cognitive functions

The aim of the research is to determine the difference between some cognitive functions and cognitive regulation of emotion in addicted people treated with methadone maintenance, buprenorphine and normal people. The current research is in the category of applied research in terms of its purpose and in the category of cross-sectional research in terms of its method. The statistical population of all opiate or opioid addicts living in Zanjan who visited substance abuse treatment centers in 1401 and were treated with methadone or buprenorphine maintenance drugs, the total number of addicts living in them being treated was 70 people from these lists. 30 addicts treated with methadone, 30 treated with buprenorphine and 30 normal people were selected. The tools used to collect the BST dual-form task test, the Kersey test, the Wisconsin test, and Garnevsky's cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaire were used. The average cognitive regulation of emotion, response inhibition, flexibility, negative emotion, positive emotion, working memory, homework in people under buprenorphine treatment is higher than in people under methadone treatment, on the other hand, the average of all studied variables in normal people is higher than the average People are treated with buprenorphine and methadone. The value of the significance level obtained in the Wilks's lambda statistic was significant for the cognitive regulation of emotion, response inhibition (P<0.01). Although methadone and buprenorphine both cause deficits in executive nerve functions and emotional regulation, but buprenorphine It preserves the neurological and emotional functions better and it seems that buprenorphine treatment should be emphasized more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between immunological factors and cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The methodology was fundamental in nature, and the research design was correlational. Patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis comprised the research population. 68 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were selected through convenience sampling. These patients were divided into three groups: 23 newly diagnosed patients (ND), 23 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and 22 patients with secondary progressive types (SPMS). The patients were 55 women and 13 men. Additionally, the control group consisted of 22 healthy individuals (17 women and 5 men) who were matched based on their age, gender, and educational background. The ELISA method was used to measure the serum levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17, as well as brain-derived neurogenesis factor (BDNF) in the control group and the patients. California Verbal Learning Tests (CVLT-11), Brief Spatial Memory-Revised (BVMT-R), Symbol Digit Substitution (SDMT), Verbal Fluency (COWAT), and Executive Functions (D-KEFS) were implemented to assess cognitive functions. SPSS-26 software was employed to analyze the data that was obtained using the regression method. Compared to the control group, patients exhibited substantial variations in cognitive functions and serum levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17, and BDNF. In RRMS and ND patients, BDNF was a positive predictor of visual-spatial memory and executive function. In ND patients, IFN-γ was a negative predictor of executive function, and TNF-α was a negative predictor of information processing speed in SPMS patients. Neurotrophic factor BDNF and cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 are potential biomarkers for the assessment of certain cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis.

A mathematical learning disorder is a disability that makes understanding, learning, and performing mathematical calculations difficult for children. Both boys and girls are equally affected by mathematical disorders, and they usually start displaying problematic behaviors as soon as they begin math classes in school. Studies have shown that strengthening the four quadrant brain processing skills effectively improves cognitive functions, but there has been limited research on processing these skills in children with mathematical disorders.

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of training on the four quadrant brain processes on the cognitive functions of students with mathematical learning disorders.

This study falls into the category of semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up, using a matched group. The study population consisted of male students with learning disorders in mathematics in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades, referred by schools to the Learning Disorders Education and Training Center in Tehran. A sample of 50 students meeting the required criteria was selected purposively, and then 30 students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, with 15 students in each group. The training package based on the four quadrant PASS brain processing skills was provided to the experimental group twice a week for 10 sessions of 75 minutes each. During this period, the control group received no educational interventions. After 6 months, a follow-up test was conducted for the experimental group. Data were collected using 10 subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition (WISC-V). Data analysis was performed using a one-variable covariance analysis test.

The results of the research showed that the training package on the four quadrant brain processing skills had a significant effect on cognitive functions and subscales of visual-spatial ability, fluid reasoning, active memory, and processing speed of students with mathematical learning disorders. However, it did not have a significant effect on verbal comprehension. The impact on active memory and processing speed was more significant than the other five factors (p < 0.05).

In conclusion, the four quadrant brain processing skills training package can be considered a practical and effective intervention for improving cognitive functions in students with mathematical learning disorders diagnosed with the Specifier for Mathematics.

Learning disorder is a concept that attracts more attention from teachers and families, and due to the high prevalence in schools, it needs special attention from researchers to identify practical and efficient intervention methods. A review of the researches shows that interventions such as training the skills of the four processes have received less attention.

This research was conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of four brain processing skills training on the cognitive functions of students with learning disabilities in reading (dyslexia).

This research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method. It was semi-experimental based on pretest-posttest with control group and follow-up step. The statistical population consisted of students diagnosed with learning disabilities in reading in the second grade of elementary school of Tehran in the 2018-2019 year. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. Based on this, 20 of these people were selected and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. Subjects in the experimental group were trained for 10 sessions. The research tools included the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC-V), the CAS test, and the brain processing training. Analysis of covariance and repeated measurements were used to analyze the data.

Based on the findings, four brain processing skills training was effective on cognitive functions (comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed) of students with reading learning disorder at a significant level of 0.001.

Based on these findings, training workshops and courses on brain processing skills for specialists of learning disorder centers and also familiarizing the family with some important strategies of education of students with learning disabilities can lead to improvement in the condition of students' learning disorders.

One of the critical parts of human life is sleeping. Sleep Deprivation (SD) is defined as sleep-loss status generally caused by personal or environmental reasons. It becomes an inherent problem to shift work, e.g., Intensive Care Unit (ICU) physicians or drivers, is prevalent in modern society and profoundly affectscognitive function, attention, learning, and working memory.

The data set obtained from Stockholm University in the Sleepy Brain project was evaluated using brain image analysis software, FSL. The statistical double regression method was used to investigate the significant differences between different brain regions. According to the Yeo Atlas, the components of the independent group analysis were assigned to seven brain networks. For this purpose, the brain communication matrix was calculated for two fundamental quantities before and after SD. The first quantity is the intra-network communication for each network’s independent components, and the second quantity is the intra-network communication, indicating the weakening or strengthening of the communication between the seven introduced networks.

A significant difference was found between N1 and N5 networks (Five networks related to visual function and limbic network) among five networks for which intra-network comparison is possible. In addition, significant differences were observed between networks for N1-N7, N2-N6, N3-N7, and finally, N4-N6 networks in SD and normal conditions.

The relationship between visual and limbic networks between regions and brain networks that are statistically significant in people with SD and normal people can be interpreted as affecting the cognitive functions of memory and attention.

The purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive functions of people with passionate love and normal people.

In this research, 500 students from persian golf University Bushehr , who studied in 2017-2018, were selected through purposeful sampling with a mean age of 21 years and filled the passionate  love scale (PLS). Individuals who scored between 135 and 106 in the passionate love group and Those who scored 105-15 were in the normal group. Of these people, 204 were selected for Stroop, Wisconsin and Continuous Performance tests and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.

the study showed that there is a significant difference between respondents with passionate love and normal people in terms of inhibition. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the cognitive flexibility and attention (P> 0.05).

According to the findings, people with passionate love of inhibition have a weaker response than normal people, and the lack of difference between the two groups in the component of cognitive flexibility and attention point to the similar performance of these two groups in cognitive functions. Findings show the attention component in the two groups is different based on gender.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of personality traits on physical health mediated by life expectancy and cognitive functions in elderly women.

The present study is a descriptive-correlational study and was performed by structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all elderly women who referred to the neighborhoods of Tehran between May and June 2021. The research sample consisted of 384 elderly women referring to neighborhoods in Tehran who were selected by voluntary sampling method. Data were collected using the Neo Five Factor Personality Traits Questionnaire (McCurry and Costa, 1980), the Cognitive Rescue Abilities Questionnaire (2013), the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Hazarousi, 2006) and the Physical Health Questionnaire (Spence, Helmrich). And Perd, 1987). Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation matrix, multiple regression and structural equation modeling. Also, all statistical calculations were performed using Lisrel 8.80 and SPSS.22 software.

The results showed that standard and non-standard coefficients of the direct path of the hypothetical model from personality traits to cognitive actions (β = 0.48; P<0.01), personality traits to life expectancy (Β= 0.58; P<0.01), cognitive functions to physical health (β=0.20; P<0.01), life expectancy to physical health (β=0.30; P<0.01) has become meaningful. Examination of model fit indices indicates that the model has a good fit with the data. That life expectancy and cognitive functions have had an indirect effect on physical health, so the existence of an indirect relationship between research variables is confirmed with 95% confidence (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that the model of personality traits fits on physical health through the mediation of life expectancy and cognitive functions in older women.

The purpose of the present study was to compare semantic memory in monolingual and bilingual children with specific learning disabilities. The research design was fundamental and causal-comparative. A number of 60 children including 30 monolingual (Persian, 15 boys and 15 girls) children from Tehran and 30 bilingual children (Kurdish-Persian, 15 boys and 15 girls) from Javanrood city in 2019-2020 were recruited from special learning disabilities rehabilitation centers using accessible sampling. Data were collected using 4-versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Test (WISC-IV) and the Semantic Memory Test (SMT). Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, and Friedman test were performed using SPSS-21. The results showed that the semantic memory performance of the monolingual children was better than that of the bilingual children (t=5.40, P<0/05). Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the frequency of letters in Persian and performance in the letter fluency test (2=86.50, P<0.01). The results of the study show that despite the children without specific learning disabilities, monolingual children have better semantic memory function than bilingual children with SLD

VR- based cognitive intervention is a new model of technology-based rehabilitation that seems to be effective in cognitive rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). The aim of this study was to meta-analyze the effectiveness of VR-based interventions on cognitive functions of ABI patients by examining the moderating role of the cause of brain injury and the type of cognitive function. For this purpose, among the articles published in reputable journals based on inclusion criteria, including randomized controlled trials (RCT), implementation of VR-based interventions, subjects with clinical diagnosis of stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) and evaluation outcomes related to cognitive functions, 16 studies were selected and a total of 90 effect size were included in the meta-analysis. The results of analysis using CMA2 software showed that VR-based interventions have a moderate and significant effect size (g = 0.608) on improving the cognitive functions of acquired brain injury patients. The role of moderator in the cause of brain injury and the type of cognitive function was not significant (P>0.05). The effect size of the intervention was 0.582 for stroke patients and 0.704 for TBI. Also, the value of g hedges was calculated to be 0.562 for general cognitive function, 0.699 for attention, 0.442 for memory and 0.674 for executive functions. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, patients with acquired brain injury with cognitive impairment in the attention, memory and executive functions can benefit from the virtual reality-based interventions in the field of cognitive rehabilitation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional induction on physiological characteristics and cognitive functions of adolescents based on psychological hardiness. In order to meet this aim, 400 students from 2 high schools in 2nd district of Tehran completed the Ahvaz Hardiness Questionnaire (AHI), of which two groups of 20 participants were selected based on the mean and standard deviation (10precent). One group included participants with a low hard score, and the other included hard participants. The pieces of films that create positive and negative emotional experiences (Mixed) were used in order to induce emotional experiences. The pieces of films (5 minute) were displayed individually for participants in each group. Physiological responses of the participants (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) were measured by the digital barometer and the participants’ cognitive performance were measured in two areas of attention and memory using the WAIS(III) as cognitive function - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised (WAIS-R) - before and after watching the films. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the three baseline measurements of positive excitement induction and negative excitement induction for heart rate, systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure at P <0.01. There was also a significant difference between the three baseline measurements of positive excitement induction and negative excitement induction for cognitive functions at P <0.01. Overall, the research findings indicate that people with high stubbornness have the power to prevent emotional and impulsive reactions to potentially stressful situations or events due to their hardiness and high self-control. They can effectively alleviate stressful situations and prevent mental and physical problems.

Anxiety disorders are one of the most common classes of psychiatric disorders worldwide. There are various models for the formation and persistence of this disorder that indicate the importance of this disorder among many emotional disorders in recent decades; Cognitive function is one of the cases in which generalized anxiety disorder can greatly affect. The effectiveness of silva-style psychomotor relaxation on cognitive functions in people with a generalized anxiety disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals referring to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran in the first six months of 2017. After initial evaluation using the Pervasive Anxiety Disorder Scale, 30 of them were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n= 15) and control (n= 15) groups. Silva-style psycho-relaxation group therapy was performed on the experimental group in 8 sessions of 90 minutes (two sessions per week); The control group was placed on a waiting list for one month. In order to collect information, the Pervasive Anxiety Disorder Scale (Spitz, et al., 2006) and the Wisconsin Card Test (Grant & Berg, 1984) were used in two stages: pre-test and post-test. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that after controlling the effect of the pretest, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of cognitive function components including success and achievement in the experimental and control groups (P<0.005). In general, according to the results of the study, it can be said that the silva-style psychosomatic intervention has an effect on improving the cognitive functions of people with a generalized anxiety disorder.

The main aim of the present research was to compile a cognitive rehabilitation program and study its efficacy on cognitive functions and satisfaction of life in the erderly with mild Alzheimer’s.

The research method of this study was a Quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest designs with control group with one month follow-up. Statistical population was all the elderly with mild Alzheimer's living in the elderly residential care centers in Shemiranat in Tehran provinc, in winter of 2018-2019 and spring and summer of 2019. The sample included 50 participants with mild Alzheime's by the physician's diagnosis and getting score between 20-25 in Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) meeting the other inclusion criteria of this study, was selected through purposive sampling and then the participants were assigned in experimental(25 patients) and control group(25 patients) by random assignment technique. The experimental group trained 45 minutes-1 hour twice a week for 20 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation intervention. Training of the control group was postponed for the another time. Data were collected by Wechsler Memory Scale Questionnaire(WMS-Q), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), Cognitive Empowerment of the Elderly of Individual Changes Questionnaire(CEEIC-Q) and Life Satisfaction Index-Z(LSI-Z) in the elderly. The data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of covariance.

The results showed that scores in(WMS-Q),(WCST),(CEEIC-Q) and(LSI-Z) had significant increase in the experimental group and fowllow-up showed These effects were maintained for one month.

it can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation was useful for repairing cognitive impairments and improving life satisfaction in the elderly with Alzheime's and it is recommended to use this technique as a non-pharmacological treatment in these patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation and psychosocial rehabilitation on verbal mental cognitive functions, abstraction and attention of women with chronic Schizophrenia. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with control group and follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with chronic schizophrenia of Paravar Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center for Chronic Psychiatric Patients in Shahreza that 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into three groups of 15 each with behavioral activation, psychosocial rehabilitation and control. Participants in the two experimental groups completed in 12 sessions of 90-minute psychosocial activation and psychosocial rehabilitation, but the control group received no intervention. Subjects responded to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test in two stages. Research data were analyzed by variance analytical method with repetitive measurement. The result showed that behavioral activation intervention increased verbal mental cognitive effectively and improved attention of women with chronic schizophrenia in the post-test phase. The results also showed that psychosocial rehabilitation could improve the verbal abstraction of women with chronic schizophrenia effectively in two stages, pre-test and post-test, and its effect remained constant over time. Therefore, behavioral activation intervention can be used to improve verbal mental cognitive functions, attention and psychosocial rehabilitation to improve the verbal abstraction of patients with chronic schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive functions, gratitude and depression in predicting the quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This cross-sectional study was performed on 92 patients referred to the physiotherapy section of the MS Society of Tehran. Data were collected using the Cognitive Functioning Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013), the Quality of Life Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 1996), the Gratitude Questionnaire (McCluff and Whiteley, 2002) and the Depression Questionnaire (Beck et al., 1961). The data were analyzed by multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient using spss.23 software. The results of correlation coefficient showed that the variables of cognitive functioning (r = 0.438), depression (r =- 0.303) and gratitude (r = 0.467) had a significant relationship with quality of life (p <0.05). Regression results also showed that 51.4% of the variance in quality of life is explained by cognitive functions, gratitude and depression. So although people with MS may experience depression, the high gratitude of individuals may allow individuals to appreciate individuals, events and situations in life and be appreciative of their lives and social relationships.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of transcendental direct electric stimulation (TDCS) on improving cognitive functions and student problem solving. Its design includes pretest-posttest with a control group. The population of the study consisted of all male high school students in the academic year 2017-2018 (N=1029). 30 of them were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). TDCS was performed in 10 sessions for the experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, Montreal cognitive test and London Tower test were used. To test the research hypothesis, multivariate covariance analysis and one variable test were used. The results showed that TDCS increased the mean scores of cognitive functions and problem solving skills (p<.01). An over-speech direct electrical stimulation therapy can improve the students' cognitive functioning and problem solving skills.

Domestic violence could cause different types of physical and mental consequences for women. This may threaten safety of the family. Women are more prone to be the victims of violence particularly partners’ one. One of the important consequences of violence is cognitive dysfunctioning. Domestic violence could be considered as an environmental stressor factor which in turn could affect cognitive functions. Surviving from the influence of a domestic violence is in direct relation with the cognitive capabilities of abused women. Therefore, investigation on the effect of domestic violence on cognitive functioning of women suffering from domestic violence is an important issue. The effect of violence on cognitive functions may occur throughout other psychological variables. That is why in the current study, the mediating role of self-regulation and psychological Distress relating domestic violence and cognitive functions is investigated.
The current study is a fundamental research. Considering that, the study of the relationship between the interested variables has been conducted on a limited number of abused women, it is a descriptive-correlative type of research. The relationship between the parameters is analyzed based on the research objectives. The subject community is abused women referred to different branches of Tehran Forensic Medicine Center in 2017-2018. 200 abused women are asked to participate in this study. They are selected on a purposive sampling method based on entry-exit criteria and after seeking their acceptances. Miller & Brown (1999) Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ), DASS-21 Questionnaire (1995), Pour Naghash Tehrani (2004) Domestic Violence Questionnaire and MONTREAL cognitive assessment scale (2005) were utilized as the instruments of research variables.
Results are analyzed by means of SPSS and LISREL software. The conceptual model connecting domestic violence to the cognitive functioning throughout the above mentioned mediating parameters are examined. The outcomes supported a suitable fitness for the proposed model, since the statistical indicators such as RMSEA, GFI, MFI, AGFI … showed satisfactory values.
Present study shows that the experience of domestic violence creates significant cognitive dysfunctioning through the mediating factors such as loss of self-regulation capability and Psychological Distress. By means of these findings, families and social organizations such and women’s shelter and support centers can offer suitable educational programs and treatment to prevent the continuation of the violence.