جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mycorrhiza » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Vetches are especially important due to their resistance to cold and water-deficient stresses, and due to the high amount of crude protein and detergent fibers, they have the same nutritional value as alfalfa and clover. Planting vetch can increase soil nitrogen due to the symbiosis of its root nodes with Rhizobium bacteria. No-tillage reserves more moisture in the soil than other tillage systems. No-tillage and reduced tillage significantly increase mycorrhizal fungi in soil compared to conventional tillage. Increased leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter in plants under reduced and no-tillage systems have been observed, too. Also, increases in chlorophyll concentration, decreases in canopy temperature, increases in plant height and improvements in forage quality in plants under a no-tillage system have been reported. This experiment evaluated the effects of different types of tillage on morpho-physiological traits related to yield and quality of vetch forage to protect the soil and select the best tillage system.

This experiment was carried out in Saral Rainfed Agricultural Research Station located 55 km north of Sanandaj county, Kurdistan province, in the west of Iran. The effects of reduce tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems were evaluated on rainfed vetch in rotation with wheat during two years (2018-02019). Sowing date was 18 and 9th of October in the two experimental years respectively. All sampling of rhizobium nodules, relative leaf water content, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence, canopy temperature, enzymes, proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, leaf soluble proteins and carbohydrates, leaf elements took place in early seed filling stage. The combined (2-year data) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software by the general linear model (GLM). The means value were compared using Duncan’s range test at P ≤ 0.05.

In this study, the yield of dry forage in reduced and no-tillage systems increased by 14 and 24%, respectively, compared to CT. A significant relationship (R = 0.75*) was obtained between the relative leaf water content and dry forage yield. According to the results, vetch in the no-tillage system had the highest percentage of colonization (30.16%), the number of fungal spores (179.8), and rhizobium nodes (12.16) on the roots. The high symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi in RT and NT compared to CT was probably due to higher water uptake and higher RWC. In the present study, vetches under the NT system probably had higher chlorophyll a and b concentration due to more moisture and higher nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves. The results showed that the tillage treatments had significant effects on the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was directly related to the amount of plant moisture and antioxidant enzymes. The lowest activity of enzymes was in vetches under a no-tillage system. 

In this experiment, reduced and no-tillage systems increased yield compared to conventional tillage. Significant increases in relative leaf water content and canopy temperature difference were observed in different types of tillage. Chlorophyll content and carotenoids in plants grown in the conventional tillage were lower than in reduce and no-tillage systems. The percentage of colonization, sporulation of mycorrhizal fungi, and the number of rhizobium nodes were higher in no-tillage system. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and proline increased in CT compared to RT and NT. Types of tillage in rainfed conditions due to biological and structural changes in the soil cause positive morpho-physiological changes and forage quality in rainfed vetch seem to be effective in increasing yield and improving growth conditions.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some ‎stress modulators on nodulation, grain filling rate and yield of rainfed lentil.‎ an experiment as factorial was conducted based on RCBD with three replications in a farm of near the research farm University ‎of Mohagheghi Ardabil ‎in 2022. The first factor application of bio- ‎organic fertilizers in four levels (no application of bio-organic fertilizers as control, ‎application of mycorrhiza, vermicompost, both application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost), ‎ans the seconfd factor nano particle foliar application in four levels (foliar application with ‎water as control, applicatio of nano silicon oxide, nano iron oxide, both aplication of nano ‎silicon-iron oxide) were included.‎ The results showed that both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza ‎increased chlorophyll index, relative water content, protein yield in hehtar, iron and protein ‎contents of grains (20.6 and 24.6% respectively) in comparison with no application of ‎vemicompost and mycorrhiza. Similar results were observed in application of nano iron-‎silicon oxide. So, both application of nano iron-silicon oxide increased chlorophyll index, ‎relative water content, protein yield in hehtar, iron and protein content of grains (29.1 and ‎‎37.7% respectively) in comparison with no application of nano silicon-iron oxide. Application ‎of vemicompost and mycorrhiza with nano iron-silicon oxide increased number of active ‎nodules per plant, number of grain per pod, number of pod per plant, number of lateral ‎branches, nodule weight, quantum yield and grain yield (72%) in comparison with no ‎application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost and nano iron-silicon oxide. ‎

‎‏ ‏Mycorrhiz species are factors that improve plant growth and yield. The ‎effects of these fungi are ‎exerted by altering some of the root properties and absorbing nutrients in the ‎host plants under water ‎stress conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and ‎qualitative yield of basil in ‎greenhouse conditions under the influence of different levels of soil ‎moisture and three species of ‎mycorrhiza on morphological or agronomic traits, plant pigments, ‎percentage and Essential oil function. ‎

Methods & Materials:

 The experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with ‎three replications in ‎‎greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors include soil moisture at four levels of ‎‎25 (severe stress), 50 ‎‎(moderate stress), 75 (mild stress) and 100 (no stress) percent of field capacity, ‎three species of ‎mycorrhiza fungi Clarodeoglomus etunicatum (Glomus etunicatum), Funneliformis ‎mosseae (Glomus mosseae), Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomus intraradices) and control treatment.‎

‎According to the results, increasing the level of water stress reduced the performance of the ‎aerial part ‎yield, as the economic performance of basil, but coexistence with mycorrhizae reduced the ‎destructive ‎effects of water stress. Different species of mycorrhiz had positive effects on increasing ‎plant ‎pigments. ‎

According to the experimental results, it can be said that F. mosseae‏ ‏compared to other ‎species had a greater effect in improving the adverse effects of dehydration stress in most of the ‎evaluated traits. While the effect of G. intraradicse on the percentage and yield of essential oil was ‎higher than F. mosseae.

Biofertilizers include one or more species of high-density soil organisms which are used in sustainable farms with the aim of increasing soil fertility and plant access to nutrients. This experiment was performed to evaluate yield and growth indices of maize at different sowing dates under the influence of mycorrhizal fungi.

The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Kurdistan University in 2017 as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included mycorrhizal fungi at four levels including (Funneliformis mossea), (Rhizophagus intraradices), (Funneliformis mossea + Rhizophagus intraradices) and without mycorrhiza (control) and sowing date at three levels (6, 16 and 26 July). In this experiment, growth indices and traits related to maize yield were measured.

The results showed that the highest leaf area index, growth rate and dry matter accumulation were obtained on 6 July sowing date and 26 July had the lowest values. The highest values of leaf area index and crop growth rate were related to Rhizophagus intraradices treatment. Application of mycorrhiza increased dry matter accumulation and as a result, maize yield compared to the control treatment. The interaction of mycorrhiza fungus and sowing date caused a significant increase in cob dry weight and biological yield.

The results showed that the combined treatment of 6 July planting date and Rhizophagus intraradices fungus was superior in terms of growth indices, cob and plant dry weight and biological yield.

Aloe vera is a permanent, evergreen species with special industrial and pharmaceutical applications. However, information about its nutrition management is scarce. Plants absorb nutrients through complex interactions in the rhizosphere between roots, symbiotic or non-symbiotic microorganisms and soil fauna. Inoculations of soil microorganisms (in the form of biofertilizers) to improve crop production and plant health were mainly undertaken for the group of bacteria known as PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria) or PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and mycorrhizal fungi. To be effective, inoculated organisms must have soil conditions that are suitable for development, which can be improved by applying manure. Compared to the use of inorganic fertilizers, the application of organic manure in agriculture fields results in significant effects on microbial biomass, on the profile of existing species and, consequently, on the enzymes they circulate in the soil and its pool of organic matter. In this way, it interacts with the overall fertility of the environment. Different options of soil fertility management for increasing yield of aloe vera were studied in a field experiment.

A split plot experimentwas conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 growing season in Agricultural Research Center of Bushehr province (29º16'0"N 51º31'0"E and 110 m above sea level). Seedlings were planted on May 4, 2012 with a distance of 0.7 m spacing on row with 1 m distance. The distance between Aloe vera rows was 1 m. The drip irrigation method was used for irrigation.  Main plot factor consisted of 0 and 20 ton.ha-1 sheep manure and five methods of soil fertility management were assigned to subplots including 1) chemical fertilizer (80 kg.ha-1 super phosphate+200 kg.ha-1 urea), 2) Mycorrhiza (using soil containing fungi from mosea), 3) biological fertilizer nitrogen (containing Azotobacter spp; Pseudomomas spp; and Azosprillium spp), 4) combination of Mycorrhiza and Nitrogen, and 5) no fertilizer (control). Monthly samplings were taken in 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 330 days after planting. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, leaf length, width and thickness and number of leaves per plant were measured. Harvestable leaves were considered as final yield.

The results indicated that interaction between manure and chemical or biological fertilizers was significant for all measured traits. Application of sheep manure was led to significantly higher growth and yield of aloe vera with better performance when manure was combined with chemical fertilizers. The highest number of leaves was obtained from integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers with about 15 leaf per plant. While the lowest number of leaves was observed in control treatment. The interaction between treatments had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on leaf thickness. Plants treated with combination of chemical fertilizer and sheep manure had significant differences with other treatments, except with integrated use of biological fertilizers and manure. The highest fresh and dry weight of plant 3107.2 and 78.1 g plant-1, respectively and the highest final yield (36.04 tons.ha-1) was achieved with integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers. The results also indicated that high aloe vera yields with great quality could be obtained with combined application of manure and biological fertilizers as an alternative for chemical fertilizers.

Producing medicinal plants under low input of chemical fertilizers is of great importance for human health, environment as well as production costs. Results of this experiment showed that application of manure with biofertilizers could be considered as a proper alternative to chemical fertilizers. Nutrition of aloe vera with this integrated management method will results to high yield and quality in addition to improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.AcknowledgmentWe are grateful to Ebrahim Farrokhi and Kohzad Sartavi for their help with the field experiments, collecting field data and providing necessary advices to carry out this work.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual and C4 plant that belongs to the family of Portulacaceae. The plant is drought- and salt-tolerant which contains high amounts of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins. Nitrogen is the key element in soil fertility and crop production. Attention to the soil quality and health has increased in recent years, especially for sustainable production of medicinal crops. So that, for production of healthy food in industrialized countries, using natural and on-farm inputs has been considered. One of the practical ways to achieve this goal is organic and biofertilizers. Given the importance of Purslane as a medicinal plant and due to the fact that there is not detailed information about the nitrogen requirement for this plant, this study was conducted to effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield,  N and P use efficiency Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in Birjand, Iran 

In order to investigate the effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on the yield and yield components of purslane seed, an experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand University Research Farm in crop years 2015-2016 and 2017- 2018. Experimental treatments were based on a combination of four sources of nitrogen supply: cow manure, vermicompost, fertilizer (NPK) and control (without any fertilizer application), and four types of biofertilizer including: nitroxin (including azotobacter and azospirillum), mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), Biosulfur (including thiobacillus with sulfur) and control (without any fertilizer). The traits studied in this experiment included: biomass yield, grain yield, nitrogen and phosphorus biomass percentage, nitrogen and phosphorus biomass content, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency, seed based nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus based They were. 

The results showed that the effect of nitrogen sources on all studied traits (except physiological grain nitrogen efficiency) was significant. The highest grain yield (1959.99 kg.ha-1) and biomass yield (9782.43 kg.ha-1) were obtained from NPK treatment with no significant difference with cow manure. Also, the most nitrogen efficiency indices were obtained from NPK treatment. However, no significant difference was observed between agronomic efficiency of grain and cow manure. The highest phosphorus content and biomass phosphorus content were obtained from NPK treatment. However, with the use of organic and chemical fertilizers, the efficiency of phosphorus use decreased. The effect of biofertilizers on most of the studied traits (except biomass P percent) was not significant. Interaction of nitrogen sources and biofertilizers was significant on most of the studied traits (except grain yield, agronomic efficiency of N and P). 

Based on the results of this experiment, considering the environmental effects and increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use for sustainable production of purslane seed in Birjand region can be used as fertilizer replacement (NPK).

Considering the importance of sugar beet in West Azerbaijan province and also the occurrence of water-deficit stress in different periods of plant growth, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water deficit stress on the quantitative and qualitative properties of sugar beet and also the effect of different soil additive treatments on modulating the effect of water deficit on sugar beet.

To investigate the effect of different soil amendment treatments on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet under different irrigation regimes an experiment was conducted in split-plot design based on complete random blocks with three replications Was conducted in two places in Mahabad and Miandoab at 218 crop seasons.  Irrigation regimes at three levels, including 60, 120, and 180 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan, were assigned to the main plots, and soil amendment treatments including superabsorbent A200, mycorrhiza seed inoculation, livestock manure, and control treatment were assigned to sub-plots.

The results showed that the application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent in Mahabad had the highest leaf relative water content, shoot dry weight, root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar content, and white sugar yield. Interaction analysis showed the highest leaf area index (4.11), leaf relative water content (87.78%), shoot dry weight (4.11 t/ha), root yield (77.96 t/ha), sugar yield (13.38 t/ha), sugar extraction coefficient (86.63%) and white sugar yield (10.71 t/ha) were assigned to irrigation regime after 60 mm evaporation and superabsorbent application, Also, in the irrigation regime after 120 mm evaporation, application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent significantly increased the white sugar yield compared to the control in 60 mm evaporation irrigation regime.

 it can be concluded that use mycosis and superabsorbent in the soil is recommended to save water consumption and mitigate the effect of water deficit stress.

The goals of study were to recognize the effect of bio-fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative traits of Valerian under drought stress.  

The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicationes at the Research Farm of Urmia during two successive seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. The test factors included drought stress at three levels of irrigation 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from pan class A as the main factor and inoculation with bio fertilizer in eight levels including: 1-control (non-inoculation), 2-mycorrhiza, 3-Azotobacter, 4-Azospirilum, 5- combination of Azotobacter and Azospirilum, 6- combination of Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza, 7- combination of Azosperilum and Mycorrhiza, 8-Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Azospirilum as subplots.  

The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the plant height, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root volume, phosphorus and potassium decreased, and the percentage of valeric acid increased. The application of bio-fertilizers increased all studied traits except of the Valernic acid content.  

Based on the results of this study, with the application of bio-fertilizers, the effects of drought stress on the valerian can be modulated and it has been used in pursuit of the goals of sustainable agriculture.

Safflower is known as valuable oil plant due to its high quality of seed oil and the presence of more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Coexistence with mycorrhizal fungi increases growth, improves yield, and increases plant resistance to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coexistence with mycorrhiza on the tolerance of spring safflower cultivars at different levels of drought stress by measuring some quantitative and qualitative traits.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design at research farm of Urmia agricultural high school during 2014 with three replications. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three levels of irrigation including optimum irrigation, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress and factor B included mycorrhiza in two levels: non-inoculation (control) and inoculation with mycorrhiza species Glomus mosseae. Sub plots (factor C) consisted of five spring safflower cultivars (Padideh, Gol Mehr, Goldasht, Safheh and Mexic).

The results of variance analysis showed that Severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation reduced 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, number of head per plant, seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by about 29, 30, 33,58, 62 and 63%, respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculation increased seed yield, chlorophyll index, protein yield, 1000-seed weight and biological yield by about 14, 13, 14, 5 and 39%, respectively.

One of the best methods for improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of safflower cultivars, especially under drought stress conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Also, in all three different levels of drought stress conditions, among the cultivars studied, Padideh cultivar was superior to other cultivars for yield and this cultivar is suitable for cultivation in this area.

Due to the importance of Iranian Ox-Tongue (Echium amoenum) as one of the most important pharmaceutical products used in many pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries, this study was done for simultaneous evaluation the effect of planting date and method and different biological and chemical fertilizers on some phytochemical characteristics of Iranian Ox-Tongue in Mashhad conditions.  

A split split plots experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted in 2011-2013 growing seasons, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Two different planting dates (10 March 2011 and 4 April 2011), three different types of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers, as mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae), biosulfur, chemical fertilizer and control and two different types of planting methods (direct seeding and transplanting) assigned to main plots, sub plots and sub-sub plots, respectively.  

The results showed that the highest dry flower yield obtained in conditions of mycorrhiza application in March planting date and direct seeding. Application of mycorrhiza, biosulfur and chemical fertilizer in conditions of transplanting and March planting date increased seed yield 45, 42 and 35%, respectively. In April planting date antioxidant activity in direct seeding was more than transplanting. Application of mycorrhiza and biosulfur increased antioxidant activity 18 and 35% in direct seeding and 20 and 18% in transplanting compared to control, respectively. Mycorrhiza in April planting date increased total anthocyanin 28 and 27% in direct seeding and transplanting compared to control, respectively.  

In general, according to the results of this research, the planting method of direct seeding in March and application of ecological inputs of mycorrhiza and biosulfur is recommended to improve the yield and qualitative characteristics of Iranian Ox-Tongue.

In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation, humic acid and mycorrhiza application on morphological traits, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton, an experiment was carried out as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, Iran in 2016. Three irrigation levels (40, 70 and 100 percent of plant water requirement) were as the main plot and the combination of two mycorrhiza levels (non- application and application) and two humic acid levels (0 and 10 L. ha-1) were considered as sub-plot. The results showed that with reducing the supply of cotton water requirement from 100 to 40 percent significantly reduced plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem, seedcotton yield and biological yield by 29.6, 31.8, 48.3, 68.7 and 60.5, respectively. However, the water use efficiency for seedcotton production in the treatment of 70 percent water requirement supply was significantly higher (19.2 and 44.5%, respectively) than treatments of 100 and 40 percent water requirement supply. Also, application of mychorhiza significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem, seedcotton yield and biological yield, water use efficiency for seedcotton and biomass production by 10.9, 12.5, 30, 48, 26.8, 48.8 and 24.8%, respectively. In addition, application of 10 L. ha-1 humic acid significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem, seedcotton yield and water use efficiency for seedcotton production by 9.9, 9.4, 14.2, 23.5 and 20.7%, respectively. In general, the results showed that the use of mycorrhiza and humic acid decreases the negative effects of water deficit stress, especially in moderate stress conditions. Considering the water use efficiency and cotton yield, it is possible to consider the treatment of moderate water stress and mycorrhiza application for the cultivation of this plant in Birjand.

Since many times the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic herbs has been a special place in Iran's agricultural systems. On the other hand, ecological farming and low input systems can promote sustainable agriculture and environmental health. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of several species mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma in the rhizosphere on some of the crop characteristics of dill plant, in greenhouse conditions using. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Horticulture Department, faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. For instance the roots of two Anethum graveolens (Dill) species i.e. Tabriz local A. graveolens and Long Island of Mammoth, were treated with the inoculums provided of Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma harzianum Na-1ac and T. longibrachiatum BZ4-4) and two species of Mycorrhiza fungus (Glomus intraradices and G. versiforme). The results of this study showed that the significant incrementing effect of fungi on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll index and colonization. Also, the effects of cultivars and fungi on traits such as plant height, number of umbelle in umbelete, grain yield in each plant and number of branches in each plant were significant. Interaction of cultivar and fungus were also significant on the number of branches in each plant and grain yield in each plant and increased them. Also, the results results indicated that the percentage of colonization in G.intraradices was significantly higher than in G. versiforme. The investigation of the endophytic state of Trichoderma and the progress of the fungus in various tissues of the plant were detected only in the plant root portion of the. Also the comparing result between two genera showed significant difference in most traits and Trichoderma was better than Glomus in most of the measured traits. Finally, our results indicated that the use of Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungus in comparison with the control can be an effective tool for increasing of the growth characters and the use of Trichoderma more effectively presence a natural method to improve the growth of the plant.

In order to evaluate the effect of different bio-fertilizer on agronomical traits and photosynthesis pigments of linseed under irrigation cut-off condition a farm experiment carried out as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj university in 2017. Irrigation regimes at three levels, full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity and bio-fertilizer application at four levels as mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi+Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. Results showed that the lowest grain and oil yield (93.7 and 32.9 g.m-2) and the lowest  capsule numbers per plant, seed numbers per capsule and 1000 seed weight and also the highest seed protein percent were achieved from irrigation cut-off at  beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 comparison with non-application of bio-fertilizer increased capsule numbers per plant, grain and oil yield, and protein percent by 25.5, 26.5, 33.1 and 17.4 percent respectively. Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 under irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity increased leaf carotenoid content significantly in seed filling stage sampling. Also in full irrigation condition at beginning pooding stage sampling, Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 increased leaf chlorophyll content significantly.

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza fertilizer application on the growth and yield of linseed in intercropping with fenugreek, a field experiment was conducted at research farm of Yasouj University, agricultural college in 2017. Experimental arrangement was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 15 treatments. The experimental factors were application of biofertilizer in three levels as non- bio fertilizer application (control), application of mycorrhiza fungus Funneliformis mosseaeand Rhizophagus irregularis species and cropping system in five levels, linseed sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping and intercropping of linseed- fenugreek with ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. The results showed that the yield of linseed and fenugreek increased under the influence of mycorrhiza bio fertilizer. Also in between the cropping systems the highest grain yield of both linseed (233 g .m-2) and fenugreek plants (221.6 g.m-2) achieved from sole cropping systems. The highest seed oil percent (41.27%) of linseed was found in 1:1 ratio of linseed-Fenugreek intercropping with the application of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza fungus. Land equal ratio (LER) in all experimental intercropping system was higher than one that indicating the beneficial effects of linseed intercropping with Fenugreek compared to sole cropping of each. Based on the results, the cultivation ratio of one row of fenugreek: one row of linseed with Funneliformis mosseaemycorrhiza fungus application can be introduced.

In order to study the effect of irrigation levels (irrigation after 70, 110 and 150 mm evaporation from pan), phosphate fertilizer levels (control, 25 and 50% recommended phosphorus fertilizer) and mycorrhizal fertilizer (no application, G. mossae, G. intraradices, G. hoci and application of a mixture of mycorrhizal species) on peppermint,anSplit plot experimentlayout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Azad University of Tabriz during two years of 2017 and 2018. In this study, Dehydration of soil caused a significant reduction in growth, yield and physiological functions, while the application of a mixture of three mycorrhizal species, the total dry weight increased by 36.9%. In the first year, the use of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and mixture of mycorrhizal species increased the total dry weight and essential oil yield.In the second harvest, in the second year, the application of 50% of the recommended dose of phosphorus fertilizer and the application of a mixture of studied species increased the yield of 18.37 and 38.19 percent in essential oil yield. The application of phosphate and mycorrhizal fertilizers in irrigation treatments improved the chlorophyll index and the content of chlorophyll a and b peppermint. Application of a mixture of mycorrhizal species and reducing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer to 50% of the recommended dose can improve the growth, essential oil yield and some physiological characteristics of the plant in both conditions of irrigation and dehydration.

Anethum graveolens L. commonly known as Dill, is an annual medicinal plant.Dill seeds are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In order to investigate the effect of AMF and two plant growth promoting rhizobactria native to Ahvaz soil, on growth and flowering of Anethum graveolens L., this experiment was done based on randomized complete block design with five treatment and four replications, during the 2015-2016 in the farm of agriculture college of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The PGPRs were Entrobacter cloace R13, Entrobacter cloace R33, the Mycorrhiza was mix of three species (Glomuse mosseae, G. intraradices, G. etunicatum) that compare with chemical fertilizers (NPK) and control (no fertilizer). The result of this experiment showed significant difference in treatment (p≤0.01). Mean comparison of treatment effects showed that E. closea R13had significant effect on most of parameters. The most increase in flower number, capitol fresh weight, capitol diameter, leaf number, stem branches, had happened in this treatment, that it has no significant difference in most parameters with E.closea R33. Also the best result in leaf phosphorus and nitrogen content, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content, was obtained by PGPRs. Dill plant inoculated with E. closea R13 showed better growth and yield compare to control and chemical, but was not as weel as E. closea . The PGPRs in comparison with chemical fertilizers, had positive effects on Dill plant and increased the growth parameters and yield, and could be replace with chemical fertilizers.

In recent years, the effect of ecological inputs on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in the long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, as applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorous and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Humic substances are a group of heterogeneous molecules that are bonded together by weak forces; therefore, they have a high chemical stability. This material included of 65 to 80 percent of total soil organic matter. Humic acid influences soil fertility through its effect on the water-holding capacity of the soil. Humic acids make important contributions to soil stability and soil fertility leading to exceptional plant growth and micronutrient uptake. Mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi are other coexist microorganisms that improves soil fertility, nutrients cycling and agroecosystem health. Mycorrhizal fungi are the most abundant organisms in agricultural soils. Many researchers have pointed to the positive roles of mycorrhizal fungi on plants growth characteristics. Echium amoenum is a wild perennial herb and known in Iran as Ox-Tongue. It is one of the important medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine. Petals of Iranian Ox-Tongue have been advocated for a variety of effects such as demulcent, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, especially for common cold, anxiolytic, sedative and other psychiatric symptoms including obsession in folk medicine of Iran. Despite of many researches on the effect of organic acids and biofertilizers on different crops, information on the effects of these factors for many medicinal plants is scarce, therefore, in this study effect of eco-friendly inputs in cultivation of Echium amoenum in conditions of Mashhad was studied. In order to evaluate organic acids, plant growth rhizobacteria and different species of mycorrhiza on yield and yield components of Iranian Ox-Tongue (Echium amoenum), a split plots experiment in time based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted in 2011-2014 growing seasons, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Seven different types of soil amendments and biofertilizers concluded humic acid, fulvic acid, Nitroxin® (containing Azotobacter spp. And Azospirillum spp.), Biophosphorous® (containing Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), Biosulfur® (containing Thiobacillus spp.), Mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae), Mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), and no fertilizer as control and agronomic years (2 and 3 agronomic years) assigned to main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest dry flower yield obtained in humic acid treatment. Humic acid and fulvic acid increased seed weight per plant 38 and 25% and seed number per plant 19 and 17% compared to control, respectively. Fulvic acid, nitroxin, biophosphorous, biosulfur, mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) and mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) increased dry flower yield 27, 20, 4, 26, 30 and 28% compared to control, respectively. The highest flower and seed harvest index obtained in mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) and humic acid treatments, respectively. It seems that different species of mycorrhiza improved morphological characteristics and yield of Echium amoenum due to provide better conditions to absorption and transportation of nutrient to the plant. It has been reported that organic acids provided favorable conditions for plant growth and development through improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, therefore, it can be concluded that improvement of most of studied traits in the present study were due to use of organic acids. In general, the findings of this research showed that application of ecological inputs, while increasing yield and yield components of Iranian Ox-Tongue, can reduce dependence on chemical inputs and their environmental risks and can be used to develop sustainable agriculture and protect the health of the environment.