جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Management » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Rural development is one of the important bases of national development of any country and people's participation in this process is important. Different countries have paid attention to this issue in the form of local governments and by delegating powers and responsibilities. With the approval of the law on the establishment of self-sufficient in the country's villages in 1998, there have been changes in the country's rural management. Since 2004, the villagers have taken charge of the village administration as the new trustees. The goals of this research was to investigate the role of rural assistants in the process of management and development of rural with an emphasis on environmental protection issue. The current research is of applied research type and analytical-descriptive method. The findings showed that the most crucial factors affecting the role of rural assistants in sustainable rural development are economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure variables. Therefore, the village councils, with the participation of the people and the use of the power and talent of women and men in the councils and village councils, pay attention preventing the destruction of pastures, to the protection of forests, monitoring water harvesting.

The Persian Wild Ass Equus hemionus onager is the only odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla) and largest wild herbivore in Iran, with a population of about 1300 individuals, distributed in the Bahram-e Gur conservation complex and Touran Biosphere Reserve. From the semi-captive reproduction and reintroduction centers, they had population growth in the centers of Yazd province and Kavir National Park. In other centers were not successful due to not considering demographic factors such as the age and sex composition of the founder population, intra- and inter-species competition, lack of information on genetic status and inbreeding and management factors such as hard release. In this study, the threats of the Persian Wild Ass in natural habitats, the state of reproduction and reintroduction centers, and management and conservation strategies have been discussed.

Scientific sources, reports and documents available in the Semnan, Yazd, Fars and Kerman Provincial Office and the Wildlife conservation and Management bureau of the Department of the Environmental were studied regarding the threats, past and present population and fatalities of the Persian Wild Ass. Data collection was done by interviewing environmentalists, experts and completing species information forms including population, threats and expert suggestions of the respective provinces. Based on the field visits and investigation of natural habitats and reproduction and reintroduction centers in Fars and Semnan provinces, information was verified.

Over the past two decades, the population of the species has been growing in the Bahram-e Gur conservation complex, due to habitat management and the reduction of threats. While the species' population status in the Touran biosphere reserve has experienced a sharp decline since the 1970s and 1980s, and this trend has been almost stable for the past 20 years. The most important threats to the Persian Wild Ass due to human activities include destruction and fragmentation of habitats, poaching for meat, inbreeding, the occurrence of diseases in natural populations, seasonal use of vegetation, road kills, development of mines, drought, and climate change. Overgrazing by livestock reduces food availability, and also reduces the availability of water at springs. In semi-captive breeding and re-introduction centers, the lack of knowledge of the genetic status of populations, the very low growth rate, and infanticide are among the threats to the species. Management problems such as non-continuity of providing financial resources and equipment, lack of sustainable management with the passage of time, hard release due to lack of funds, equipment, and also non-observance of the gender ratio of the founding population can be effective in the failure of these centers.

The important strategies for conserving the Persian Wild Ass in the short- and long-term include identifying the threats and introducing methods to reduce the effect of the threat, developing a comprehensive plan for reproduction and reintroduction of the species, and implementing the action plan for the conservation of the population in the habitats. The implementation of participatory conservation programs with the key stakeholders can be effective in the conservation programs.

Damask rose is one of the most valuable and famous medicinal plants worldwide. Its essential oil, rose water, and dried flower buds are exported. Essential oil can be used in the perfumery, cosmetic, and therapeutic industries and is widely used in depression treatment and traditional medicine. In the northwest of the country, in the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, and Hamedan, the damask rose is known as Qizil Gul. It has a special place in the lives of the region's people. 10% of the cultivated area of this product in the country is allocated to East Azerbaijan. More than 60% of it is produced in Osko City. Due to the high added value and economic profitability of the rose, it is recommended to develop the cultivation of native varieties of rose in East Azerbaijan province. Also, investing in processing industries leads to new job creation. In addition, rose cultivation with native varieties protects and controls floods. It also prevents soil erosion and preserves and strengthens medicinal and rangeland biodiversity.

The invasive plant is an alien species that has become naturalized in the new area and has an increasing population and distribution rate. In recent years with the increase in international trade and the ease of traveling, the rate of introduction of alien species has increased in Iran. In the latest surveys, the number of alien species in Iran with wild regeneration was 311, of which 13 species have been suggested as invasive. In the current study, the need to pay attention to the use of pre-and post-entry assessment systems to reduce the negative impacts of alien and invasive species has been discussed. Investigating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of invasive plants is a necessary issue, but there is limited information and experiments related to investigating their impact on biological, social, and economic conditions in Iran. The increase of studies in this field increases the quality and accuracy of assessing invasive alien plants. By having the output of the risk assessment, it is possible to implement accurate management plans and apply the necessary policies to control their entry and exit from country and provinces borders.

Villages as one of the habitats, due to their proximity to nature, have the greatest impact on the environment and are affected by it and have a high interaction with the environment. Therefore, village management is considered necessary in terms of environmental issues. For this reason, the present study seeks to investigate the deterrents and promoters of rural environmental management (a case study of villages in the Jokandan section of Talesh city).

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, which according to the studied components is a descriptive-analytical approach. The technique used to obtain the required data is library and field (questionnaire) and the statistical population of the villages of Jokandan Talesh village and 40 people are charities and experts. Lisrell software was used to analyze the data. Emphasis factor technique was used as a multivariate analysis technique to classify and prioritize the inhibitory and promoting factors of rural environmental management and in order to show the significance of each of the meda parameters, T-statistic was used.

In the ranking section based on standardized factor load, from the experts point of view, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor, natural-ecological factor, physical-infrastructural factor and economic factor are three important factors hindering the management of rural environment, respectively. In terms of driving factors, physical-infrastructural factor and according to experts, economic factor, natural-ecological factor, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor and physical-infrastructural factor are the important factors driving rural environmental management, respectively.Among all the challenges in the field of environmental management, the main obstacle is poverty. This factor, in addition to having a negative impact on achieving sustainable development, threatens the villages as a serious crisis. Rural poor by over-exploitation of natural resources cause more instability and this leads to the destruction of resources over time. Lack of knowledge of managers and experts also weakens the issue of environmental management and causes two serious harms to the rural environment.

Today, with the entry of Persian squirrel species by humans into the foothills of Alborz mountain range, especially Qazvin and Alborz provinces, it has caused damage to the environment and local communities. The aim of this study was to provide a structural model of attitudes of gardeners damaged by the infestation of Persian Squirrels in Qazvin and Alborz provinces for efficient management and control of squirrel invasion in the region.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is of survey type. In this study, a questionnaire was used in Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Validity of the questionnaire from three methods; Convergent validity, Factor Analysis and Divergent validity was used; And for the reliability of the questionnaire in two methods; Cronbach's alpha and sequential theta were used and the questionnaire was reviewed and validated; The statistical population of gardeners is damaged; Its size was estimated based on the Cochran's formula of 392 people. Then the structural equation model with partial least squares method was used to estimate the Unknown parameters of the model used.

Research findings showed, the degree of agreement with control strategies, Knowledge about squirrels and ethical considerations are the most important determinants of a reliable level 99% P≤0.01 Respectively with effect coefficients 0.330, 0.256, -0.258 has a Meaningful effect on attitudes damaged gardeners. our other findings showed that the damage factor as an independent external factor added to the model had the most significant effect on the 99% confidence level of P P≤0.01 on the attitude of ethical considerations, beliefs, squirrel control feasibility and agreement with control strategies; There is with effect coefficients -0.236, -0.172, -0.175, 0.244.

The results of the study indicate that increasing knowledge and awareness about the effects and harms of squirrel invasion in the region is the main factor in increasing public support for control management or eradication of invasive squirrels.

Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent decades.

In this research, in order to manage solid waste in the new city of Pardis, checklist from the series of stages of production to waste disposal was prepared and data was collected using a survey, interview and a questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to identify the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (opportunities and threats). A list of the internal and external factors affecting the waste management strategies in the region was prepared and a number of experienced people as Delphi group were asked to comment on the internal and external factors affecting waste management. After identifying the internal and external factors, the weighting of the criteria was done by AHP method and then all possible strategies were classified in ST, WO, SO and WT categories.

Among the identified components, two factors lack of inorganic coordination and unsafe landfill of solid waste in The final landfill location with a weight score (0.774) was identified as the most basic weakness and two factors of the lack of coordination and environmental pollution with a weight score (0.881) as The most fundamental threat to the solid waste management system was identified.

Therefore, all the main factors (reduction at the source, production, storage, processing and management on site, collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and post-disposal care) should be included in the agenda of the solid waste organization.

lack of enough attention to the public participation is the most reason for the deficiency of wetland ecosystem management. Managing wetlands based on ecological approach defined as  “taking all the key elements and indicators in long-term management of an ecosystem and also as an integrated management strategy, promotes the conservation and sustainable use of resources with the participation of all stakeholders and the active participation of people, local communities in particular”. The purpose of this study is to present a management framework in the Anzali International Wetland with an ecological approach, applied for the first time.

This study is a descriptive-analytical study based on available data. The World Conservation Union has incorporated 12 principles into five categories in this study developed for Anzali Wetland as the study area. Gephi software was used for stakeholders’ network analysis too.

The results showed the developed framework in this study is comprised of seven main sections: Pre-planning, Scoping, Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation. Each of thes mentioned sections has related elements. In stakeholders’network analysis individuals are represented as nodes and connections as edges of the graph that shows the linkage between stakeholders.

The main stakeholders should have participated in the ecological management of the wetland including: Governmental Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, Local Communities, Judiciary, and Legislature. In this study, the initial stages of the developed framework were implemented including pre-planning, scoping, and some parts of the analysis. Afterwards, the identified stakeholders, at consideration of verified and modified information obtained from the previous three steps, formulate a joint implementation, monitoring and evaluation plan in the participatory workshops. It is also recommended to apply the developed framework in other wetlands and common natural resources, especially protected areas, in accordance with the legal duties of the Department of Environment (DoE).

Due to limited water resources and increasing water needs, the potentials of water resource allocation using the traditional methods are decreased and the use of new allocation strategies and managing water resources in choosing projects and making correct decisions in allocating and managing water resources is more important than ever. The main purpose of the present study is comprehensive management and planning in order to use the existing water resources of Yamchi dam network located in Ardabil province and meet the demand in the drinking, agriculture, industry and environment sectors, taking into account their future needs. Accordingly, Yamchi dam and its downstream areas are simulated in the WEAP model environment and the model is implemented for current conditions and future development projects in ten different scenarios. The proposed scenarios included examining the impact of allocation, industry needs, increasing irrigation efficiency, removing groundwater resources, changing cropping patterns, single cropping, and combined scenarios. The entries included information on the Yamchi dam and reservoir, groundwater resources, and the parameters needed to calculate the nodes for drinking, agricultural, industrial and environmental needs in the period 2008 to 2018.

The results showed that among the proposed scenarios for the areas under study, the scenario of simultaneous change of cropping pattern and 65% increase in irrigation efficiency is the most suitable option among the studied scenarios, which meets time and volume reliability of drinking and agricultural needs by 100% and will reduce the needs of the current situation by 44%.

It is worth noting that if the groundwater source is eliminated for any reason, none of the solutions of changing the cropping pattern, increasing efficiency, etc. can fulfill the shortage and it is necessary to treat urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters and reuse one of them. The results show that urban wastewater treatment and reuse can provide about 60 percent of the shortage of groundwater resources.

Green mining is a set of scientific and technical methods to reduce the harmful environmental effects of mining in different stages of exploration, extraction، processing, and exploitation and inactive mine. The main purpose of this research was to design a green mining management model by determining of the indicators affecting green mining. The research is basic and applied type. We used the questionnaire form to get expert comments about green mining indicators. DEMATEL and DPSIR methods were used to evaluate these data. Based on the data, 11 indicators are affecting green mining. The results show that the economic growth index and the minining environmental database index are the main indicators of a green mining model. The indexs of environmental regulations, globalization and acting to environmental conventions are the weak indicators of a green mining model. Environmental knowledge of organization, companies and employee index, role of mine owner's index and role of NGO Index are relatively independent indicators from each other's and with low impact. The index of continuous environmental evaluation and the index of application of modern technology in green minning are independent indicators and do not have effect on other indicators.

This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruction of these centers the county of the province has been divided.

Collecting data and monitoring the province's medical wastes. Visitors and monitored for three weeks and review the management of medical waste and getting information from the authorities was performed.

The total quantity mean of waste generated in the Medical waste of Province are 228/1537 kg/day. This amount for infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes are 1490.84, 13.39 and 33.998 kg/day respectively. The type of medical waste (infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes) for hospitals by 1106, 12.33 and 28.695, medical centers 182.47, 0, 0.438, clinic 158.65, 0, 1.56, laboratories 21.73, 1.06, 1.08 and offices 21.99, 0 and 2.225 kg per day.

According to the 1044 number of beds in these facilities, the per capita production of waste per bed per day, compared to the national average of 1.098 kg is estimated that the situation is better. According to a survey conducted, the least amount of problem is in government waste producing centers and in the field of infectious waste. Also in connection with the chemical and pharmaceutical wastes existence a program written in province in regarding the management and destruction of is much felt. Finally, it can be said that most of the problems is in the field of private sector producer of medical waste, the organization and its management is being implemented and it is hoped that this path be taken more quickly.

Artemisia spp. occupy millions of hectares of natural habitats in the country and is considered the largest rangeland ecosystem in Iran. The dependence of various plant and animal communities on these habitats confirms their high capacity, and comprehensive management in these habitats is of utmost importance. Planning in the field of rangeland ecosystem management requires basic information in these areas. According to the results, Artemisia species are distributed in about 34 million hectares of steppe and semi-steppe regions of Iran, covering about 21% of the country's land area. Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri are the most abundant Artemisia species in Iran. Unfortunately, in recent years, the drying up of Artemisia spp. has been observed in many parts of the country, mainly due to overgrazing and successive droughts. These habitats are very sensitive and fragile due to the harsh habitat conditions. Climate change, overgrazing, and land-use change are very important in determining the fate of these habitats. Artemisia lands classification with grazing management approach is an inappropriate and imposed view and has neglected the real potential of these habitats. However, the results of various studies conducted in these areas show that the average forage production in these ecosystems is very low and about 150 kg/ha. This valuation with the view of forage supply prevents the adoption of an appropriate strategy in the country's livestock system to supply the energy needed by livestock. Therefore, due to the fragility of these ecosystems and the services that these natural areas provide to the country, it is necessary to review their management to use the real potential in preserving biodiversity and protecting water and soil.

Today, Municipal solid waste strategic management is an effective step towards achieving organizational goals in long-term plans, the aim of this study was to provide strategic planning for solid waste management in Golestan province to achieve the desired result. In this descriptive-analytical study, basic information through Library texts, observations, questionnaire completion through 30 experts were obtained in this field. Then, SWOT matrix and QSPM quantitative strategic planning matrix were used to present the strategic plan of solid waste management in Golestan province.The findings showed that the most important strategy with the highest score is necessary to achieve the goals of the organization and achieve sustainable, cooperation and government support for allocation of credits. It is the next priority to create the opportunity to attract private partnerships. The strategic priorities can be achieved in the path of sustainable development, a suitable step for achieving the goals of the environment biological solid waste management in Municipalities and Villages of Golestan Province. Municipalities and local organizations can organize and implement the necessary policies to strengthen local innovations. Families, industries and businesses, departments and service providers in the field of solid waste are also required to implement urban solid waste management system.

Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to make balance between recreation needs and resulted impacts of ecotourism in those areas. This paper provides a set of guidelines to facilitate decisions regarding ecotourism management and development for ecotourism managers.
Material and Methodlogy: This study is aiming at a mention of the importance of strategies implementation and necessity of correct using those by overview of the important management strategies of visited areas for achieving to sustainable development goal from past to now, for example UNWTO, Eurostate, The Nature Conservancy.

Management strategies form a base of an ecotourism management plan (EMP). In this paper, ecotourism management key strategies were introduced in detail that included zoning for visitor uses, planning and design of visits site, sustainable infrastructure design, mechanisms for income generation, management and monitoring visitors and naturalist guides.
Discussion and

Conditions will provide for potential empowerment of areas for ecotourism as a force in order to protect environment and sustainable development by the result of implementing each of these management strategies in a visited area and these will be fruitful for managers of visited areas and as well as other agencies such as, tour operator and hotel developers.