فهرست مطالب حمید نجات

The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment to the negative perception of stress and resilience in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. This research was a semi-experimental type with a follow-up period of 2 months. The statistical population included all elderly people with type 2 diabetes in Kish city. The statistical sample consisted of 30 people who were selected as available and 15 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 15 people in the experimental group. The experimental group received treatment based on acceptance and commitment during 8 sessions of 90 minutes, once a week. The data were collected using Cohen et al.'s Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS-14, 1997) and Conner et al.'s Resilience (CD-RISC, 2003) and were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. took The results showed that the main effect of the group for the perception of negative tension (F=151.151, P<0.05, 844) and resilience (F=12.9, P<0.05, 548) are significant; Also, in the variable of the negative perception of tension, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (F=125.6, P<0.05, 818) and in resilience, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test The test and follow-up (P<0.05, P>0.05, F=6.37) is significant (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment is effective in reducing the negative perception of tension and increasing resilience.

The current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on catastrophizing and mental well-being in people who have recovered from COVID-19. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all those who recovered from the Covid-19 disease who were discharged from Imam Reza (AS) hospital in Mashhad in the second quarter of 2021, among them there were 24 people, 12 in the control group and 12 in the control group. The experimental group was selected through an available sampling method and randomly placed in two groups. The research tools include Sullivan et al's Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS, 1995) and Keyes and Magyarmo's Subjective Wellbeing Scale (SWS, 2003), and the acceptance and commitment treatment protocol by Hayes et al. (2006) in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, twice a week as a group for the experimental group Done. Accomplished. To analyze the data, the multivariate covariance test (MANCOVA) was used. The findings of the research showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the post-test mean of catastrophizing and mental well-being in the two experimental and control groups. As a result, treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be considered an effective intervention for those who have recovered from the Covid-19 period.

Survivors involved in the grief process caused by Covid-19 experience tension in their outlook on life and behavioral problems. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of self-compassion training on the meaning of life, self-worth and impulsivity of teenagers with died parents due to Corona.

36 teenagers who experienced death of their parents from March 2018 to October 2019 due to covid-19 were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. All members of research sample completed the self-esteem questionnaires of Crocker et al. (2003), grief experience by Barrett and Scott (1989) and impulsivity by Barrett (1959) in the pre-test. After that, the people of the experimental groups underwent 12 sessions of 50 minutes, the intervention. all members of the research sample completed the mentioned questionnaires again as a post-test. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

results showed that interventions had a significant effect on improving the level of impulsivity, self-worth and the meaning of life of teenagers in the experimental group compared to the members of the control group.

findings show the importance of attention to cognitive and emotional structure of teenagers involved in the grief process. It was found that teenagers in the process of facing life's challenges may be challenged in their cognitive system towards life under the influence of these events. Treatments that deal with the reframing of people's mental structure regarding concepts such as meaning of life were useful for these teenagers.

Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as one of the invisible complications of war. Spouses of post-traumatic stress disorder veterans are considered indirect victims of war. They endure a lot of  burden of care and Pressure. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of the effect of the developed parallel process model on the burden of care for the spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 30 spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder in Torbat Heydarieh city in 1401 by simple random allocation sampling method. The collection tool was the  burden of  care questionnaire. In the test group, 6 sessions (30-40) of minutes once a week were conducted based on the structures of the parallel developed parallel process model. After collecting the data, it was analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software.

The findings showed rabies (eta = 0.69, P < 0.01). Thus, 69% of care burden changes can be related to the parallel process model developed.

Considering the effectiveness of the developed parallel process model on reducing the care burden of veterans spouses, it is suggested that managers and health practitioners use these complementary and non-pharmacological treatment methods to improve and enhance the health and performance of veterans and their family members.

The covid-19 causes a lot of distress in patients due to its prevalence and the uncertainty of the treatment result, which may even cause a person to experience trauma. Several studies have shown the role of coping styles and self-esteem in recovery from illness. However, there was a research gap in the study of the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth in patients with corona.

The aim is to prediction post-traumatic growth based on coping styles with mediated by self-esteem in recovered corona patients.

The procedure of this research was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population of this study were all recovered patients with corona disease in Sari city in the second half of 2022. We selected 250 patients (18-55 years) based on Green formula. Method of sampling was convenience. The instruments of this study were post-traumatic growth questionnaire of Tedeschi & Calhoun (1996), self-esteem Cooper Smith test (1967), coping styles Parker & Endler (1990). The collective data was analyzed by structural equation modeling and path analysis.

The results show that there ara positive and significant relationship between problem-focused coping style, negative and significant relationship between emotion-focused and avoidant- focused styles and post-traumatic growth in recovered corona patients. Also the data showed that self-esteem mediates the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth positive significantly in recovered corona patients (p<0.001).

it can be said that part of the effect coping styles on post-traumatic growth could be applied through self-esteem. Problem-focused coping style as well as self-esteem led to high post-traumatic growth in recovered corona patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of compassion therapy on blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group with a follow-up period. Among the elderly women with diabetes in region 1 of Tehran in 1400, 29 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study included a blood test, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and the Templer Death Anxiety. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test and follow-up test of experimental and control groups in terms of blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety. In other words, compassion therapy reduced blood sugar and death anxiety and increased happiness in the elderly with type 2 diabetes (p <0.001). Consistent with the findings of the present study, compassion therapy can be suggested as an effective method to improve blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly.

The experience of bereavement has a significant impact on teenagers' views on life and their behavioral problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of quality of life training and self-compassion training on the meaning of life, self-worth and impulsivity of teenagers who mourned the death of their parents due to Corona.

Among teenagers whose parents died due to corona disease, 36 teenagers were selected and randomly placed in three groups. In the pre-test, all members of the research sample completed the self-esteem questionnaires of Crocker et al. (2003), grief experience by Barrett and Scott (1989) and impulsivity by Barrett (1959). 12 training sessions were held for the members of the experimental groups. In the post-test, all members of the research sample completed the questionnaires again. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance.

The results showed that the provided interventions had a significant effect on improving the level of impulsivity, self-worth and the meaning of life of teenagers in the experimental group compared to the members of the control group. Also, by conducting follow-up tests, it has been determined that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the provided interventions in improving the research variables.

These findings indicate the importance of paying attention to the cognitive and emotional structure of adolescents involved in the mourning process. Since teenagers face challenges in the process of facing life's challenges, they face challenges in their entire cognitive system towards life, the treatments that deal with reframing the mental structure of people regarding concepts such as the meaning of life, for this Teenagers seem useful.

Abstract The corona virus epidemic was a sudden and destructive event that led to many deaths. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on catastrophizing and mental well-being in people who have recovered from COVID-19.Research The research was a two-group semi-experimental research (experimental and control) with three stages (pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up). The statistical population included all those who recovered from COVID-19 and were discharged from Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad in the first quarter of 2021. Out of this population, 30 people were selected using the convenient sampling method based on the purpose and using the inclusion criteria, and were randomly placed in two groups of 15 (experimental and control). The experimental group received ten 90-minute sessions of emotion-focused therapy, while the control group did not receive training. The research tools included Sullivan’s Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Keyes and Magyar-Moe’s Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire, which were administered to the participants in both groups in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases. Data analysis was done using repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS-22. Results showed that the mean catastrophizing scores of the experimental group compared to that of control group decreased significantly in the post-test phase (P<0.001). Also, the average mental well-being scores of the experimental group compared to that of the control group increased significantly in the post-test phase (P<0.001). These results remained stable in the follow-up phase. Based on the results, it can be concluded that emotion-focused therapy can be considered an effective intervention method in reducing catastrophizing and improving mental well-being in people who have recovered from COVID-19.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on the anxiety and loneliness of children with separation anxiety disorder.

The current research was of the type of practical and quasi-experimental designs of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all children (girls and boys) suffering from separation anxiety disorder in Sari city in the first six months of 2021. The sample of this research includes 30 people who referred to Bammad Counseling Center and Bawar Counseling Center who were selected using available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy and the control group in the list. They waited. The data were obtained using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (1997) and Asher et al.'s (1984) Loneliness Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on anxiety and loneliness in children with separation anxiety disorder, and cognitive-behavioral therapy causes more changes in anxiety in children. He was diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder and this treatment is stronger than parent-child interaction therapy in this group of patients. However, according to the average indices and the effect size obtained in the treatment of parent-child interaction, it caused more changes in loneliness in children with separation anxiety disorder, and this treatment is stronger than cognitive-behavioral therapy in this group of children with separation anxiety disorder. It was separation anxiety disorder (P<0.001).

Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety in children with separation anxiety disorder and parent-child interaction therapy can be an effective intervention method to improve the loneliness of children with separation anxiety disorder.

Drug addicts have problems in the field of self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance of drug addicts.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population was drug addicts of Mashhad city in 2019. Among the members of the community, 30 people were selected as a sample with the purposeful sampling method and were assigned to two equal groups by the simple random method with the help of lottery. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90 minutes with group dialectic behavior therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Data were collected with demographic information form, self-control questionnaire, emotional regulation scale and disturbance tolerance scale and were analyzed with chi-square tests and multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS version 23 software.

The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Group dialectic behavior therapy increased self-control (F=125.86, P<0.001) and disturbance tolerance (F=151.001, P<48) and decreased emotional regulation difficulty (P<68.001, P<0.001, F=21) drug addicts were exposed.

The results of this study showed the effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on increasing self-control and tolerance of disturbance and reducing the difficulty of emotional regulation of drug addicts. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use group dialectical behavior therapy along with other treatment methods to improve psychological characteristics.

Physical disabilities make people disable to use their body parts effectively for at least six months, disrupting the efficiency of body and challenging the physical abilities (Lucas-Carrasco et al., 2011). One of the variables affecting the mental well-being of physically disabled people is emotion. Emotion regulation involves managing emotions arising from a wide range of stressful and non-stressful situations, positively or negatively (Miranda et al., 2012). Another issue that can affect the life of physically disabled people is rumination, defined as a response to a negative mood (Calvete et al., 2021). Emotion dysregulation is common in many mental disorders and emotion regulation forms the basis of dialectical behavior therapy (Asarnow et al., 2021). Some of the issues used in this kind of treatment are behaviorchange, emotion regulation, mindfulness, and acceptance (Rizvi & Thomas, 2016). The statistics show that physically disabled people constitute a significant part of Iran’s population. These people are facing many problems in various areas, therefore; research is needed to improve their mental health and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and rumination in physically disabled people in the Welfare Organization of Mashhad, Iran.

This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all physically disabled people in the Welfare Organization of Mashhad in 2019, from which 30 were selected through convenience sampling. The participants were then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. For this study cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination scale were used as to measure the study variables. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire has been designed by Garnefski et al. (2002) to measure cognitive emotion regulation. It includes 36 items, evaluating nine different emotion regulation strategies. Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s Rumination Scale developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991), consists of two subscales of ruminative responses and distracting responses. It should be noted that only the subscale of ruminative responses was used in the present study. The ruminative responses subscale has 22 items. Dialectical behavior therapy method was performed on the experimental group for eleven weekly sessions.

The data were analyzed using SPSS-25. The results showed that Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity is significant for adaptive and non-adaptive strategies and rumination (p<0.05). Thus, the greenhouse-geyser epsilon index was used for correction. Moreover, the results of Pillai's trace test for adaptive and non-adaptive strategies and rumination are significant (p<0.05).The results showed that there is a significant difference between the scores of emotion regulation variables (adaptive strategies) and rumination in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up (p<0.05). The results related to the interaction impact between time and group show that this impact was significant for the emotion regulation variables (adaptive and non-adaptive strategies) and rumination. Therefore, there is an interaction between different levels of the groups, which indicates that 47%, 15%, and 32% of the intra-group variations can be explained by the interaction between time and group, respectively. Furthermore, the results related to intergroup impacts show that there is no significant difference between the scores of emotional regulation variables (adaptive strategies and non-adaptive strategies) and rumination in the experimental and control groups (p>0.05).

This study aimed to explore the impact of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and rumination in physically disabled people in the Welfare Organization of Mashhad. The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy led to the improvement of adaptive strategies and the reduction of non-adaptive behaviors. It is clear that physically disabled people experience all kinds of negative emotions due to their physical and motor difficulties and their resulting limitations. Moreover, dialectical behavioral therapy techniques focus on emotional dysregulation. Dialectical behavior therapy presupposes that improving skills and using them result from better emotion regulation. The goal of dialectical behavior therapy is modifying emotions towards emotional efficiency in a way that negative emotions are driven towards adaptation. Hence, the participants learned to use such dialectical behavioral therapy techniques as mindfulness and disturbance tolerance in dealing with suffering and stress. They learned not to be oversensitive to their emotions and not to use resistance and avoidance instead of positive emotion regulation strategies.In explaining the impact of dialectical behavior therapy on rumination, it can be said that in this therapy, the participants were taught not to be afraid of change and not to resist changing their negative thoughts. They were taught to pay attention to learning new skills like mindfulness to deal with their negative thoughts. Acceptance and non-judgment in dialectical behavior therapy sessions make people stop excessive conflict with their negative emotions and rumination and experience their emotions in a real way.Finally, due to the limited research sample and the selection based on the severity of the disability, intervening variables such as family and economic status were not under the control of the therapist. Looking forward, it will be important that counselors and therapists use the dialectical behavior therapy to improve emotion regulation and rumination in other societies.

Incompatible couples have many emotional, cognitive and social problems, including in the field of distress tolerance. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparison the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance of incompatible couples.

This study was a semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The research population was incompatible couples who referred to the Family Counseling Center of Torbat-e-Jam in 2019 year. The research sample was 24 couples who after reviewing the inclusion criteria were selected by purposeful sampling method and were replaced randomly with the lottery in three equal groups (8 couples in each group) including two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group with couple therapy method 8 sessions of 90 minutes underwent the emotion-focused therapy and the second experimental group with couple therapy method 10 sessions of 90 minutes underwent the acceptance and commitment therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Research tools included demographic information form, marital adjustment scale and distress tolerance scale. Data were analyzed with chi-square, univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS version 20 software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not have significantly different in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Also, both emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in compared to the control group increased the distress tolerance of incompatible couples (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the two mentioned methods in increasing the distress tolerance of incompatible couples (P>0.05).

The results showed that both methods of emotion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy increased the distress tolerance of incompatible couples and there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, health professionals and therapists can use both mentioned methods to improve distress tolerance in vulnerable groups, including incompatible couples.

AbstractAging is associated with many diseases, deficiencies and disabilities and the elderly are exposed to many problems. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of well-being therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy on the quality of sleep in the day care center for the elderly. The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a one-month follow-up phase with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included the elderly of Neshat Nursing Home in Mashhad. Among these people, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 15 people. The experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes of well-being therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy and no action was taken for the control group. Data collection tools included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. SPSS software version 22 and mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of 0.05 were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that well-being therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on improving the quality of sleep of the elderly in the post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.001). There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two groups (P <0.05). According to the results, well-being therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can be used to improve the quality of sleep in the elderly.

Loneliness and death anxiety are two basic psychological problems experienced by the elderly, and well-being therapy is an intervention that can be effective in this case. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of well-being therapy on loneliness and death anxiety in the elderly.
This was applied research conducted as quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group.The statistical population of the study included all elderly people aged 65 to 85 years living in Neshat daily nursing home in Mashhad, 30 of whom were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The members of the experimental group participated in the weekly well-being therapy sessions and no intervention was done in the case of the control group. The Russell, Pilau, and Ferguson (1978) Loneliness Scale and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970) were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 and two-way repeated measures ANOVA.
The findings showed that the comparison of the adjusted means of loneliness and death anxiety scores in the post-test and follow-up stages increased compared to the pre-test stage.The interactive effect of time × group on the loneliness component (p=0.0001, F=124.70) and on the death anxiety component (p=0.0001, F=119.70) was significant at the level of 0.01.
Well-being therapy can significantly reduce feelings of loneliness and death anxiety in the elderly as a non-pharmacological treatment.

In general, divorce is the most common destructive consequence of conflict, and the high rate of divorce in Western countries confirms it, so that its prevalence reaches more than 50% (5). Various factors are influential in divorce, one of them is schemas. A schema is an abstract representation of the distinctive features and salient elements of an event. Many primary schemas are formed early in life and confirm themselves in later life experiences, even if they are no longer applicable (8). But one of the variables that is related to the pathology of marital relations is cognitive flexibility (13). Cognitive flexibility is a person's assessment of the controllability of the situation, which changes in different situations (13). Cognitive flexibility enables a person to deal effectively with pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues. Flexibility means abilities such as changing a person's perspective or adapting to rules, demands and new environmental conditions (14). Considering the above contents and the negative impact of divorce on personal and social life on the one hand and because the effect of three variables of cognitive flexibility, primary maladaptive schemas and emotional regulation have not been analyzed together in predicting the tendency to divorce, also specifying the variables Related to divorce, in order to prevent this social problem, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether the divorce tendency score can be predicted based on cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and initial incompatible schemas in Iranian couples living in Iran and Canada?

The current research is practical and of the correlational type, and to do it, 250 couples (140 couples living in Iran and 110 Iranian couples living in Canada) were selected from among the Iranian couples who were inside Iran and Canada and 5 years had passed since their marriage. The condition of having the conditions to enter the research (having at least 5 years of cohabitation among couples living in Iran and couples living in Canada, having at least 3 years of living experience among couples living in Canada and informed consent to participate in the research) by available sampling method were selected as samples. Also, the criteria for withdrawing from the research were unwillingness to continue participating in the research and undergoing psychiatric or psychotherapy treatment. Couples living in Iran, men or women, living in areas 9, 10, and 11 of Mashhad Municipality and couples living in Canada were among the people who referred (men or women) to financial advisors in Toronto in the summer, fall, and winter of 2017 (from July 2018 to March 2019). . Then, all the subjects were asked the Johnson and Morrow (1986) Divorce Propensity Questionnaires, Young (1990) (short form, third edition, 90 items), Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation (Gross and John, 2003) completed. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kalmogorov Smirnov test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression at the first type error level of 0.05 and SPSS software version 21 were used for statistical analysis of the data.

Based on the results obtained from Table 1, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. According to Table 2, the standard regression coefficient (beta) for self-directedness is 0.500, impaired performance is 0.713, cutting and rejection is 0.816, impaired limitation is 0.231. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variables of self-management and impaired functioning, other orientation, cut and rejection, the impaired limitation predicts the tendency to divorce is positive and significant. Based on the results obtained from Table 3, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. Based on Table 4, it is clear that the standard regression coefficient (beta) for cognitive flexibility is -0.280, self-management and impaired performance is 0.251. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variable of self-management and impaired performance, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is positive and significant, and for the variable of cognitive flexibility, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is negative and significant.

According to the results of the present study, cognitive flexibility and self-management and dysfunctional performance were able to predict the divorce tendency score in couples living in Canada, it can be concluded that family communication patterns, motivational structure and psychological flexibility were the factors affecting the emotional divorce of spouses. . Therefore, the results of the present study can be used to prevent couples from divorcing. Also, the results indicated that there was a negative and inverse relationship between emotion regulation and the tendency to divorce. In marital conflicts, revenge and spite had given place to compatibility; They regulated their negative emotions and responded positively. People with emotional instability and impulsivity were considered undesirable spouses, while people with stability and open and expressive emotions had happier relationships. In this way, it is clear that emotion regulation is an important principle in determining the quality of the relationship. In the life of most couples, there are differences, but how to manage these emotional impulses is important. Relationships serve as the primary developmental context for the successful acquisition of emotion regulation skills. Conversely, emotion regulation skills are a prerequisite for full engagement in social relationships. People who enter adulthood and married life without these skills face problems (31). The results of the correlation test showed that there was a relationship between the initial incompatible schemas and the tendency to divorce. To clarify this result, it can be said that the increase of these schemas was associated with the increase of divorce. With the increase in the presence of primary incompatible schemas, marital satisfaction and intimacy decreased. According to Yang and Brown (2005), early maladaptive schemas are self-damaging emotional and cognitive patterns that are the result of not meeting basic needs in the child's primary environment in relation to parents and are repeated throughout life and affect the interpretation of experiences and Relationships with others are affected (33). Because incompatible schemas are ineffective, they lead to dissatisfaction and lack of intimacy in marital relationships and provide the basis for separation, and that is why divorce occurs. According to Yang, those whose schemas are placed in the field of rejection and exclusion cannot establish a safe and satisfying relationship with others and believe that they do not need stability, security, love and belonging (34).

Anxiety disorders have significant negative effects on academic performance, relationships with peers and family functioning of children. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder.

The present study was an applied and quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study included all children (girls and boys) with separation anxiety disorder in Sari during the first six months of 2021. The sample consisted of 30 patients referred to Bamdad Counseling Center and Bauer Counseling Center who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy and control group were placed on the waiting list. Data were obtained using strauss parent-child conflict questionnaire (1990), Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (1997). Data were analyzed using repeated variance analysis and SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder (F= 14.09, P>0.001) and parent-child interaction therapy had a greater impact on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder (P<0.001).

Therefore, it can be concluded that parent-child interaction therapy can be an effective intervention method for improving parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder.

Addiction as a common and multifactorial disease is a debilitating disorder that is rooted in the pharmacological effect of drugs, and notorious addicts are known to be those who escape treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was determine the effect group schema therapy on self-control and emotion regulation of notorious addicts. This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with an experimental and control groups. The research population was all notorious addicts of Mashhad city in 2020 year, which among them number of 30 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and randomly with lottery assigned into two equal groups (each group 15 people). The experimental group trained 12 sessions of 90 minutes (on sessions peer week) with group schema therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research tools were demographic information form, self-control questionnaire (Tangney et al, 2004) and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). Data were analyzed with tests of chi-square and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23 software. The findings of present research showed that the experimental and control groups did not significant difference in terms of education level and age range (P>0.05). Also, the group schema therapy led to increase self-control and decrease difficulties in emotion regulation difficulty of notorious addicts of experimental group in compare with control group (P<0.001). The results of this study indicated the effect of group schema therapy on increasing self-control and reducing difficulties in emotion regulation of notorious addicts. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use group schema therapy along with other treatment methods to improve psychological characteristics.

People with physical-motor disabilities face different emotions due to special conditions during life. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on distress tolerance and emotional regulation in physical-motor disabled people.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all physically disabled people aged twenty to fifty years old who had a rehabilitation record in 2019 in the welfare of Mashhad, where fifteen people were selected and randomly assigned for each experimental and control group by available sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both groups completed the distress tolerance and emotion regulation questionnaire as the pre-test. The experimental group was trained in eleven sessions of sixty minutes according to the protocol of emotional schema therapy (Leahy 2015), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS25 by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed a significant difference between the scores of distress tolerance and emotional regulation in the experimental group in comparsion to control in the post-test stage. (P<0.05) Therefore emotional schema therapy was effective on distress tolerance and emotional regulation variables.

The results indicate that emotional schema therapy could be effective in increasing distress tolerance and improving emotional regulation.

Controlling blood sugar and improving happiness and death anxiety can help the well-being of the elderly with type 2 diabetes, but there is a research gap in this field. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Logo therapy on blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group with a follow-up test period. Among the elderly women with diabetes in region 1 of Tehran in 1400, 29 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study included a blood test, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and the Templer Death Anxiety. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test and follow-up test of experimental and control groups in terms of blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety. In other words, treatment significantly reduced blood sugar and death anxiety and increased happiness in the elderly with type 2 diabetes (p <0.001).

Consistent with the findings of the present study, Logo therapy can be suggested as an effective method to improve blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly.

Satisfactory marital relationships are an effective tool for creating positive outcomes including physical and mental health in couples and other family members and strength. This study was done to investigate the relationship between love-making style and sexual assertiveness with marriage stability, by the mediating role of emotional intelligence. The method of research was descriptive-correlation with path analysis, and the sampling method was nonrandom and regional/quota sampling. Its statistical population was 753030 married men and women in Mashhad in 2018 (districts 1, 2, 9, and 11 of the municipality) and the sample was 384 married men and women who voluntarily participated in the study after receiving a recall SMS. Applied tools for gathering data were: Marital Instability Index (Edwards, Johnson & Booth, 1983), Sternberg Love Style Scale (Sternberg R.J. 1986), Hulbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness (Hulbert, 1992), Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Inventory (90-Item)( Bar-On, 1998). Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis, and Bootstrap method were used in statistical analysis by using SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 software. The results showed that marriage stability is predictable based on love-making style and sexual assertiveness by mediating the role of emotional intelligence (P<0.05). Therefore, in couple therapy and family therapy, the relationship between the stability of marital relationships with the mentioned variables is significant.

Aging is associated with many diseases, deficiencies and disabilities and the elderly are exposed to many problems. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of well-being therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy on the feeling of loneliness in the day care center for the elderly.

The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a one-month follow-up phase with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included the elderly of Neshat Nursing Home in Mashhad. Among these people, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 15 people. The experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes of well-being therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy and no action was taken for the control group. Data collection tools included a loneliness questionnaire. SPSS software version 22 and mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of 0.05 were used to analyze the research data.

The results showed that well-being therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on reducing the loneliness of the elderly in the post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.001). But there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two groups (P <0.05).

According to the results, well-being therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can be used to improve the feeling of loneliness in the elderly.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating (consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, for example, less than two hours, on average once a week for the past three months) without regular use of disproportionate weight control compensatory behaviors. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of interpersonal group therapy on psychological well-being in women with bulimia nervosa.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up test. 30 research samples were selected from the community of women suffering from bulimia nervosa who referred to the Iranian Bulimia Association in Tehran in October and November 2018 and were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The required findings were collected using the psychological well-being questionnaire (Ryff et al., 1989) in three times: pre-test, post-test and follow-up test, and using variance analysis with repeated measurements. Was analyzed.

The results showed that interpersonal group therapy is effective in improving the psychological well-being of bulimia nervosa patients (p≥0.005). Bonferroni test showed that this effect is stable over time.

Considering the effectiveness of interpersonal group therapy on psychological well-being, it is suggested to use interpersonal group therapy for women with bulimia nervosa.

Objective :

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training to reduce perceived stress and increase self-efficacy and improve sleep quality in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

 The present study was an applied study and its method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population was all elderly people aged 65 years and older with type 2 diabetes living in Kish Island in the year 1400. Thirty of them were selected as a sample group by purposive sampling and then were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.
Then, the experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of emotion regulation training and in three stages of pre-test-post-test and follow-up through Cohen et al. (2004) Perceived Stress Scale. Scherer et al. (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire and Pittsburgh (1989) sleep quality questionnaire were evaluated. Data analysis was performed by repeated measures analysis using SPSS software v. 26.

Results :

results showed that the interactive effect of time×group on perceived stress (P=0.001, F=42.02), on self-efficacy (P=0.001, F=81.845) And on the quality of sleep of the elderly (P=0.001, F=5.410) is significant at a significant level (P<0.01) and the effect of intervention leads to a reduction in stress, and increase self-efficacy and sleep quality in experimental group.

Conclusion:

 Based on the findings of this study, emotion regulation training can be used to reduce perceived stress and improve self-efficacy and sleep quality in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of combining contextual and structural family therapies on cohesion and coping strategies of couples with marital dissatisfaction.

This ‎experimental ‎research study utilized a pretest-‎posttest and two-month follow-‎up, with ‎control group design. The research population consisted of all couples with marital dissatisfaction who referred to family counseling centers in city of Birjand during the first 6 months of 2019. Furthermore, 20 couples with marital dissatisfaction were selected as the participants of the study using convenience and purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups (10 couples in each group). The experimental group received the treatment for ten 90-minute weekly ‎sessions and the control group received no intervention during this time. The research instruments included the Lazarus and Folkman (1988) Coping Strategies Questionnaire and The Olson, Portner and Levy (1996) Cohesion Questionnaire, which were administered to the participants in the pretest, post-test and follow-up. To analyze the data, repeated-measures ‎ANOVA‎ was used.

The research findings demonstrated that the combination of contextual and structural family therapies was effective regarding cohesion and coping strategies of couples with marital unsatisfaction. It should be noted that the persistence of the treatment effect was maintained after two months (p<0.05).

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the combination of contextual and structural family therapies increased cohesion and problem-oriented coping strategies of maladjusted couples in the experimental group, compared to the control group.

Numerous studies have shown that self-efficacy and perfectionism are associated with academic procrastination; But research that has developed a model for predicting academic procrastination based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: the mediating role of the achievement emotions has been overlooked.

The aim ot this study was to develop a predictive model of Academic procrastination modeling based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: The mediating role of achievement emotions

The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population was all Twelfth grade male students in Mashhad in the academic year 2020-21. Out of 1200 people, A total of 290 individuals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included the Solomon and Rothblum (1984) Academic Procrastination Questionnaire, the Packran et al. (2007) Emotions Progress Questionnaire, the Kobori Perfectionists (2006) and Self- Efficacy dimensions Questionnaire of Muris. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and path analysis in SPSS-22 & AMOS-24.

The results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between social self-efficacy, individual standards and positive achievement emotions with academic procrastination (P<0.05). There was also a positive relationship between excessive worry about mistakes and negative progress emotions with academic procrastination (P<0.05). The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fits appropriately, and that social self-efficacy, both directly and achievement emotions (positive & negative); and excessive worry about mistakes, could indirectly academic procrastination through achievement emotions (positive & negative).

social self-efficacy and perfectionism along with other factors, such as achievement emotions play a key role in academic procrastination and the need to pay attention to these factors is essential in prevention programs.