zarghani

The universal nature of science and increasing complexity of technological issues and developments in different sciences led to the growth of interdisciplinary cooperation. Some health issues such as addiction, population aging, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and environmental pollution are beyond the scope and capacity of a single-discipline expertise and require constructive dialogue and cooperation between different specialized fields. Currently in Iran, the development of interdisciplinary cooperation is not of much interest at medical sciences universities. The present policy brief aimed at addressing this issue by reviewing the upstream documents proposed by the Parliament Education/Research Commission, the development roadmap in the 9th and 10th governments, and interviewing elites in interdisciplinary fields.

Automotive industry has developed a variant of the Friction Stir Welding named Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW), to replace resistance spot welding (RSW) for aluminum sheets. It is claimed that the use of energy and the investment cost are decreased with using of friction stir spot welding in comparison with resistance spot welding. However, one of the disadvantages of FSSW technique is that a keyhole generally remains at the center of the stir zone. Keyhole defect can reduce the mechanical properties of FSSW joints. A novel friction stir spot welding technique was developed with the purpose to improve the mechanical property of the joints by removing the keyhole. This novel FSSW method was applied to 2024 Al alloy sheets, 1 mm in thickness, under different shoulder size and dwell times. The effect of shoulder size and dwell time on the mechanical properties of the spot joints has been studied. Studies show that this new spot welding technique can produce a defect-free metallurgical bond with a homogenous fine grain microstructure. The welding parameters variations change the bonding area, depth stir zone, upper sheet thickness, grain size and mechanical properties of the welds.

ýIn this paperý, ýwe define and study the notion of zero elements in topoframes; a topoframe is a pairý ý(Lý,ýτ)ý, ýabbreviated Lτý, ýconsisting of a frame L and aý ýsubframe τ all of whose elements are complemented elements iný ýLý. ýWe show thatý ýthe f-ring R(Lτ)ý, ýthe set of τ-real continuous functions on Lý, ýis uniformly completeý. ýAlsoý, ýthe set of all zero elements in a topoframeý ýis closed under the formation of countable meets and finite joinsý. ýAlsoý, ýwe introduce the notion of z-filters and z-ideals in modified pointfree topologyý ýand make ready some results about themý.

In order to improve the efficiency of weed management and reducing herbicide application, determining the most sensitive weed-crop competition period is very important. There is a special period in plant life cycle, that if the crop is kept free of weeds, yield reduction has not significant economically and also weed control after that will not affect crop yield improvement. This period is known as the critical period competition affected by climate, weed species dominance, field management methods and crop type and their cultivars. Sesame is one of the important crops due to its high oil quality. This low input crop is very considerable in terms of economic in arid and semi-arid subsistence farming area. Despite the importance and antiquity of sesame cultivation in Iran, there is low information about the effects of weed on its growth and yield and also critical period of weed competition. So, the present study was carried out to determine the critical period of weed in two Common genotypes of sesame (Oltan cultivar and kalat Landrace) in Khorasan Razavi province.
Material and This study was conducted at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with 36º 15' N latitude and 59º 28' E longitude and 985 m above the sea level, during 2009 growing season, Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were sesame genotypes (Olten cultivar and Kalat landrace) as main plot and weed-free periods (20, 30, 40, 55 and 70 days after emergence (DAE)) and weed interference -periods (20, 30, 40, 55 and 70 DAE) with two full season weed control and full season weed competition, were considered as sub plots. Sampling from weeds was conducted before weeding and before the end of sesame growing season in interference and weed free treatments, respectively. Sesame plants harvested at physiological maturity stage, after eliminating the border effect area, from six m-2 and after drying in natural condition, sesame seed yield was reordered. To determine the critical period of weed, non-linear regression was used by fitting the data to Logistic and Compertz models. MSTAT-C software also was applied for analysis of variance and means comparison.
Results showed that, the highest weed density was
recorded in weed interference conditions 30 days after sesame emergence and reduced after that. The dominant weeds were Portulaca oleraceae, Convolvolus arvensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli. Weed dry weight was decreased on average by 85 percent in weed free treatments up to 44 days after emergence compared to full season weed interference control treatment. Sesame yield was decreased with increasing the weed interference periods, but it was increased with increasing weed free period treatments. Weed dry weight decreased significantly by increasing weeding duration. It was estimated that the critical period of weed control in Kalat landrace were 27-48 and 30-40 days after emergence with considering 5 % and 10 % acceptable yield losses, respectively, while in Oltan cultivar were 22-72 and 34-58 days after emergence, respectively. So the critical period of weed control in Kalat landrace was shorter than Oltan cultivar. It seems that in kalat genotype once weeding during its critical period of weed control is enough, while it is necessary at least twice in oltane cultivar. Short critical period of weed control in kalat landrace sesame may be due to its shorter growing season and its faster canopy closure than Oltan cultivar.

The study of political bordersborders is one of the major issues in political geography. Borders are important because they separate territories and determine sovereign states. However, all borders are not equally important It is essential to identify the factors that determine border importance and why some borders are more important than the other.This issue has caused problems in planning and controlling of the borders due to the lack of knowledge about such factors and their on border planningAccordingly, the present study attempts to extract the factors influencing the importance of borders , organize the planning and design of the border regions, and control and managethe land borders. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The border lines that draw on the lands between countries and separate the range of sovereignty, ownership, and jurisdiction of governments in spatial domains are called land borders. The extent of control, military forces employed and security measures taken to maintain and secure borders determine their importance. Highly important borders are subject to potential disputes between two or more political entities. These borders will allow governments and even nations to take more care to maintain the integrity and security of these areas. The more important a border, the more costly it is to secure. This conflict can have internal or external origins and may be due to the territoriality of the neighboring country or because of the independence and rebelliousness of the internal borderland. These factor in turn depend on economic significance, military significance, political importance, historical significance, and cultural significance of borders. This research is conducted using descriptive method of analysis. is the data were collected using libraryand field survey (questionnaire) methods. The questionnaire is designed to include two steps. In the first step, the 40 factors extracted from the various views and perspectives related to the discussion of the five-section (very much to very little) should be verified or rejected. In the second step: each of the factors in the desired dimensions was weighted (From one to five). The statistical population selected to respond to the questionnaires included three groups: 1- Professors: including professors of political geography, political science, international relations, etc. 2- students and graduates of Ph.D. in the above fields, 3- Executive officials including the executive authorities of the country in the border area. Existing theories on border importance measurement, show that several factors can affect the importance of borders in different ways. We divided the 40 most important factors in 8 categories:1. Geographic dimension including, border geomorphology, distance from the center (distance) natural geographical isolation, border location, border shape.
2. Demography: quantitative characteristics of the population living on the border, population quality, kinship relations across the border, distribution and dispersion of the population in border areas, unauthorized crossing of border.
3. Economic dimension: the level of development on the two sides of the border, the existence of common border resources (fluid and constant), the valuable resources in bordere areas, the cross-border situation of the border region, the economic development of the border region. 4. Cultural dimension: Ethnic, racial, cross-border links, religious links on the two sides of the border, cultural links with the center of the country, cultural development in the border region, the morale and specific cultural characteristics of the frontier.
5. Security-defense dimension: strategic location of the border area, the existence of protected parks and security areas in the border area, the existence of insecure neighbors, the density of threats, military contracts of neighboring states with supranational powers.
6. Legal-identity dimension: the presence of ancient artifacts in the border regions, the presence of the burial ventures and religious and national myths in the border regions, the ambiguity in the contracts, historical affiliation, the refusal of previous contracts concluded by the new governments.
7. The political dimension: the communication policy of the two countries, the internal policies of the border regions, the ideology and strategy of the border of two countries, the border policy, the political system of the two neighboring countries.
8. Regional and global dimension: the location in an insecure area, the number of neighbors, the regional geopolitical structure, the global geopolitical structure, the presence and support of some countries and powers in the border region.
In order to use the opinions of researchers and relevant experts, a questionnaire was distributed between three members: Professors in political geography, political science and international relations, PhD candidates and graduates in the fields and border guards holding master's degree. t-test was used to test the data credibility. In this test, the standard deviation is important so that if the standard deviation is less than 0.05, the relationship will be established and verified. The results of the findings of the questionnaire show that out of the 40 factors derived from library findings, only four of the factors were rejected, and the rest were confirmed. These factors include "the existence of parks and protected areas of the military" in the security- defense dimension and two indicators of "the presence of antiquities" as well as "the presence of burial ventures and religious and national myths in the border regions" related to legal identity dimension. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS: The political borders and border regions define the limits of the sovereignty of countries and the confrontation and encounter between neighboring governments and nations, that interact with the world around them in this area. Therefore, borders are important, but sometimes the factors increase or decrease this importance from various aspects. So far, research on the importance of borders has been limited to the factors leading to geopolitical significance, military significance, and border or communication security functions. Therefore, in this research, all the factors that matter to a border are extensively explored and analyzed as far as possible. In the theoretical part of the research, factors affecting the importance of borders should gather based on the study of theories and perspectives and resources related to the borders. According to these studies, 40 factors can be effective in increasing the importance of borders. The results of the questionnaire's findings indicate that authorities and experts also confirmed the extracted factors, and only 3 factors of 40 factors including the existence of protected parks and protected areas in the border region, "the existence of an ancient artifacts in the border region " and " The existence of burial ventures and religious and national myths in the border regions" was rejected. Also, leveling of factors in each of the eight dimensions with the help of weighting factors by allocation method showed that in the geographical dimension, "geographical location of the border", in the demographic dimension, "kinship relations across the border", in the economic dimension, "cross-border position of the border region", in the cultural dimension, " Cultural links with the center ", in the security dimension, "the existence of insecure neighbors", in the legal- identity dimension, "the existence of ambiguity in Contracts ". In the political dimension, " The ideology and strategy of the two countries bordered "and in the regional and global dimension, " locating in a region Insecure " factors were selected as the most influential factors in their respective dimensions. Also, at the end of each dimension, they were ranked as follows: 1. Defensive Security Dimension, 2. Economic Dimension, 3. Political Dimension, 4. Geographic Dimension, 5. Regional and Global Dimension, 6. Demographic Dimension, 7.Cultural dimension, and 8. legal –identity dimension.

While territorialization is a collective or an individual effort to apply an exclusive supervision on a clear part of a physical space, discourse of territorialization points out to make dominant discourse by people or group beyond a physical space. In fact, goal of making such discourse is to control space without applying a hard power. Occurred changes in the Middle East during recent decade have provided causes of power finding and consolidated and stabilized position of Shiites in the Middle East. This issue has affected and challenged interests of Arabian–western axis in this region severely. Since hard war has heavy effects and consequences, decision to produce discourses like Shia-phobia by Arabian-western axis seems more logical and reasonable. In short, goal of this paper is to state approach of anti–Shia discourse of Arabian-western axis in the Middle East in general and in particular to explain philosophy, causes and continuation of this discourse in frame of apposition with resistance axis in crisis of Syria.
The research is basic in terms of its goal, and casual and descriptive- analytic in terms of method and nature. Data gathering procedure is based on library findings.
Findings : Present power of Shiites in the Middle East is the most key reason to continue Shia-phobia in the Middle East. In fact, the opposition of power finding of Shiites (Arabian – western axis) try to highlight and conceptualize danger of hegemony of Shiites on the Middle East by conceptualization of Shia in frame of discourse of Shia-phobia. Their reasons for extending such discourse in the Middle East are changes of the Middle East during several recent decades in favor of Shiites. So, it is common that they use all their effort in frame of hard power and soft power (discourse extension) to prevent hegemony of Shiites (especially Iran) on Syria. Since, changes of the Middle East always have been affected by ideological conflicts (Shia – Sunni), these conflicts has formed two opponents groups in Arabian – western axis and Shia resistance axis. The first group includes Arab states, the US, Israel, Turkey, Qatar and opponents supported by them, and the second group includes Russia, Syrian government, Hezbollah, Iran and Iraq. Like most changes of the Middle East, war of Syria also became a bed to confront Arabian –western axis with resistance axis. Arabian –western fear from resistance axis can be understood by realistic point of view. The most important concern of the West is to secure energy resources in a region where about 70 % of its population is Shia and about 68 % of sources of energy are owned by Shiites. On one hand, the only strategic and trusted alliance of the West in the region Israel is sieged by resistance axis. This concern is understandable for Arabian axis, especially Saudi Arabia, because most of occurred revolutions in the Middle East has been supported by the public which on one hand brought changes caused more power – getting of Shiites and on the other hand, increased pressure on dictatorial regimes. Clearly, Arabian–western axis in a military action against Syria and resistance could not meet their desired goals. The most important reason of this failure is reliance of Syrian government on resistance axis. It is common that resorting to a flexible and soft way like producing a discourse (like Shia-phobia) is a desired and low–cost method than hard-war. Like many of conflicts of the Middle East Crisis of Syria can be explained in frame of discourse of Shia-phobia.
The Middle East has always been a bed of events. Events like collapse of Pahlavi Regime on Iranian, Iraq war against Iran, establishment of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, Iraq attack to Kuwait, military presence of US in the region and Arabian countries, US attack to Iraq in 2003, discourse of large Middle East, plan of Shia crescent, magnification of nuclear activities of Iran, intensification of international sanctions against Iran, connection of problems of the region with problems of Palestine and Lebanon and Syria, crisis of Bahrain etc. all are evidences of several decades of conflict and complication in this region. In following complex changes of the Middle East, ideological problems have been and are most part of problems of this region, and religious (Shia – Sunni) confrontations have shaped a continuous form of enmity, competition and non –reconcilability between Muslim countries of the region with some of western governments and countries of the region. From this perspective, during 4 decades (especially after Iranian revolution) power–getting of Shiites noticed a type of clear and hidden competitions from the given governments for Shia countries and Shia resistance, gradually. So, conceptualizations like reviving Shia, rise of Shia, axis of Shia, pan–Shiism, Shia internationality, Shia renaissance, Shia bloc, Shia emperorship and Shia awakening, etc. indicate to highlight Shia-phobia.

Intercropping plays an important role in agriculture because of beneficial interactions. Intercropping of legumes and cereals is an old practice in tropical agriculture dating back to ancient civilization. Cereals and other plant intercrops could substantially increase forage quantity and quality and decrease the requirement for protein supplements. Intercropping of cereals and other plants is important for development of sustainable food production systems. This may be due to some of the potential benefits of intercropping systems such as high productivity and profitability, improvement of soil fertility, efficient use of resources, reducing damage caused by pests, diseases and weeds and improvement of forage quality The main advantage of intercropping is more efficient utilization of the available resources and the increased productivity compared to sole crops of the mixture. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics of wheat and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) under relay intercropping with sugar beet.
In order to evaluate radiation use efficiency (RUE), yield and dry matter accumulation in winter wheat relay intercropping and sugar beet, a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2012 growing season, using a completely randomized block with four replications. The experimental treatments included four treatments intercropping ratios of rows: 3: 1, 3: 2, 4: 2, 6: 2 (beet and wheat) with monocropping beet and monocropping wheat (sole crops), comprised the experimental factors.
The results of this experiment showed that the effects of intercropping were significant for many study traits. Also, the results showed that during the growing season, leaf area index, radiation crossing the canopy, radiation use efficiency, the amount of dry matter production and yield per unit area were affected by intercropping. The highest yield of wheat was observed in the intercropping treatments 4: 2 (1942 g.m-2) and the highest dry matter of beet sugar was obtained in monoculture (2063 g.m-²). Highest radiation use efficiency of wheat and sugar beet) was observed in treatment 4: 2 (65.1 and 38.2), respectively.
In general, results showed that maize-peanut intercropping could be profitable due to use of the available resources. It can be concluded that intercropping was more efficient than sole cropping especially this is the way to make better use of resources and increase efficiency compared with sequential planting species.

Intercropping is a sustainable practice used in many developed and developing countries and an essential element of agricultural sustainability. Intercropping is simultaneous growing of two or more crops during a given season on same location. Such a method enables the utilization of common limiting resources more efficiently than the species grown separately. Using two species with different growth habits and the least competitive characteristics in intercropping, increases the efficiency of resources (light, water and nutrients) and absorption in comparison with the sole cropping (Fernandez-Aparicio et al., 2008). The study of intercropping of borage (Borago officinalis L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) showed that the highest economic yield was achieved in monoculture and the lowest economic yield was obtained in four rows of borage plus four rows of bean, but the maximum land equivalent ratio was calculated in 2:2 intercropping. The aim of current study was to determine the best combination and efficiency of resource utilization in intercropping of additive series of chickpea and black cumin. The results were compared to respective monoculture and the advantages of intercropping was determined. The effects of planting different ratios of two crops on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was also investigated. The results of intercropping of additive series showed that the highest grain and biological yield of chickpea were obtained through monoculture and the lowest grain and biological yield of chickpea achieved by planting ratio of 100% sesame and 10% chickpea.
To evaluate the effects of different intercropping arrangements of sunflower, sesame and red bean on growth characteristics, yield components and yield, a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during two growing seasons of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. For this purpose a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications was used. Treatments were: (A) one row for each special intercropping, (B) row intercropping (two rows for each species), (C) strip intercropping (four rows for each species) and (D) sole crop of sunflower, (E) sole crop of red bean and (F) sole crop of sesame (twelve rows for each species).
Land equivalent ratio (LER)
Land equivalent ratio of sunflower, sesame and red bean was calculated (Sullivan, 2003) as:LER= Y1/L1捯
Where Y1 and Y2 represent sunflower, sesame and red bean yield in intercropping and L1 and I2 represent sunflower, sesame and red bean yield in mono-culture, respectively.
Statistical analyses: SAS ver. 9.1 and MSTAT-C softwares were used for statistical analysis. To compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level was used.
Results showed that the growth characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower, sesame and red bean were significantly (p≤0.01) affected by different intercropping arrangements. There was a decreasing trend in these parameters from intercropped towards the sole crop for sesame and red bean and an increasing trend for sunflower. The highest biological and economic yield of sesame (4751 and 2207 kg ha-1, respectively) and red bean (5701 and 2719 kg ha-1, respectively) were observed in monoculture. There was a decreasing trend in land equivalent ratio (LER) from row intercropped toward, strip cropping. Maximum and minimum LER were observed in A and C with 1.38 and 1.02, respectively.
According to the results, intercropping of sunflower, sesame and red bean can be beneficial in terms of ecological management. In general the arrangements of sunflower, sesame and red bean could be recommended for achieving high yield in sunflower in this region.

Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV, recently named BCTV-Svr) and Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) are the causal agents of curly top disease in sugar beet and several other dicotyledonous plants in Iran. In this investigation, genetic diversity and prevalence of curly top viruses in relation to host, geographical distribution and age of the main host plant (sugar beet) were studied. Polymerase chain reaction using specific primer pairs to amplify a part of the genome of BSCTV and BCTIV was applied to 734 plant samples collected from various hosts in five provinces in Iran. DNA fragments approximately 500 and 700 bp in size were amplified from 18 BSCTV and 10 BCTIV infected plants, respectively. Amplified fragments were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Effect of geographical location on genetic diversity of viruses was observed only for BCTIV isolates. Type of host plant had no correlation with genetic diversity of either BSCTV or BCTIV. The highest incidence of both viruses occurred in Fars province. Nonparametric analysis of PCR data showed that the prevalence of each virus varied in different fields and depended on the host, date of cultivation and geographical region. While the incidence of BCTIV in sugar beet plants was higher than BSCTV, BSCTV was more frequent in other plants such as tomato, pepper and bean.

As the title suggests, the main subject of our article is the clarifying the role of Sanaee in Persian Qaside evolution; the role that if not more important than his role in Persian Ghazal evoloution, not less important. The scattered researches allusion to this topic but the vacancy of the article that pay to this topic independently was clear. This article is effort in this direction. For this purpose, we assesed his Qaside in two levels: the formal structure and discursive order. The result showed that Naser Khosrow and Sanaee are milestones in development of Persian poetry. We split the Sanee’s Qasedes formly and contently into three groups: Traditional Qasedes, Middle Qasedes and New Qasedes. His committment to the tradition in first groups was high and his innovation in these groups was low. contractly, this ratio in the third group of his Qzasedes was antithical. so we can considered her as inventive poet of mystical poetry.

Recently, virtual education has significantly influenced traditional educational systems by means of advanced communication information technologies. Which has not been paid much attention by the developers of this system. The present study aims at exploring the viewpoints of the managers and students of virtual educational centers concerning the services provided by virtual libraries. The research tool of the present original research study consisted of a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by six specialists out of ten and its reliability was determined by the managers and students as 79% and 71%, respectively. The research community included managers and students of 19 centers for virtual educations at universities in Tehran. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by means of SPSS and Excel. It was found that, regarding the role of a library in virtual education, the managers and the students considered ‘empowering the user’ and ‘the research’ as their first priorities, respectively. Amongst the resources presented, ‘information databases and textbooks’ were found to rank first by both groups. In terms of the method of presenting the resources, ‘access to the abstracts and bibliographical information’ and ‘access to the full texts of the resources’ were prioritized by the managers and the students, respectively. Since the virtual library plays a crucial role in virtual learning, paying adequate attention to the differences between the viewpoints of the two groups is essential. The managers, therefore, should plan to provide library services based on the needs of the students so that the virtual libraries can fulfill their roles in the development of virtual education.

The political organization of space in Iran is affected, foremost, by the geographical features. The present study has explored the role of geographical features in the formation of local governments in Iran and because of the importance systemic thinking approach in investigating and analyzing the topics and issues of the management, geography and political science fields, the present study is conducted using this approach. Method of the study is descriptive, analytic and inferential and quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in collecting the field data. In the quantitative part, the ideas of forty experts in the field of local government were sought and cited. In the qualitative part, seven scholars in the domain of local government were selected based on the snowball sampling method and were interviewed. In order to examine the effect of the geographical aspect in the formation of local governments in Iran and to prioritize the extent of effects of each of the factors associated with the geographical aspect, the researchers have used the independent samples t-test and Friedman test in SPSS software, respectively. In order to design and draw the cause and effect diagrams based on the systems thinking approach, Vensim software was used and the interview method is utilized to complete the final model. The results of the research indicate that the effects of geographical factors in the formation of local governments in Iran is medium to high and the status of this aspect for constructing local governments in Iran is rather desirable.

Host preference of Helicotylenchus digitiformis Ivanova, 1967 on 10 common field crops including cantaloupe (Samsuri), canola (Golden), clover, corn (704-Hybrid), cotton (Deltapine 16), lucerne (Hamedani), sugar beet (Pb8), tomato (Rutgers), turf grass (Sport) and wheat (Shiraz) was studied in two separate trials. Tests were performed in randomized complete block designs, with initial field populations of 1.49 and 4.33 nematodes/g of soil, under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that all plants are hosts for the nematode but the highest final population and reproduction factor were happened on the cotton (Deltapine 16) and corn (hybrid 704). In addition, to determine the damaging levels of the nematode on corn (hybrid 704) and cotton (Deltapine 16), two tests were conducted in randomized complete block designs with initial field population, ½ field population and control (4.33, 2.16 and Zero nematodes/g of soil, respectively) and six replicates, under greenhouse and microplot conditions. The results showed that all of the field populations under greenhouse conditions and treatments with nematode under microplot conditions caused significantly decreases in most of growth indices of corn plants. Nevertheless, the nematode population has not any significant effect on the growth indices of cotton, although the nematode multiplied on it and reproduction factor was more than one. Also, similar tests were carried out on two local wheat cultivars (Shiraz and Pishtaz), with field population, ½ field population, 1/3 field population and control (1.49, 0.75, 0.50 and Zero nematodes/g of soil, respectively) in a randomized complete block design with five replicates, under microplot conditions. Results showed that only the field population significantly caused decreases in most of growth indices of wheat (Pishtaz).

Utilizing as well as transferring knowledge can be provided via motivating teachers, educating researchers, better utilizing of evidence and creating communication between members of the scientific communities based on the needs of the community and community education. Therefore, the present study mainly aimed at evaluating the process of knowledge production and use of evidence in the research centres of Tehran and Iran University of Medical Sciences. Moreover, this study intended to investigate its application in improving the health system and community education of students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the study population finally consisted of 68 research centres affiliated to Tehran and Iran University of Medical Sciences. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire was utilized by Nejat et al. in two fields of “knowledge production” and “promote using of evidence”, and the study data were analyzed using SPSS (version 18). The production and use of knowledge status in Tehran and Iran medical universities in regard with “knowledge and evidence production” used in decision-making was reported in a favourable condition. Moreover, an unfavourable condition was revealed regarding “promoting use of evidence” which needs proper intervention. The study finding revealed that at the beginning of the formulation of each research, identifying the specific audience of the study results causes the produced evidence and knowledge to be applicable. This leads to conducting research in accordance with the needs of community. As a result, status of medical universities in Iran necessitates to be reviewed. Ameliorating production status and promoting evidence-based knowledge can lead to a significant qualitative development in community education.

Library is one of the essential elements of universities which provide some important educational needs of students. Virtual education can not be exempted and virtual libraries are important support for virtual training programs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viewpoint of administrators and students in virtual education centers about the virtual library, its role and resources. This study was a descriptive survey. The research instrument was a researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability was confirmed. The study population consisted of 19 virtual training centers in Tehran city. Out of 19 centers, simple randomized sampling was done in five Centers. The sample size was 360 students. Data collection was conducted online and descriptive statistics using SPSS 18 and Excel software were used. The results showed that viewpoints of administrators and students about the mission and services of virtual libraries in some cases were similar and in some cases were different. One of the administrators’ reasons for setting up a virtual learning system was lifelong learning, and lack of knowledge about virtual libraries was the reason for inadequate use of virtual libraries. The best format of virtual library from the administrators’ and students’ viewpoint, was portal document format (PDF). One of the most important function of a virtual library, is lifelong learning and empowering users to provide information and educational needs. The main reason for not setting up a virtual library is t lack of knowledge about it.

In most region of Khorasan, sesame ecotypes have been planted for many years, but there is little information about seed yield and yield components of them. Therefore a field experimental was conducted to investigation of yield parameters of 14 sesame ecotypes (MSC1, MSC2, MSC3, MSC4, MSC5, MSC6, MSC7, MSC8, MSC9, MSC10, MSC11, MSC12, MSC13 and MSC14) in randomized complete block design with three replications at experimental station, Collage of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2009. Results showed that there were significant difference (P

One way to get a better understanding of thoughts and ideas of a scientific expert، is investigating his/her opinions in a historical context. Throughout history، there were many theorists who have changed their positions because of facing new orientations and seeing the results of their previous ideas. So، when researchers discuss views of those thinkers، it is essential to consider the date of their ideas. This article aims to review the historical development of the ideas of Joseph Schwab، one of the leading figures in the professional field of curriculum، thereby leading to a better understanding of his ideas and perspectives. Aaccordingly، two main perspectives of Schwab- the discipline perspective and practical perspective in curriculum field- are discussed. At the end، the summary and conclusions of this study are discussed.

Extended abstract 1-Introduction Along with the information technology development and communicational networks advancement، cities have changed into the main actors of global communication and world economy areas on the space of flows. Concentration of different areas in the cities indicates the rapid movement of the world towards the urbanization and more developments of metropolises and their changes to the global cities and eventually to the world cities. In this context، cities achieve enough influence and reliability to do diplomatic activities، promoting their economic، political، technological، cultural and infrastructural positions. They reveal a new form of diplomacy in their activities which it is named in modern diplomacy world as the “city diplomacy”. Although diplomacy always has been applied by diplomats or other government representatives who have been introduced to other states، we can find promotion and development of traditional diplomacy as the result of emerging some developments such as relations improvement due to technology development، respect to public thoughts and extension of common interest meaning. In this area we deal with increasing intervention and presence of officials، organizations and local institutions as the new actors in international interactions. 2- Theoretical Bases: 1-2- International environment development: In modern world، examination and analysis of international relations and diplomacy entails accurate examination of flexible views and their logical analysis of international environment. However، diplomacy either traditional or modern has been influenced by changes in international environment and its developments. All over the 20th century، this environment was affected by nation-stats. This continued to the end of 20th in Fordism Economy format but extend development of capitalism regime caused to change the Fordism to the post-Fordism and modern societies take place in institutional status in which other actors apart from government were allowed to act widely. Addition to theory and social- economic structures developments، globalization and capitalism based on consumption create values beyond the definitions of nation- stats، so market environment and cultural- social phenomenon go over the national borders and challenge the modern government. Under such conditions، all economy، political and even cultural areas are developed. These developments lead to power transformation from government to institutions and international on top and local governments and civil society in bottom of international environment and it allow other subnational actors such as cities to present. 2-2- Diplomacy development and city diplomacy formation: Diplomacy changes with the change of global structures. Fading governance of national stats، development of communications technology، presence of non-governmental actors and increasing public knowledge in global level are the most basic factors that play a role in diplomacy developments. In the modern world، formal diplomacy is not able to recognize، manage and provide all citizens needs in international interactions by itself since citizenship interdependence between nations has been extended and society needs experts especially in urban issues to overcome all numerous problems which are common between all nations and to profit their local opportunities. In this context، cities achieve enough influence and reliability to do diplomatic activities through promotion of their economic، political، technological، cultural and infrastructural positions. They reveal the new form of diplomacy in their activities which it is named “city diplomacy” in modern diplomacy world. 3- Discussion City diplomacy and subsequently city foreign policy have various dimensions and functions. These dimensions can be extrapolated from five functions of diplomacy: facilitating communication، negotiating agreements، gathering information، preventing conflicts and symbolizing the existence of an international society. City diplomacy has also six dimensions as follows: - Peace- building and security: Certainly، threat elimination of interests of a state is the first aim of all diplomatic communications and security is the most basic interest of a state. Despite the fact that many would not see it as cities’ core task، in recent years، conflict resolution has turned into an important dimension of city diplomacy. Perhaps the most convincing argument for their involvement is that the root victims of conflicts are most often local and local governments and cities are members of political groups that feel more responsibility for protection of other citizens and contribution to development and peace-building. Second، cities do not possess arms، given that arms are a state monopoly. In this situation، cities have a tendency to solve the conflict through non-military. Totally، it can be said that City diplomacy includes three distinct functions in peace-building and security dimension. 1) Raising awareness at the local level on the particular situation، and other forms of giving support at the local level. 2) Political pressure to ensure that these political pressures promote campaigns for peace. 3) Cooperation in supporting cooperative projects between cities، exchanging knowledge، and attaining funds for concrete projects. - Development: Local institutions and societies often play an important role in development. Emerge the activities differ and can range from international loans and building schools to information and technology- sharing and promoting democracy through improved local governance. Diplomatic status of this kind of development is different. Sometimes there is direct contact between the mayors of involved cities، while at other times contacts may run via civil servants or citizen’s organizations which administer international contacts on behalf of city governments. Development assistance is sometimes also provided through associations of municipalities or a civil servants on behalf of a city’s government. An example of such a new channel is the involvement of cities in the millennium towns in this campaign، hundreds of cities in the developed and developing world are united to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger، achieve universal primary education and promote gender equality. - Linked to global economy and economic growth: Trade globalization and investment to communicate financial relations has been considered as a very important factor of national and international economy security. Therefore، promotion of city diplomacy is necessary for development. It appears that there are two ways by which city diplomats can ensure economic gains for their city: first، they can attract tourists، foreign companies، international organizations and international events to their cities; and second، they can export their services and knowledge or enter into partnership agreements with other cities. - Cultural exchanges: Analysis of partnership agreements between cities shows that culture nowadays still plays an important role in diplomacy of cities، also outside city- twinning projects. Allowing young people from cities in different cultures to interact with one another through sports، organizing cultural visits for officials from other cities and setting up guidelines to promote cultural development are a few examples of the scope of cultural dimension of city diplomacy. Part of the boarder dimension of cultural relations are the diplomatic activities that focus on exchanging values relating to for example، freedom of speech، religion and sexual orientation. - Networks extension and international cooperation development: Scale of inter-city relations and urban networks also promoted to global level as the result of elimination of transnational relations problems under globalization process. More recent are the diplomatic efforts geared towards international cooperation between cities more and more. International networks in general seem to be replacing the international society of states on the diplomatic stage and cities contribute to this phenomenon. - Representation and membership in international organizations: The representative dimension of city diplomacy may come closest to what people have in their mind when thinking of city diplomacy، as it encompasses all of those activities that are aim at representing the city at international organizations. The aim of city diplomacy in the representative dimension is to participate in and influence decision- making at the supra- national level. 4- As mentioned earlier، it seems that cities participate in almost every stage of international politics as a result of globalization، technology development and emerging common problems of society which require cooperation of all actors in international area either transnational actors like international organizations or sub-national actors such as local governments and civil society and their associated institutions. In modern world، cities are changing and will continue to change current diplomatic process. It becomes increasingly clear that traditional diplomatic structures have to be altered in order to include non-state actors and to protect local interests. These changes، subsequently reveal need to effective diplomatic relations that logically pass the city diplomacy channel because of compatibility to local conditions. This paper uses explanatory method and tries to analyze function and role of cities as the new actors of international relations in documentary method and city diplomacy based framework. Results of this study indicated that cities have been turned into an active actors in international area، playing transformational role in security، development، economy، culture، networking and representation in international organizations. 5- Suggestions: Given mentioned results and on the base of the resulted conclusion from the study، it can be suggested that more authorities are devolved to city council of metropolises regarded municipal potential in local and regional levels. And opportunities should be provided to gain more interests for citizens through city diplomacy channel، using unique capabilities of touristy cities for cultural communicating and removing barriers in foreign investment that is possible only by attracting foreign investors’ trust and guaranteeing of their capital and investment security in our country.

In order to study the effect of intercropping (mix cropping) of three sesame genotypes (Sabzevar، Kashmar and Kalat) a field experiment was conducted based on a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications at Research Station، College of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، in year 2009. The experimental treatments were: sole cultivation of Sabzevar، Kalat، Kashmar genotypes، and their intercrops (Sabzevar with Kashmar، Sabzevar with Kalat، Kalat with Kashmar)، respectively. The results showed that the highest grain yield was observed in Sabzevar-Kashmar (1029 kg/ha) and Sabzevar-Kalat (1016 kg) treatments، and the lowest was obtained in sole cultivation of Kalat (770/7 kg). Sabzevar-Kashmar treatment had the highest amount of other morphological parameters such as plant height، number of main nodes، biological yield and number of branches compared with other treatments. The highest growth rate (CGR) was observed in Sabzevar-Kashmar treatment، too. Sabzevar-Kashmar along with Kalat –Sabzevar treatments had the highest amounts of other morphological criteria such as leaf area index (LAI)، net assimilation rate (NAR)، relative growth rate (RGR); and sole cultivation of Kalat treatment had the lowest mentioned criteria. In the sole cultivation of different sesame genotypes، the highest grain yield and other growth characteristics were obtained in Sabzevar، Kashmar and Kalat genotypes، respectively.

The geography of elections is one of the branches of the political geography, which studies the aspects of the geography of elections such as spatial organization of elections, spatial diversity in voting patterns and the impact of spatial and environmental factors in the voters’ decisions. The factors that influence elective decision making conditionally, geographically and spatially are extensive. One of the factors that is able to influence the extent of voting of the people in many countries is the types of the people's ethnicity. The neighborhood phenomenon is a significant factor in the political behavior of citizens and also in creation of the spatial patterns of elections. It means that the residents of a particular place (local area, town, city, and province) make sympathy with the candidate who was born in that place, so people think that this candidate can understand their problems well. Therefore, people vote in favor of him. This survey examines the role of neighborhood ness in the voting patterns of Iran’s tenth presidential elections. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. In order to explain the subject, the GIS software was used for drawing the elective maps. The results of this study showed that neighborhood need had a significant impact in the 10th presidential elections’ voting patterns.

In this paper we study the structure of standard Einstein solvmanifolds of arbitrary rank. Also the validity of a variational method for finding standard Einstein solvmanifolds is proved.

Preservation and increase of biodiversity is one of the main components to achieve sustainability in agricultural systems. In this study، biodiversity evaluation indexes were used to evaluate and compare agrobiodiversity of vegetable crop systems among all provinces of Iran. In this study the biodiversity evaluation indexes included Shannon-Wiener، Simpson and Evenness. In order to compare the alpha and beta biodiversity in different regions of Iran، the country was divided to 5 different weather and geographic regions، then alpha and beta biodiversity were calculated by species – area relationship according to these areas. The results showed nearly 31 vegetable species are cultivated in Iran that the highest planted area after that tomato، potato and onion was related to aubergine with 6. 07% of the total vegetable lands of Iran. The whole of vegetable lands area was 495412 ha that the Fars province with 8. 83% of the total vegetable lands of the country، was the first and it was the major producer of 9 species of vegetables. The highest vegetable species richness was related to Esfahan and Mazandaran (29 species) and the lowest was for Chaharmahal bakhtiari (5 species). The Shannon index for these species in total vegetable lands (H) was 0. 628 besides this index in highest level has been discovered in Yazd (2. 70) and the Shannon index for these species of the total arable lands of the country () was 0. 210 besides this index in highest level had been discovered in Hormozgan (1. 01). The highest (0. 459) and lowest (0) of alpha biodiversity was calculated in north and south regions، respectively. In the other hand، the highest (1. 41) and lowest (0. 375) beta biodiversity was related to south and north regions، respectively.

In order to study the effect of inter cropping (Blend) of three sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars (Sabzevar، Kashmar، Kalat) an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on Complete Randomized Block Desing with 3 replications at Research Farm Ferdowsi University in 2009. The experimental treatments were obtained: sole cultivation of Sabzevar، Kalat، Kashmar، and their mixed crops (1. Sabzevar with Kashmar، 2. Sabzevar with Kalat، 3. Kalat with Kashmar). The results showed that highest and lowest studied traits (including: biological and seed yield، the number of capsules on main stem and branches، number of seeds per capsule and seed weight) obtained in Sabzevar-Kashmar and sole cultivation of Kalat respectively. Generally Sabzevar in mix with other cultivars increased total yield seed، and Kalat and Kashmar Cultivars in mixed with Sabzevar cultivar had the highest positive effectives. And mix of Kashmar and Kalat cultiavars had the lowest indicator amount. Also mix of Sabzevar with Kashmar cultivars and mix of Kalat with Kashmar cultivars had the highest (1/14) and lowest (0/93) Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). Based on the results of this experiment mix of Sabzevar with Kashmar is best treatment in order to achieving high seed yield of sesame in Mashhad area.

In some areas of Ramsar, a city in northern Iran, residents receive a much higher annual radiation exposure than is permitted for radiation workers. Induction of adaptive response in residents of Ramsar has been reported previously. In this study induction of such a response in short term exposure to high background levels of gamma radiation is investigated. Fifty male NMRI mice were randomly divided into four groups of 10-17 animals and 53 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 10-12 animals were studied. Animals in the 1st group were kept for 7 days in an outdoor area with normal background radiation while the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th (in case of rats) groups were kept in 3 different outdoor areas with naturally elevated levels of gamma radiation. Animals were then exposed to a lethal dose of 8 Gy gamma radiation. For mice, 30 days after exposure to lethal dose, the survival fraction for the control group was 40% while the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups had survival rates of 20%, 33.30%, and 35.20%, respectively. For rats, 30 days after exposure to the lethal dose, the survival fraction for the control group was 40% while the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups had survival rates of 20%, 41.6%, 60.0% and 35.7%, respectively. Results indicate that shortterm exposure to extremely high levels of natural gamma radiation (up to 196 times higher than the normal background) do not lead to induction of survival adaptive response.

In order to evaluate the weeding time on yield and yield components of sesame، an experiment carried out in a split plot complete randomized blocks design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، in 2009. Treatments included sesame varieties (Kalat genotype and Oltan cultivar) as main plot، and weeding from the emergence up to 20، 30، 40، 55 and 70 days after emergence and weeding afterwards the 20، 30، 40، 55 and 70 days after emergence alongside the no weeding in whole growing season and also weeding in whole growing season as allocated as sub plots. The results showed that with increasing interfering period at the beginning or at the end of growing season، yield and yield components of sesame were decreased significantly (p≤ 0. 01). Therefore، grain yield increased in the longer periods of weeding. The number of capsules per plant was the most important yield component that had high correlation (r = 0. 70**) with the yield. Interference of weeds up to 30 and 40 days after emergence reduced yield in Kalat and Oltan respectively، though interference after that period reduced the yield of both genotypes.