فهرست مطالب منصور جعفربیگلو

Today, even the simplest human activities, such as walking, can have destructive consequences. Human movement on the earth may be done for economic, tourism, military purposes, etc. However, these movements lead to the trampling of the land and have consequences such as changes in the abundance and richness of vegetation, increase in runoff and soil density, and changes in erosion. In addition, the surface of the landforms is disturbed and with a sharp decrease in the threshold of shear speed, their vulnerability to wind erosion increases dramatically. Determining the sensitivity of landforms requires accurate tools, time and a lot of money, while the use of photography in monitoring the amount of changes in landforms can save time and money. The research that has been done so far in relation to trampling is generally based on two approaches. The first approach is the experimental method, that is, small undisturbed parts are selected in the study area and trampled according to the requirements of the experiment. The second method involves making long-term observations of the tracks that have been trodden. Chale Masileh is a part of the desert areas of the country, which is trampled by humans for various reasons. Economic activities such as harvesting potassium, magnesium and other materials from the bed of the salt lake, tourist areas such as Maranjab in the south of the region and military activities and holding large military maneuvers are among them. However, there is still no detailed information about the areas sensitive to trampling. Therefore, the current research tries to investigate the sensitivity of different desert landforms to trampling using a low-cost and fast method because in order to use and manage desert areas, it is necessary to understand the sensitivity of landforms.

The studied area mainly includes Mesila pit. The geographic coordinates of the salt lake as an index point in this hole are 30°34° north latitude and 50°51° east longitude. In this research, various materials, data and tools have been used in different stages of the research. The geomorphological map of the study area, and field data were collected in field operations using camera, tripod, GPS and plot. ArcMap, SNAP software were used to prepare the data, and Python 3.10 programming environment was used to run the model and draw graphs and outputs. 13 landforms were selected in different positions of the region. In the next step, an undisturbed area in the landform was selected and photographed, then trampled with 25 passes and a second photograph was taken. After recording the images by entering fourteen features for each pixel, the data was prepared to participate/to be applied in the model implementation. In the implementation of the model, 75% of the pixels were used as training data and the remaining 25% as test data. The ratio of changed pixels to unchanged pixels was considered as the change rate.

Evaluation of model efficiency using model relative performance characteristic curves (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) shows that the values of 0.99 to 0.88 indicate the very good efficiency of the model in all samples. The RMSE value for the samples shows that in all the samples the mean square error value is less than 0.5, which confirms the good accuracy of the model in predicting the changed pixels. In addition, the average percentage of accuracy for samples using -k10 shows that the accuracy of the model in each sample is more than 80%. The importance of the image texture features in predicting the changed values in the photographed samples shows that in most samples the feature of the local standard deviation of the image of dissimilarity was the most important factor

Determining the sensitivity of the landforms of desert areas to human trampling is important for the management of these areas. To achieve this purpose, it is very useful to use low-cost, fast and accurate methods such as taking pictures and using machine learning algorithms. This study shows that the XGboost model and the photography method can measure the amount of landform changes with an accuracy of over 90%. These changes are determined according to the texture of the images and do not measure changes in height or soil density. However, it determines the number of changed pixels even when it is barely visible to the eye. On the other hand, the results of this method are the result of the influence of all effective variables such as slope, humidity, roughness, etc. While changes in altitude or density can be affected by one of the mentioned factors. The changes in different landforms based on the results of the model show that the least change is in the plowed land, which consists of very hard mud and salt. The surface of this landform is naturally very messy and uneven. The changes in the comparison of the two photos before and after trampling in this sample are hardly visible. The changed areas mostly correspond to the microslopes and small peaks that have been subjected to the most pressure in each pass. The amount of changes in the landform of sandy surfaces with a small amount of vegetation is 85%, which shows the most/highest changes among the samples. The key feature of this landform is the separation of land surface materials and vegetation.

Identifying the factors affecting landslides occurrence in an area and zoning its hazard is one of the basic measures to achieve solutions to control this phenomenon and reduce its environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to determine the areas sensitive to the possibility of landslides occurrence in the Kolur region (Khalkhal County). In this regard, 9 factors affecting the landslides occurrence in the region including lithology, elevation, slope, slope direction, land use, faults, road construction, drainage network and precipitation were identified and used. Then, to determine the vulnerable areas, the hybrid models of conditional probabilities (Bayes' theorem) and network analysis process (ANP) were used. As for landslides occurrence, the results showed that about 28.69% and 25.40% of the study area had a very high risk, about 21.57% of the study area had a moderate risk, and finally about 14.21 and 13.10% of the study area had a low and a very low risk, respectively. Therefore, 65% of the Kolur region had a high and a very high risk of landslides. The main reason was due to the high slope and the presence of marl calcareous formations.  According to the obtained results and the relationship between the area of hazardous zones and the percentage of landslide with R2 more than 0.93, the accuracy of landslide hazard zoning map in the study area was confirmed at a good level. Therefore, the results of the combined Bayes' theorem-ANP model were suitable for landslide risk zoning in this type of areas, and the resulting map can be used as a valuable tool in environmental planning and reducing landslide occurrence costs.

In recent years, population growth in the Kabul urban basin of Afghanistan has led to the development of large parts of residential areas towards flood-prone areas. In order to reduce the risks of floods in Kabul basin, in this study, flood prone areas have been evaluated and also the trend of temporal and spatial changes in residential areas of Kabul to flood areas. In order to achieve the desired goals of Landsat satellite images with a spatial resolution of 15 to 30 meters during the years 1990 to 2020, a digital model of 12.5 meters altitude prepared from the USGS site, geological maps and climatic information of the region Used as primary research data. Important research tools included ArcGIS software (for mapping and spatial data analysis) and IDRISI (for land use change analysis), as well as integrated models used in the research. Fuzzy logic - AHP and LCM model. This research has been done in two general stages. In the first stage, flood prone areas have been identified by considering the effective information layer and in the second stage, the development trend of residential areas towards flood areas during the last 30 years has been evaluated. The results showed that Kabul city has a high flood potential so that 495 square kilometers (36%) of the urban area and suburbs of Kabul has a high and very high flood potential, which mainly includes the western, eastern and southeastern regions of Kabul. Also, the results of assessing the progress of residential areas towards flood-prone areas indicate that 84 square kilometers (24.5%) of Kabul urban area is exposed to floods, which is due to maintaining the current development trend of the city until 2050. Will increase to 96.1 square kilometers (27.9%). The results of this study can be effective in order to manage environmental risk in the study area.

Floods are one of the most important hazards that always cause a lot of damage to urban areas. One of the cities exposed to floods is Noorabad city in Lorestan province. Accordingly, this study has identified flooded areas as well as flood-prone areas in the urban area of Noorabad. In this study, in order to identify flooded areas and areas prone to floods, a digital model of 5 m height, 1: 50,000 topographic map, Sentinel radar images, information about Dubai and river roughness coefficient have been used as research data. ARCGIS, HEC-RAS and SNAP software are also considered as research tools. This research has been done in 4 stages, which in the first and second stages have been determined by using Sentinel 1 radar images and field visits, respectively, in the flooded areas in April 2009. In the third stage, using the HEA-RAS method, the flood-prone areas of the region have been identified and in the fourth stage, the obtained results have been compared and evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the flooded areas using radar images and field visits indicate that due to the floods in April 2019, 0.562 and 1.212 km2 of the urban area, respectively, have been flooded. The results of the HEC-RAS method also indicate that 1.542 km2 of the urban area of Noorabad is at risk of flooding with a 100-year return period. Evaluation and comparison of the results obtained through different methods indicate that the obtained results are consistent with each other. In fact, the areas identified in the field visits as flooded areas are also identified in the radar images as flooded areas. Based on the results of the HEC-RAS method, these areas are considered to be flood-prone areas.

Flooding is a natural phenomenon that human societies have accepted as an inevitable event, but the occurrence, magnitude, and the frequency of the flood are affected by many factors that vary depending on the climatic, natural and geographical conditions of each region. International UN surveys suggest that floods should regarded as one of the most serious natural disasters, and that only a few countries in the world are free from flood and flood issues. Due to the type of rainfall and geomorphological status of catchments in Iran, most of the regions and cities are exposed to floods. Some cities are more at risk because of their location. Poor growth in planning, population density, poor infrastructure, deforestation, etc. are among the factors that increase the likelihood of disaster. Badavard River basin in Lorestan province due to geomorphological and physiographic situation of the basin and having high rainfall (average more than 2 mm/year) has great potential for flooding, Accordingly, one of the cities that are subject to geomorphological hazards, including flood hazards, is Nurabad city in the Nurabad county which has undergone significant physical development in recent years. There are many settlements, especially in the southern areas of the city, and due to the morphology of the area it is anticipated that in recent years the development trend will be towards the southern areas as well as the river margins of the city.2. Study AreaNurabad city is surrounded by Selseleh, Doreh and Kuhdasht cities in Lorestan province, Shirvan and Chardavol in Ilam province, Kermanshah, Harsin, Sahneh and Kangavar in Kermanshah province and Nahavand in Hamadan province. Nurabad city is located between an altitude of about 1000 meters to 3500 meters above sea level and in terms of geomorphology, the main landscape of the area is a mountain unit. In terms of climate, the city has cold and snowy winters and almost mild summers.

In this study, descriptive-analytical method and software were used to identify flood-prone areas and to evaluate the development of residential areas. The data used include the DEM 30 m, various layers of information provided by the organizations and satellite imagery of the study area. The tools used include ARCGIS, ENVI and IDRISI software. The method used in this study had two stages. In the first stage, WLC and AHP models were used to identify flood-prone areas, as well as the four criteria of river distance, lithology, land use type, elevation, slope and slope direction which has been selected based on the opinion of experts and according to the characteristics of the region. Secondly, in order to evaluate land use change trends and the development of residential areas towards flood zones in the study basin, land use maps were prepared from 1990 to 2019. In the third stage, LCM (Land Change Modeler) model was used to review and analyze the changes and to evaluate the process of land use change and development of residential areas towards flood-prone areas.

In this study, WLC and AHP models were used to identify flood prone areas. The results indicate that many sections of the study area are within the range and risk of flooding. In fact, according to the parameters considered, the final map of flood-prone areas has been prepared and the final map was divided into 5 classes. According to the map, the class of very high is mainly comprised of adjacent river areas, low slope and low altitude areas. This class, with an area of 76.1 km2, covers about 12.3 percent of the basin. The high-potential class also consists mainly of the middle parts of the basin and the areas adjacent to the rivers, and has low elevation and slope. This class, with an area of 145.8 km2, comprises 23.5 percent of the basin. The mean class covers a large part of the basin, so that with an area of 251.8 km 2comprises 40.7 percent of the basin, which mainly consists of low height, gentle-slope areas that are away from the river. The class of low potential has an area of 108.7 km2, comprising 1.5 percent of the basin. The class mainly consists of foothills and the areas far from rivers. In addition, the high-potential class, with a surface area of 37 km2, covers about 5.97 percent of the catchment area, including areas with high elevation and slope as well as offshore areas.

The results of the present study indicate that the city of Nurabad has a high potential for flooding. Given that residential areas such as Nurabad are located in high flood potential classes, attention to these areas and preventive measures is essential. In this regard, the evaluation of land use changes in the study area indicates that in accordance with the increasing trend of population, residential land use has also undergone significant changes. The results of the evaluation of the process of development of residential areas indicate that the land use area was about 2.94 km2 in 1990 year. This has increased to 3.68 km2 in year 2000, to 5.34 km2 in year 2010 and to 6.36 km2 in year 2019. Evaluation of the calculations shows that among the land uses of the study area that have become residential land use, there is a 0/23 km2 orchard, a 3.9 km2 agricultural land use and also a 1.1 km2 pastures and lands are barren lands. In light of the above, in recent years, the trend of residential areas in the city of Nuabad has been moving towards flood-prone areas.

river erosion is always one of the main factors in the risk of energy transmission lines and oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, using the Pipeline Risk Screening Matrix (PRSM) and the ANP model, stream pipelines in the Iran gas trunk – line 9 (IGAT 9), in the province of Khuzestan with a length of 170 km were investigated. For this purpose, using the ANP model, four main categories of criteria were included: the criteria "pipeline situation to the streams", "Hydrogeomorphology", "geomorphology" and "other environmental factors", with 36 sub-criteria, then using the PRSM model and the questionnaire were sub-criteria scoring in the Super decision software, as well as a pipeline hazard risk classification map. The results showed that the "pipeline situation to the streams" criterion has the highest risk and response to pipeline hazards among the four criteria. The most important sub-criteria with the highest risk profile are construction method, mountain, drainage and geology. Risk map is also in the range of Shushtar and km 150+ to 170+ in east of Dezful. The 9th gas pipeline has the highest risk situation and increased stream and rivers response in mountain geomorphology unit.

River morphology is one of the main factors to control the geometric shape of river sediments which is determined by two parameters of braiding and sinuosity (Rust, 1977: 187). Sinuosity or sinuosity ratio represents how much curved a channel is (Charlton, 2007: 138) and braiding parameter represents the number of braids or bars in any wave length of meander. According to these two parameters, rivers are divided into four groups: straight, braided, meandering and anastomosing (Mousavi Herami, 1991: 261-263). There are differences in texture and size of sediments deposited in the channel, braided bars and point bars (Mousavi Herami, 1991: 264). The purpose of this research is to compare sediments from different forms of straight, braided and meandering channel in order to determine the changes of sediment size and texture in: different parts of an individual bar, among bars of three channel forms and between selected locations in upstream and downstream of river.

The study area is in Abdanan county which is located in Ilam province in the west of Iran on its most important stream which is Abdanan river. At the beginning, two appropriate locations of Abdanan river at the upstream (Posht-qaleh) and downstream (Hezarani) parts of this river were chosen after considering items such as topography, geology map and google earth images and also GIS software. Afterwards on each bar (braided or point) 4 points were chosen for sampling. Then, half a kilogram sediment sample was obtained from each point and after encoding, these samples transferred to the laboratory and granulometry analysis was carried out on the samples. Grains categories and their weight percent obtained using the granulometric analysis and necessary graphs were plotted by Excel and Gradistate. In the next step Statistical parameters such as mean (MZ), sorting (Iσ), skewness (SKI), Kurtosis (K) were calculated and the results were represented in phi unit.

The upstream sediments of river are mostly classified in gravel, sandy gravel and muddy sandy gravel on triangular diagram of Folk (1954), but the downstream samples include sand and muddy sand sediments. Histogram of samples represents some modes on medium and very coarse sand size but the mode on gravel is predominant in all of samples. The latter point shows that samples are poorly sorted and have polygenetic origin. Breaks on cumulative plots represent the different groups of grain sizes which were moving in different mechanisms from suspension to traction. The percentage of coarse grains is high in most samples; and plots are parabolic. This represents the changes of energy in environment. Calculating the statistical parameters such as mean, sorting, kurtosis, skewness using graphical method of Folk and Ward (1957) showed that upstream and riverside parts of the braided channels underwent one-sided washing, so that their sorting is higher and percentage of coarser grains is more than downstream part of these channels which experienced washing from both sides. In the meander bars, sedimentological characteristics of sediments are close to a normal pattern of a meander. The difference, however, is that a newly formed river crossed the flood plain and reduced the sorting of sediments, so that the sedimentological characteristics of these sediments in downstream meander is similar to braided pattern. contrary to what expected, sorting decreases in the straight channels, due to gravels shed from sub-branches and slopes

the differences seen sedimentological characteristics of the samples are due to the role of branches of main stream, periodic floods of Abdanan river and sediment-shedding from channel slopes that has changed the texture and size of sediments. These changes in the samples which were obtained from Hezarani location in the meandering channel are due to development of river sub-branches and in the straight channel are because of sediments resulting from channel slopes. generally speaking, sediment texture and size at upstream (Posht-qale) vary from well to moderate sorted gravel in the north to poorly sorted sand in the south but this pattern is not seen in sediment texture and size at downstream (Hezarani) location where effects of river branches and floods are illustrated by increasing gravel and irregularity of sediment pattern.

Introduction The faults of the northern section of Qom-Zafreh fault system with right-lateral right-angled movements, along with its often reversed components, also comprise the northern parts of the central Iran's zone. In this research, seismic potential and tectonic stresses of this fault system are investigated based on geomorphometric and morphotectonic methods. Field data and morphotectonic evidence in the area have been used to adapt the data. To this end, the measurement of some geomorphic indices and their adaptation to the location of the main faults were used. These indicators, which are most widely used in the tectonics and neotectonic evaluation studies, are: First category (level-level indicators). Second category) Indices related to the catchment basin dynamics. On the one hand, the characteristics of the mentioned indices are, on the one hand, their sensitivity to the movements of sliding and steady-state faults and, on the other hand, the reason for the predominance of deformed phenomena in relation to the erosion phenomena in the region. To calculate geomorphic indices in 18 sub-basins in the study area, the TecDEM extension program was also used. The initial results indicate the high tectonic activity near the main faults of the northern part of the Qom-Zafare zone such as Bidadeh fault, Qom fault, Kashan fault, and .... These findings are consistent with landforms and are consistent with tectonic practices existing at the region. Materials and methods In this research, the seismic potential and tectonic activity of the northern section of the Qom-Zafare fault system have been evaluated using geomorphometric and morphotectonic methods in the sub-basins of the study area. In order to investigate the tectonic activity, the study area was divided into 18 sub-basins. Then, to measure and evaluate the tectonic activities of the study area, measurements of geomorphic indices and their adaptation to the location of the main faults were used. In order to calculate the geomorphic indices of the study area, they were classified into two general categories: 1) Dynamic indicators of the surface which are: longitudinal gradient (SL), sine wave of the mountain front (Smf) and valley width to valley height ( Vf). 2) Dynamic catchment indicators of the catchment area that are as follows: drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi) and drainage basin shape (Bs). To improve and improve the quality of measuring the tectonic and neotectonic indices, the computational capability of the TecDEM software, which is an add-on, is used in the Matlab software environment. After extraction, the results of the geomorphic indices were separated into ArcGIS environment by separate study basins of each study area and then the tectonic activity index (Iat) was obtained. Based on the obtained values from the active land development index (IAT), the five study areas were very active, active, moderate, and low activity and very low activity. Results and discussion The study area includes the northern section of Qom-Zefreh fault zone, which includes a large part of the Qom province. This zone extends from the east and south-east to the Central Iran zone and from the north to the Alborz zone and from the west and southwest to Sanandaj Zone of Garrison. In general, there are active tectonic processes and seismic faults in the northwest-southeastern region. Measurements and investigation of the evidence of the activity of faults in quaternary sediments indicate the change in the process of these faults and cause the alteration of these faults to be generally right-angled, although the left-handed movements in some of the secondary or non-essential faults are due to Their orientation is seen in relation to the main stress (Morley et al., 2009; Orang et al., 1393; Pourkermani et al., 2012; Eliaszadeh et al., 2012). Conclusion In order to conclude and evaluate the seismic potential and tectonic activity in this part of the Qom-Zefref fault zone, these indicators are divided into two general categories: dynamic and dynamic indicators of catchment basins, then by the relative activity index Iat They were classified into three categories (Table 1). Finally, by integrating the Iat index layer and other information layers, including the deformation of the main faults and the intensity of seismic centers in the ArcMap10.3 software environment, based on seismicity and tectonic activity, five classes: very low, low, moderate, high And were classified very much and the seismic potential zonation map and tectonic activities of the study area were extracted. In this research, for the first time, geomorphic indices for zoning seismicity and tectonic activities in terms of the relative tectonic activity index of Iat, in contrast to other studies using only geological parameters (lithology), are used.

Recently, the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) model has been widely employed for estimation of watershed response to rainfall. This model is based on the convolution integral of the effective rainfall by the ordinates of IUH product. In this study, the effective rainfall has been estimated using morphometric characteristics of Kashkan watershed, simulation of daily rainfall-runoff by GIUH model and four modified Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) models. The effect of temporal variations of and initial abstraction ratio () have been also investigated as a function of rainfall depth (P) in the SCS-CN models. The results of the proposed integrated models (GIUH and the modified SCS-CN models) were investigated using the percentages of errors correspond to; peak flow estimation (%), arrival time to the peak flow () and the runoff volume (%) for three periods of drought, normal, and wet for the fixed- and varied-parameter conditions. The results showed that the variations of CN and λ parameters proportion to the rainfall depth in SCS-CN model are more effective than the fixed-parametes of the SCS-CN model, . Additionally, the odified forms of SCS-CN models are more efficient that original form (i.e. keeping constant of equal to 0.2). The results of this study indicates the necessity of employing the modified forms of SCS-CN model and considering the temporal variations of CN and λ parameters for calculation of effective rainfall as an input parameter of rainfall-runoff models, especially in watersheds undergoing human impacts.

Back ground and objective: The 22nd district of Tehran in northwestern is subjected to earthquakes risk; a population more than 128000 people, crossing the north fault from its north area and also recent development and constructions, especially tall buildings, increase the risk. The objective of this study is to assess the physical vulnerability of the 9 main criteria along with its sub-criteria in the region, and then estimate the population of the region, and finally analyze the risks in the region according to the global risk assessment formula (risk × vulnerability × population) (UNISDR, 2009). In this study the AHP hierarchical model have used to prepare the earthquake risk map, and also a questionnaire have made in order to use urban planners, structure engineers and seismologists point of views, and Expert choice software is also used measure the final weights of criteria and sub criteria. Then, by using the available pre-prepared earthquake risk analysis (PGA) map (by Dr. Mehdi Zare) ,preparing a population density map and an earthquake hazard map for the study area, and multiplying them to the physical vulnerability map in GIS software, the earthquake risk for Tehran’s northwest district (district No. 22) was measured.
Findings: The study shows that the highest vulnerability and risk of earthquake hazards are in the east and northeast of the region, which are older than the other parts of the region and are located in the fault zone, and then some parts of the north and the townships in the west and south of the region are among the most dangerous. Considering the vulnerability and risk and the population in this area indicates that the risk of earthquake is consistent with the demographic in the region, and the risk decrease in areas with lower population density. Therefore, controlling population and constructions in the region has high credibility in reducing risk

In recent years, the ideas of urban geomorphologic heritage and urban geotourism   have become very important among scientists and specialists. While, the human hazards affecting the natural environment of cities have damaged, destroyed ,and threatened urban geomorphological heritage. Therefore, the assessment of the urban geomorphological heritage and suggestion a conservation program is a basic necessity for development stable urban geotourism and is the main goal of this research. This study was conducted as a case in Khorramabad city. This research has been conducted with an innovative and integrated approach by combining fieldwork, quantitative assessment of geomorphological heritage, and investigation of damage and destruction factors and, finally offered a conservation program for the first time. Research data are mainly provided through fieldwork, image resources and subjective maps. The tools used include subjective maps, field tools and ARC GIS 10.6 software. For data analysis, the Pica et al. (2017) model has been used to geomorphosites assessment and fieldwork done to check human hazards affecting them and presented a conservation program. The results showed that among 33 geomorphosites, Falakolaflak hill with 25, Makhmalkuh with 24 and Shabikhun cluse with 22 score, gained the highest scores for the development of urban geotourism. Among the threatening hazards of geomorphological heritage, the maximum amount respectively was related to the road construction, the construction in the foothills and the release of garbage and wastes in the geomorphosite core zone. Therefore, in the present research, a conservation framework has been developed in five sections: creation organizational support, assessment, hazard identification, conservation measurements and monitoring for conservation of geomorphological heritage and consequently stable development of Khorramabad urban geotourism.

Geomorphological heritage are not limited to natural areas, rural and open spaces, but very valuable examples of it can be found in urban spaces. Urban geomorphological heritage can be defined simply as a geologically attractive location, and in particular geomorphological within a city. In recent years, the ideas of urban geological heritage, urban geomorphological heritage, and urban geotourism have been great importance among scientists and specialists. While, numerous human hazards, destroying and threatening, the city's geomorphological heritage, which are the main sources of geotourism development. Therefore, the offer a conservation program for urban geomorphological heritage is a fundamental necessity for the development of sustainable urban geotourism. The main objective of this research is Inventory and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of the core zone of Khorramabad and its buffer zone in order to introduce to tourists and to develop urban geotourism and offer a conservation program as a fundamental necessity for the development of sustainable urban geotourism.

To achieve research purposes of this research, data such as geomorphological maps, geology and etc. have been used. To do this research, First Geomorphosites of core zone the city and buffer zone it's through fieldwork has been inventoried, then, based on the model of Pica et al. (2017), the geomorphosites have been evaluated. In the next step, using field studies and surveys, have been identified threatening human Hazards each geomorphosite. Finally, based on the results of evaluation the geomorphosites and the check of human hazards affecting them, has been proposed the conservation program of in danger geomorphosites to develop sustainable Geotourism.

According to the field studies conducted in the area for the inventorying of geomorphosites, samples and various types of geomorphological heritage are inventoried. In assessing the geomorphological heritage, the Falakolaflak hills, has gained the top scores among the geomorphosites evaluated in terms of urban geotourism. What that has caused more damage to Khorramabad city's geomorphosites included road construction, construction (as a result of physical development of the city), and the spill garbage. Therefore, based on the results obtained and field studies, has been offer a conservation program for the urban geomorphosites of Khorramabad. This protection plan has been written in five sections: organizational support, evaluation, understanding the hazards, protective actions and monitoring.

According to the results of the research, the core zone and the buffer zone of ​​Khorramabad city, has a lot of diversity of landforms, which has given the view and special beauty to this city. Part of this urban geomorphological heritage is anthropogenic or man-made phenomenon; but the problem that exists it is that these interventions and anthropogenic influences, if it is too much, become a completely negative and hazardous factor for the destruction of geomorphosites. Existing destructive effects show that is needed protective actions and after that to actions monitoring and continuous monitoring and the current protection rules to the extent that it seems are not protecting works and natural heritage. Therefore, serious action is needed in this regard.

In recent years, valuable experiences have been gained in relation to environmental challenges, as well as pipeline risk management in the United States and Europe, in relation to the design and stabilization of pipelines, including the knowledge of geomorphological hazards, in particular the erosion hazards of the stream. It has helped to reduce the risk, and identify the response and response of the stream and rivers. In this paper, Pipeline Risk Screening Matrix studies the hazards of the geomorphology of the stream pipelines in the Iran gas trunk – line 9 (IGAT 9), in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, seven hydro-geomorphological data including scale, landscape sensitivity, stream type, riparian corridor, bank characteristics, bed characteristics and hydrologic regime were used. In the pipeline risk axis, three nominal scales include:

Low risk, medium risk, and high risk were used to estimate the risk profile of the pipeline in relation to the increase or decrease of response and river responses. The results of this study showed that from the seven classes of the studied, the type stream is low-intermediate risk stream response and three classes, the riparian corridor, bed characteristics and hydrological regime are Medium risk. Bed characteristics and scale are medium-high risk and the landscape sensitivity high risk stream response. Overall, the class of risk stream response in IGAT 9, is medium – high risk stream response class.

In the world, most of the research work on the hazards of pipelines (oil and gas pipelines) is in the United States, Canada and Russia, respectively. Also Western European countries, in particular the UK, have had research in this field. In Iran, pipeline failure or damage to the pipeline is eroded annually, for example, Rafsanjan-Naein-Esfahan oil pipeline (2013), Ray-Tabriz (2017). In Iran, there is no comprehensive study in which the geomorphological impact of the erosion damages to the pipelines unlike the long history (over 110 year records) of the oil and gas industry. In this paper, the purpose is to identify and assess of the risk stream response by using of pipeline risk screening axis relation to IGAT 9. Method and result In this paper we use of pipeline risk screening axis for estimate and identify of stream response risk class. This axis has seven criteria such as: scale, landscape sensitivity, stream type, riparian corridor, bank characteristics, bed characteristics and hydrologic regime. Pipeline risk screening axis classified into three categories, low risk, medium risk and high risk based on field data from seven criteria:

1) 50 river have point scale, 2 river reach scale, 4 rivers multi-reach and 4 rivers have watershed.

2) Landscape sensitivity have high risk reaction groups.

3) Stream type are two class include alluvial and bed rock.

4) Riparian corridor is 3 type of continuous – wide, semi continuous – wide and discontinuous – narrow.

5) bank characteristics have 3 type naturally non erodible, erosion resistant and highly erodible.

6) bed characteristics have 3 types boulder/cobble/clay bed, gravel /silt bed (dominate in case study) and sand bed.

7) hydrologic regime in our case study is rain and thunderstorm.

The results of this study showed that from the seven classes of the studied, the type stream is low-intermediate risk stream response and three classes, the riparian corridor, bed characteristics and hydrological regime are Medium risk. Bed characteristics and scale are medium-high risk, and the landscape sensitivity high risk stream response. Overall, the class of risk stream response in IGAT 9, is medium – high risk stream response class. For decrease of stream response risk, and improvement Iran gas trunk – line 9, it needs to tight management – engineering measurements, and Geomorphologically in case of erosion stream and restoration and review of project of rout line.

One of the important issues in the management of urban environmental crises is the geomorphological crises in urban areas. These crises are increasing because of human activities in urban areas. Therefore, in this study, the constraints and the capabilities of Maragheh have been assessed by identifying of the geomorphological processes and phenomena in the developed parts of Maragheh during the yeas of 1984 to 2017. Geomorphologic constraints in this study have been discussed in two categories of constraints due to hillslope, and flood processes. For this purpose, the needed data were gathered from different sources, as well as distant evaluation. Then, these data were changed into the necessary information layers by using the Geographical Information System (GIS), which included the geological, tectonic, seismicity, temperature, humidity and rainfall, soil erosion, the application of the land and vegetation, height classes, slope, the distance from the water ducts, and soil type information layers. Later, to align the information layers with each other, the layers were standardized by using Fuzzy Logic Theory. To get the relative value of each layer in determining the geomorphological areas, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used. The results obtained from the analytic hierarchy process indicates that in the studied region, the role of the geological structures in the geomorphological events is remarkable. After the relative evaluation of the information layers, the super-positioning of the layers was done by using Simple Additive Weighing (SAW). The findings reveal that the northeastern part of Maragheh has more possibility of hillslope process and flooding point of view than the other parts. In addition, in order to study the hazard extent in the developed parts in the recent decades, firstly, the extent of the physical development of the city during the years of 1984 and 2017was extracted through Landsat Satellite Pictures. Then, after matching with the land application maps, the process of the physical development of the city was studied in the above-mentioned period. The Crosstab Table Method was used for this purpose. The obtained results from the study of the process of the city development in the above-mentioned period showed that the most city development has been occurred in the areas that possess the higher geomorphological hazards and this needs better management of directing the physical development of Maragheh in the less hazardous areas.

During recent years, with the construction dam on main rivers, the occurrence of hydroecological drought during the last decades, and high evaporation of water reservoirs, the extent of the Urmia Lake has considerably decreased. Besides, salinity rate has increased to 650 milligram per liter. According to this hydrological situation organism cannot live in the Urmia Lakes. There is a lot of information about current chemical characteristics of Urmia Lake but we don’t have sufficient information about paleo hydrology and paleo salinity of the Lake especially in Quaternary. Investigation of The Urmia Paleo Lake terraces, their evolution and changes in elevations and changes in biostratigarphy characteristics are evidences for paleo environments of this lake. Dominant shell fragments of the Urmia Lake terraces are Gostropoda, Ostracoda, Foraminifera and Bivalves. In this study, type and spacious of shell fragments are investigated and the living environment situations of the organisms during formation of each lake terraces are determined. Using biostratigraphic study results and correlation between these environmental changes with elevation changes of lake terraces, Hydrological and ecological situations of The Urmia Lake during Quaternary was reconstructed. The results of biostratigraphy shows, in contrast to the current situation of water in the Urmia Lake (Hyper saline), most of the organisms lived in brackish and fresh water during formation of the lake terraces.

Wetlands are considered one of the most important and most sensitive ecosystems due to their unique features. However, due to their systematic structure any change in the environmental conditions, particularly in climate and land use, changes the wetlands. In the last few decades, wetlands of Iran are being destructed due to the occurrences of droughts and human interference. Hashilan Wetland, which is located in Kermanshah, is a unique wetland and has been cited as a geographical irony in the literature. Its water is supplied by the Karstic aquifers of Khourin Mountains. In this research, raining data, recharge data, topographic maps, were used. This research aims at evaluating the effects of short-term droughts on the Hashilan wetland, and identifying the causation of its high vulnerability to short-term droughts. In this respect, first the 2007 year was chosen acute drought year using SPI, and the Landsat satellite images of years before after the drought year (2006 and 2008) in the period of water shortage were chosen. Visual change detection approach and NDVI in the respected years were used for the estimating the rate of change for the wetland surface due to drought. Results indicate that the extention of wetland has decreased by %47 with respect to previous year. The investigation of the Karst geomorphology of the region and hydrological conditions of the Karstic spring indicated the developed nature of the Karstic aquifers of the region, the low storage dynamic volume, and their short existence. The type of spring water of Sabzali is bicarbonate and has a Karstic origin. The main reason for the high sensitivity of the Hashilan wetland to drought is the developed nature of the Karstic geomorphology and Karstic system of wetlands’ feeding aquifers. These Kartic aquifers are sensitive due to the dominant conduit flow, low storage dynamic volume, and short-term existence against the reduced level of raining.

Hydrograph of springs represents clearly all physical processes that control ground water flows inside aquifer (Kuto et al.، 2012، 41). Study of the curve can reveal information about structure and function of aquifer، particularly hydrodynamic parameters including permeability and storage (Troch et al.، 1993، 228). Analysis of recession curve has the advantage to calculate parameters of drainage mechanism such as recession coefficients. The volume of the primary discharge is sum of rapid and base flows and the specification of sub-regimes (Malık and Vojtkova، 2012). Identification of base flow properties and its prediction in dryperiod is necessary to determine the storage and to prevent it from pollution (Dewandel، et al، 2003). Karstic aquifers are an enormous reservoir of water in many regions of the world and with decline in quality and the amount of alluvial aquifers they got important more as a strategic hoard of water (suta، 2008، 856). The karstic aquifers are the main source of water for human society and ecosystem of Alvand basin. They also provide the base flow of Alvand and are important in initiation and continuation of civilization in this basin. The purpose of the study is to assess the development of karst in the aquifers of Alvand using the analysis of recession curve hydrograph. The methodology of this research is based upon literature evidence، field work data and analysis of the recession curve hydrograph. Thus، we have used qualitative and quantitative data from hydrographic and precipitation stations of Power Ministry from 1999 to 2010. Coefficient of variations of the springs’ discharge (CV)، the quality of water in the aquifers، and the hydrochemical parameters has been analyzed. Given the unequal development of karst in different parts of the aquifer، five springs (aquifers) have been selected to assess development of karst. These aquifers are including Rijab، Marab، Gelin، Sarab Garm and Gelodareh. To specify the type of flow system in karstic aquifers، hydrograph of recession curve have been analyzed. In order to calculate sub-regimes of laminar and turbulent flow، equations 1 and 2، respectively have also used. Equation 1 is an exponential function that was suggested for lamianr flows by Froccoyatsh and Palouk (1967). Equation 2 is linear function that was outlined by Kolmann for turbulent flows. Equation 1: Q_t=Q_0 e^ (-αt) Equation 2: Qt=Q0 (1-βt) The Rijab Spring has two laminar and turbulent sub-regimes. The equation of recession curve for this spring is as following: Qt = 2. 1e-0. 008t + 1. 25e-0. 001t + 510 (1-0. 29t). The degree of karstification of the Rijab aquifer is 5. 5. There are also karstic channels in this aquifer. The rapid flow in Rijab aquifer is charged mainly by sinkholes and large cavities. The flow is also discharges by channels inside the aquifer. Sarabgarm Spring based on equation of recession curve of Qt = 2. 01e-0. 001t + 1. 25e-0. 003thas two sub-regimes and the karstification is 2. 7. Golin Spring has two sub-regimes and recession curve as Qt = 0. 62e-0. 009t + 0. 46e-0. 001t. Karstification is also about 3. 7 with little channels. The equation is Qt = 0. 263e-0. 009t + 0. 175e-0. 001tfor Gelodareh with two laminar sub-regimes and 3. 7 karstification degree. There is just one flow regime (laminar) and many small channels. The equation is as Qt = 0. 725e-0. 002t + 0. 620e-0. 008t + 285 (1-0. 37t) for Marab spring. The equation indicates two laminar sub-regimes and a turbulent flow system with 5. 5 karstification degree. In Marab aquifer turbulent flow is prevailing. The aquifer is charged by sinkholes and is discharged by channels inside aquifer. Local differences in factors of karstification including lithology، tectonic، climate، elevation، slope and also physiographic characteristics of the drainage areas charging the aquifers in Alvand Basin cause variations in karstification and hydrodynamic behavior of aquifers. Analysis of rates of karstification، the values of Alpha، and also the number and the types of sub-regimes indicate heterogeneous karstic aquifers in Alvand Basin. Aquifers of Marab and Rijab are the most developed in karstification and Sarab Garm is the least in this terms. Geomorphology of surface terrain plays a major role in hydrodynamic behavior of aquifers. Physiography of the drainage basin where is charging aquifers plays also a role in hydrodynamic characteristics and the quantity and kinds of sub-regimes. In high elevation precipitation is more and evaporation is low. This cause more input into the aquifer that affect، in turn، the aquifer sub-regimes. Finally، this can be stated that three factors have the most importance in hydrodynamic properties and karstification of aquifers in Alvand Basin. These are geomorphology of surface karst، physiography of recharging basins، and elevation of the area.

Prediction, controlling, and reduction of the flood plain have crucial role in integrating watershed management. The flood damage analysis and designing control plans need to identify floodplain limits around the main river according to different return periods. Kashkan River in Lorestan province has been challenged frequently by dangerous floods. Since numerous villages and also agricultural lands are existed near the both sides of the river, they are exposed in flooding hazard. The aim of this study is preparing the floodplain maps of this river for a reach length of 5000 m using HEC-Geo-RAS for different return periods. For this purpose, digital elevation map (DEM) with scale of 1:150, topographic map with scale of 1:50000, cross-sections geometry, and peak discharge data recorded in the hydrometric station in upstream of the reach were incorporated. The peak discharge corresponding to return periods 2- to 1000-years are estimated as 227 to 5000 m3/s using fitting a three parameters person distribution. Simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the Kashkan River using the HEC-RAS model indicates that the floodplain area for discharge with return period 25-years are 75% of one obtained for 1000-years. Additionally, the floodplain area for the upstream of the study reach is greater than the other where. This reveals that construction of the villages and changing the land use in the river borders threaten with low period floods (e.g. 25-years).

Neo tectonics is one of the factors in the formation of river terraces in the northwestern Zagros. This study examines the impact of the neo tectonics on the formation of river terraces along. In equality in the number of terraces and their height in both sides of Gilan-e-gharb river comprises the main issue in this study. For this، at first the assessment of activity of the neotectonicsarea was performed by using geomorphic indicators (SL، S، smf) and geomorphological evidences of neo tectonics activity in the area. To examine the effect of the neo tectonicson the formation of river terraces، three topographic profiles in the beginning، middle and end of understudy interval of the riverwith different distances from Gilan-e-gharb thrust were analyzed. The quantitative results of geomorphic indicators and studying geomorphologic evidence simplicate on severity of neo tectonics activities in the region. Investigation of terraces profile indicates asymmetry of terraces in both sides of the river such that three terraces in the left shore and in right shore، along river close to Gilan-e-gharb thrust، respectively 3، 4 and 5 terraces were formed that the height of this terraces from riverbed does not equal. So، in regard to inequality in the number and the height of the terraces and increasing the number of terraces near Gilan-e-gharb thrust، we can conclude that neotectonics is the main factor in the formation and existing disorders in the number and height of terraces. In this study 10m Digital Elevation Model، 1:20000 aerial photographsin 1968 and IRS satellite images as study data، were used and field surveys were utilized to identify geomorphological evidences.

Lake Terraces are geomorphological evidence of climate change during quaternary. Location of this terraces Location if these terraces in different elevation show paleo water lake level fluctuation. Investigation about Urmia Lake terraces was done by Bobek (1973) and he found that terrace in 45-55 meter above Urmia water level on that time. According to bobek development of lake area in paleo Pleistocene period and cold Pleistocene periods caused by reduction of temperature about 5 centigrade and reduction of evaporation. What is important in we have not any comprehensive investigation on Urmia lake terraces and many of these terraces and paleo shoreline are unknown up to now. The aims of this research investigation of quaternary terrace of Urmia Lake، Determining their elevations and reconstruction of area that affected by these fluctuations. Case Study: Urmia Lake Basin is located in Northwest of Iran and in the lowest pat of this subsidence، surrounding by High Mountain with elevation more than 2000 meter. Urmia Lake is the largest inland lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. In terms of construction، Tabriz fault activity causes uplift in this region of northern segment of the fault and the piece above by creating a barrier against the flow of surface and underground، has led to the formation of Lake Urmia. This lake is located in a shallow subsidence with an average depth of 6 meters، but its deepest point is the northwest corner with 13 meters deep. There are 102 large and small islands within the limits of the Urmia Lake. Salt water is more than 350 grams per liter. Data and Geological data، sediment and morphometric data were gathered through library studies and fieldwork. Then Quaternary sediments in the coastal zone boundaries were reconstructed and paleo lake boundaries using GIS and RS techniques were determined. Aerial photographs، satellite imagery and digital elevation model SRTM90 m was used and 10 Meter. In field work lake terraces were detected by investigation of sediment laminations، sedimentological characterizes such as، Granolometry، color، type، location of strata and specially fossils located in the sediment. Granolometry of sediments were done in sedimentology lab of Geological survey of Iran using Vibratory Sieve Sahker. Percentage of sand and silt determined and analyzed using Gradistat 4. Software and the curves were plotted. Binocular Microscope used for paleontology investigation. The elevations of terraces were measured with a differential global positioning System. After determining the height of the terrace، extent of Urmia la ke paleo water level determined using 150 topographic map sheet scale 1:25000 related to the block 1:250000 Tabriz، Urmia، Mahabad and Khoy a digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m were prepared. Urmia Plao Lake extent was reconstructed on satellite images. In recent years، due to the occurrence of hydro- climatic droughts over the past few decades and extensive dam construction on the main river and high water evaporation، the lake area decreased، and have been significant changes in water level lake. The lake terraces are the best evidence to reconstruct the paleo geomorphological situation in coastal environment and occurrences of these terraces shows climate change and tectonic phases. Hence، Identification of the terraces lake Urmia Lake was performed to reconstruct the situation of paleo environment. In field studies، lake terraces were detected by geomorphological، sedimentary structures، sediments grain size and especially fossil collections in the sedimentary layers. Because many terraces are buried in the river sediments، they are very difficult to detect and only in trenches created by the river or human activities such as road construction are considerable. Using a sequence of periods of fluctuating water levels and long dry periods and wet -laying sedimentary sequence lake was reconstructed through them. After identifying the terraces geographic location and the exact height determined using DGPS. In field studies 32 lake terraces were found in Quaternary sediments. Lowest terrace are located in Islami Island in the 1297 meters altitude and the highest terraces in Damirchi with 1369 meters altitude. Elevation of lake terraces are varies from 1297 m to 1369 meter and consequently the areas affected by fluctuations in lake water levels were the different. The maximum extent of lake level fluctuation has occurred in the south part of Urmia Lake. In this region the slope is very low hence، the slightest change in the water level of the lake the large extent of this region be affected by water level fluctuation. In the northern and western parts of the lake due to the steep slope impact of water level fluctuations is low. At an altitude of 1297 meters (terrace Sh-1) area of the lake was about 9،658 kilometers. Extent of lake on that time increased about 6560 square kilometers compare to 2011. Gacha Bashi terrace (height 1311 m) in West Golmankhaneh Peninsula is dates by sabouri (2010) and results shows about 46،000 years before present. The elevation of the terrace after the gathering and corrects errors by GPS dual frequency edited to 1336. 6 meter. the elevation of this terrace almost equal to Schweitzer (1977) terrace that located in 60 meter above Urmia water level in 1977. This terrace belongs to the Wurm I by Schweitzer. At that time not only Minadoab، Malekan، Bonab، Azar Shahr، Naghadeh and Mahabad Cities buried under Urmia lake water، but also it reach near the Urmia city. The highest terrace is located near Tsuj (Ts-2) City in North West of the lake and parallel to Damirchi DM-1in North West of the malekan with elevation 1369 meter. The extent of the lake at that time was about 13141 km and the water reach to Tabriz city.

To evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst water resources of Oshtorankooh، chemistry details of springs has been considered as the most important evacuator of karst resources. This research has been performed to study hydrogeochemical nature of karst springs and their origin with an emphasis on the type of formation. Accordingly، five samples of the water of permanent springs of this region in the water scarcity time period have been collected and analyzed. To precisely characterize the hydrochemistry of the region، Piper as well as Stiff graphs were employed. The former graph confirmed that the dominant type of the water the region is Calcite-Bi carbonate based. This water possesses a temporal hardness wherein according to the Stiff graph the dominant cautions and anions are bicarbonate and calcium، respectively. The water of the springsPanbekar S1 and Gahar lake S3 are saturated of calcite mineral، and the positive saturation index implies a diffusive flow. The respective flow reflects less development of fractures in the catchment of the springs. The saturation index of dolomite in the springs of Absefid S2، Tamdarbasoo S4 and Mehrghayoonja S5 is negative implying the saturation conditions and reflecting the higher density of surface and sub-surface fractures as well as the type of conduit-diffusion flow along the flow path of these springs. The results of hydrogeochemical analysis also XRF of Karst springs of the field demonstrated that super saturation phenomenon mainly occurs in water scarcity period. Moreover، the chemical nature of the underground waters present in the carbonated stones (rocks) is strongly dependent on the dissolution of calcite also dolomite. The higher water temperature of the Panbekar spring is affected by saturation index of dolomite in Dalan formation. The results of factor analysis also verified that the most important factor could be dissolution of carbonate then magnesium and electrical conductivity. The water of this spring is classified in the group of relatively hard and hard waters.