moisture conditions because soils of Khuzestan province are deficient in micro elements so foliar application the micronutrients in the irrigation conditions were able to compensate for the deficiency of these elements. Although, as expected, the highest grain yield was obtained in the irrigation treatment with micronutrients foliar application, but under conditions of water resources limitation, mild moisture stress, ie 95 mm evaporation from the pan with the foliar application of iron and zinc at a concentration of 5 in a thousand can be recommended.