فهرست مطالب میترا محمدی

Increasing population growth and technological advancements in cities inevitably result in rising noise pollution levels. The emergence of the coronavirus disease worldwide, including Iran, has significantly altered people's daily lives. This has presented a unique opportunity to assess changes in sound levels. Therefore, this study aims to investigate sound level variations before the outbreak and during the COVID-19 restrictions at a pivotal intersection in Mashhad.

The initial segment of this study examined the sound equivalent level in April 2018 and 2019 without considering any specific circumstances at the Shohada crossroad. In the second segment, employing SPSS22 software and the Wilcoxon test, we compared the alterations in various sound level indicators before the disease prevalence (April 2018) and during the restrictions (April 2019).

The results of the first part of the study revealed that the hourly equivalent sound level (Leq) in April 2018 and 2019 was 70.48 and 70.39 dB, respectively. The results of the second part indicated a significant difference between the two periods under investigation in terms of equivalent sound levels. The maximum and minimum sound equivalent levels (LMax, Lmin) reduction during the disease outbreak compared to the pre-outbreak period was 0.16 and 0.08 dB, respectively. Additionally, during the night curfew hours (21-03) in April 2019, the sound equivalent level decreased by 0.09 dB compared to 2018. 

The findings of this study demonstrate that the equivalent sound level at the Shohada crossroad in Mashhad exceeded national standards before the disease prevalence. However, noise pollution levels have decreased due to decreased economic activities during the outbreak and the associated restrictions. Nonetheless, the equivalent sound level still surpasses the established standards, indicating that noise pollution at the mentioned intersection persists. Further research is warranted on this subject, encompassing traffic modeling, noise pollution emission inventories, establishing links between land use patterns and noise pollution, and the influence of weather conditions on sound levels.

80% of air pollution in urban areas comes from heavy vehicles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of CO2 , CO, HC, NOX pollutants, types of diesel cars and their relationship with the life of the car.

In this study, out of all diesel cars in Mashhad, which is 5861 cars, 425 cars were randomly selected and after recording the year of car production, using OPTIMA7 NDIR five-gas pollutant device in bright engine mode (Engine operation). Sampling was performed continuously (except for the first to the fourth of April) in the period of December 6, 2017 to May 9, 2017 at nine to twelve and fifteen to twenty o’clock and Then, using SPSS software and statistical tests. The relationship between these pollutants and vehicle life was investigated.

According to the amount of sig (p=0/531>0/05) between the life of the car and carbon monoxide, the amount of sig (p=0/571>0/05) between the life of the car and the amount of hydrocarbon, the amount of sig (p=0/153>0/05) between the life of the car and carbon dioxide output and the amount of p=0/290>0/05 (sig) there is no significant relationship between car life and nitrogen oxides. There is an inverse correlation between the car’s year of manufacture and CO2 and NOX pollutants, So that the higher the car’s year of manufacture, the lower the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. And there is a positive correlation between HC and CO pollutants.

The significant level value (sig) between car life and all pollutants is greater than 0.05, so there is no statistically significant relationship between car life and all exhaust gas pollution. Therefore, the amount of air pollution by diesel cars should be reduced by taking correct management methods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between transformative teaching and work innovation with the mediating role of work participation in Middle school teachers in Kermanshah.

The method of the study design is descriptive-correlational and a component of applied research. The statistical population of this study is the teaching of Middle school teachers in the city of Kermanshah approximately 967 people in the academic year 2020-2011, which according to Morgan table, 276 randomly clustered as a sample were. The instruments study used were the: Transformational Teaching Questionnaire (TTQ) of Bojamp et al. (2010); The Innovation and Main Business Questionnaire of Moghimi Organization (2011) and Thomas Ladahl & Kunger (1965) Business Participation Questionnaire were used.

To analyze the data, descriptive statistical indices such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistical tests including confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation meddling with partial least squares (PLS) approach were used by smart PLS software. The results indicate that there is a relationship between transformational teaching and work innovation with the mediating role of work participation. Transformational teaching has a direct effect on job innovation. Work participation has a direct effect on work innovation. Transformational teaching has a direct effect on work participation.

According to the obtained results it is suggested that education officials will draw by providing the necessary facilities and conditions for the formation of teachers' work groups to participate and discuss their teaching methods and create their innovations to create more innovative training for students.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of focusing attention on quiet eye behavior and accuracy of execution on dart throwing skills. For this purpose, 20 male students in dart beginner (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. All participants performed external and internal attention instructions in a counterbalanced manner. Thus, Participants first made 10 attempts at baseline (without attentive instructions). Then performed a total of 20 training attempts as counterbalance in both external and internal attention strategies. In all trials, visual system information was recorded using an eye tracking device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA (P=0.05). The results showed that the accuracy of throwing was significantly improved in external attention condition compared to baseline and internal conditions (P=0.001). The results also indicate that the quiet eye period was longer in the external focus condition than in the inner attention condition (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, it can be assumed that quiet eye duration is one of the essential mechanisms in execution accuracy of targeting skill in beginners, and that focusing attention in addition to execution accuracy is also effective on quiet eye duration.

One of the complications of transportation in cities is noise pollution caused by vehicles. Today, noise in urban environments is an important issue in the field of public health. Due to the negative effects of noise pollution on human health and well-being, it is necessary to identify and understand these effects on the health of exposed people. In this study, the type of traffic axis composition of the highway was identified and the type of traffic information required was identified by identifying the locations for the sound station along the highway axis and preparing sound data and identifying the factors affecting sound propagation. At each sampling station, the required variables in the intervals of 7: 30-9: 30, 12: 30-14: 30, 18: 30-20: 30, 23: 30-1: 30 And 3: 30-5: 30 and different seasons of the year were measured and recorded for modeling. The results show that the comparison of the average parameters of noise pollution in different stations of Shahid Kalantari Highway at a significant level of 5% showed that the highest amount of noise and sound indicators measured are related to the first station of Abadgaran with the amount of deci, respectively. Bell is 79.61 dB, the entrance road to Kuhsangi is about 80 dB and the lowest station of Hafez Square is about 58 dB. The parameters Lmax, Leq, L10, L50 and L90 are visually uniform distribution of results in the fit line range. According to the results of this study, it is announced that in all seasons of the year, the average equivalent sound level in all stations studied is higher than the recommended daily ambient sound level in the Iranian open air sound standard. While the standard sound level in residential areas is 55 decibels during the day and 45 decibels at night.

Vegetables are among the valuable foods. However, in addition to essential elements, they may contain toxins in excess of permissible concentrations, which has raised many concerns about the quality and safety of these products and human health. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of atmospheric pollutants of carbon dioxide, gasoline and acid rain on the resistance of basil and parsley.

This factorial study was performed based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 54 treatments . In this study, CO2 with three concentrations of 0, 1000 and, 1800 ppm, gasoline with three conditions without adding gasoline, with ordinary gasoline and with the addition of super gasoline, and acidic solution at two levels of pH 4 and 6 were studied. It should be noted that distilled water with pH = 7 was selected as a control treatment.

The results showed that the concentration of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide increased plant yield by 178.63%, while its concentration up to 1800 ppm, led to the destruction of the plant in two days. It was also found that super gasoline due to the high-octane number and supplements in it has a less polluting effect (5.7%) on the plant than regular gasoline. In addition, no significant difference was observed between different concentrations of acidic solution on plant resistance. In this experiment, parsley showed more resistance to contaminants than basil.

carbon dioxide than other pollutants and also its key role in global warming, we need effective management to promote public health and control the production sources of this gas in the atmosphere.

This study aims to investigate the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust of Pride and Samand cars with different types and fueling systems in Mashhad during the 2012-2015 by Motor Gas Tester for 2000 cars. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan post hoc test (P <0.05). The results showed that type X7 among the other studied types of Samand has the lowest level of pollutant production, while no significant difference was observed in terms of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of different types of Pride. It was also found that the consumption of natural gas fuel in dedicated Pride increases the emission of pollutants and reduces in dedicated Samand, which indicates the better design of Samand in terms of fuel pump, type of kit used and other engine parts compared to Pride for usage of gas as an alternative fuel. It indicates that the combustion process in gasoline Pride is more complete and Samand is more suitable for using natural gas fuel.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health and particulate matter is one of the deadliest types of air pollution.This study was done to choose the best interpolation algorithm in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 suspended particles in Mashhad in 1395by different spatial models.

PM2.5 particulate concentrations was collected from 21 active air quality measuring stations in different parts of Mashhad and IDW, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK) interpolation models were evaluated to spatially investigate the air pollution situation in Mashhad. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to compare the models and select the best model, and the Standardized RMSE was used to choose the most optimal conditions for running the OK and UK models.

The results showed that the highest seasonal average of PM2.5 pollutants in 1395 was related to autumn (40.84 µg/m3) and the lowest was related to spring (27.78 µg/m3). Also, the east to north area of Mashhad is in a more unfavorable situation in pollution concentration than the western areas of the city. Comparison of models using RMSE index also showed that OK model due to having the lowest amount of RMSE for seasonal average and annual concentration of suspended particles PM2.5 has a lower error in the predicted values than the measurement, so it has better conditions for intermediation.

This research eventually led to the production of maps of PM2.5 Pollutants situation in the whole city of Mashhad, which is very useful in order to identify high-risk areas in the city and use useful measures to reduce air pollution in those areas.

 This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic parameters and air pollution with cardiovascular disease and its associated death during 2014 in Mashhad by time series model.

 Patient data (including outpatient and hospitalization) and cardiovascular mortality were obtained from the emergency medical center and Ferdowsi organization of Mashhad. Climatic parameters such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall were gathered from meteorological organization. Air pollutants data were collected from Mashhad environmental pollutants monitoring center for the statistical period of 2014-2015. In this study, Jenkins Box time series model (combined model of autoregression and moving average known as ARIMA) with significance level of 5% was used to investigate the effect of climatic parameters and air pollution values on cardiovascular disease and daily, weekly and monthly excess mortality rate. Then, the effect of various seasons on the total number of patients with cardiac issues and the resulting death was investigated by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.

 The final model for determination of monthly correlation between climatic elements and air pollutants with the number of cardiovascular patients and its corresponding death was found to be best fitted by ARIMA (0,0,0). The monthly survey revealed that humidity (positive correlation), temperature (positive correlation), wind speed (negative correlation), and PM2.5 (negative correlation) with average values of 16.2471, 48.1628, 122.38, and 7.3905, respectively, had significant effects on the number of people experiencing cardiovascular disease. However, the monthly survey of mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease exhibited significant correlation (p < 0.05) with pressure (positive correlation), temperature (negative correlation), and rainfall (negative correlation) with average values of 6.5904, 1.5728, and 1.1704, respectively. The results showed a significant difference between the numbers of patients experiencing cardiovascular diseases in different seasons of the year with the highest recorded number of 3778 in autumn.

  The results suggest moderate correlation between atmospheric elements and air pollutants with the numbers of people experiencing cardiovascular diseases in short periods; however, in the case of long-term mortality, the correlation was strong. This study showed that climatic elements and air pollutants effectively affect cardiovascular diseases, while only climatic elements played a significant role in mortality. The main challenge of the present study is that cardiovascular disease and its resulting death may be influenced by parameters other than those considered in this study, such as multiple individual and environmental confounding variables.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining and zoning the air quality of Mashhad in 2014 based on air quality index (AQI). In this study, instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants in Mashhad were prepared and AQI was calculated. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level of 5% in SPSSV.23 software. Moreover, Arc GIS was used to zone the air quality of the studied stations. The results showed that the months of September and October have the highest average of AQI with 168 and 156 (unhealthy status) and March with a value of 88 (moderate status) has the lowest amount among the studied months. Based on zoning maps, most stations in Mashhad were assessed as moderate and unhealthy status for sensitive groups. Also, Taghiabad and Khayyam South stations with an average AQI index of 107 (unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) as the most polluted and Machine Abzar station with a value of 37 (good condition) as the cleanest points among the studied stations. PM2.5 was the most important pollutant during the study.

Leaf area (LA) is one of valuable parameters in plant physiological studies. Therefore, the use of a non-destructive, accurate and simple model to estimate LA is very important. This research aimed to develop a non-destructive model to estimate LA accurately in Epilobium species. To estimate LA, leaf length (L) and leaf width (W) of five Epilobium species were determined. Moreover, the actual leaf area, using leaf area meter was measured. Regression analysis of LA versus L, W and LW revealed several models to predict LA in Epilobium species. Out of the models, the best fitted and validated model which is recommended to estimate LA accurately in each species, was quadratic model based on two dimensions (L and W), including the E. algidum (LA = 0.1264 + 0.6562 (L×W) + 0.0366 (L×W)2), E. parviflorum (LA = – 3.144 + 1.323 (L×W) – 0.030 (L×W)2(, E. sp. (LA = 0.4236 + 0.3033 (L×W) + 0.1368 (L×W)2), E. hirsutum (LA= 2.2417 + 0.2202 (L×W) + 0.0029 (L×W)2), and E. frigidum (LA = 0.2119 + 0.4162 (L×W) + 0.1191 (L×W)2), all with R2 ≥ 0.80.

Bioterrorism involves the deliberate use of microbial pathogens or microbe-derived products to cause harm to humans, livestock, or agricultural crops. Dilution of contaminated water with bioterrorism agents, physical and addition of chemicals (hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, sodium hydroxide and ozone), water treatment methods (coagulation/flocculation, sand filtration and activated carbon), reverse osmosis and UV and gamma radiation are methods for control of contaminated water by bioterrorism agents. Methods such as reverse osmosis (RO) that can remove protozoan cysts, bacteria, viruses, and biotoxins, or UV and gamma radiation that inactivate Bacillus spores are also suggested for this purpose. Because cryptosporidium oocysts are not effectively inactivated by disinfectants, their removal from water requires proper sand filtration. Early warning systems include physical analysis (online pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen or turbidity probes) and chemical analysis (various online analytical probes for measuring anions, cations, chlorophyll-specific metals and organic compounds) are available that can be used depending on the type of contaminant. Molecular methods for the detection of human pathogens and parasites, online biomarkers for the detection of chemical toxins, biotoxin concentrations and bioterrorism agents are preferred methods.

Primary sources of biofuels include wood waste, agricultural waste, sugarcane, sugar beet, cereals, vegetable oils and vegetables. Improper use of fossil fuels and adverse biological effects such as global warming, acid rain, greenhouse gases and air pollution, as well as the non-renewable nature of these resources, have led countries to use reliable, renewable and non-polluting energy sources as biofuels. Types of biofuels are divided in liquid, solid and gas (base on physical state) and first, second, third and fourth generations (base on primary substances). Biofuels for commercial and industrial applications can be a suitable and effective way to grow the bioeconomy. The use of biofuels helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce environmental pollution, improvement of agriculture ecosystem, create jobs, improve rural areas, and improve the balance of trade, and so on.  Biofuels can be used as fuel for vehicles, but diesel vehicles are commonly used as a diesel supplement to reduce particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The use of biofuels in Iran requires an obligation to use it and its acceptance by the consumer.

Agriculture as one of the main basis of realizing food security is one of the most important economic sectors of societies. Nowadays, rapid population growth and rising demand for food in the world have increased the pressure on natural resources and dependence on the consumption of chemical inputs in agricultural activities. Conventional agriculture, in which production focus is based on increasing the use of chemical inputs, such as various fertilizers, not only reduces the quality of water, soil and quality of the products produced, but also jeopardizes the health of consumers of agricultural products. The aim of this study was to investigate the economic behavior of wheat farmers in Kermanshah city regarding environmental control programs for chemical fertilizers using Contingent Valuation Method and in the form of willingness to pay farmers. For this purpose, 245 wheat farmers in this city were selected by simple random sampling method and required data were collected through a questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was verified by 20 faculty members and experts and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.838. According to the results of the research, the average willingness to pay farmers to reduce the negative environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers is estimated at 1585 Rials. To investigate the factors affecting the willingness to pay of farmers, the logit model was used and the results showed that explanatory variables of education and general attitude of farmers about the risks of using chemical fertilizer at the level of 5% had a significant positive effect on the tendency to payments, and age and land ownership did not statistically affect farmers' willingness to pay.

One of the topics of interest to motor behavior researchers is to examine the different effects of attention strategies on motor behavior and brain activity.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention instructions on alpha and theta wave variations and the accuracy of dart throwing. 20 male students novice in dart (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. This study was application. Firstly, the participants performed 10 attempts of dart throwing in the baseline (no attention instructions). Then, as a counterbalance, 20 practice attempts were performed in both the external and internal attention strategies. In all attempts, the alpha and theta brain waves of the subjects were recorded using biofeedback device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. The data were analyzed by in-group variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the external attention strategy increased the accuracy of the dart throwing (P=0.0001), increased alpha wavelength (P=0.01) and reduced theta wave (P=0.01) in comparison with the internal attention strategy. These findings showed the need to use attention instructions particularly external attention in targeting skill task at a beginner level; therefore, it is suggested that coaches should use external attention strategy to improve the accuracy and intelligence of the brain in beginners.

In this paper, the effect of parameters such as the distance, number of layers and cross-sectional area of FRP strips, the amount of longitudinal rebars, dimensions of beam and compressive strength of concrete on shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with rectangular cross-section stiffened by FRP strips under symmetrical concentrated loads using the finite element method has been studied.The non-linear analysis of 101 reinforced beams has been performed for evaluation of the effect of the parameters on load capacity and mid-span deflection of the beams with and without strengthening. The samples are deivided into six groups, which ultimately have been compared and investigated for load capacity and displacement of the mid-span. Obtained results indicate that for a constant concrete compressive strength, increasing the width and the number of layers of FRP strips increases the load capacity by 26% and 23%, respectively, compared to the control beam. At same time, by increasing of these two parameters the increase of the load capacity decreases. By changing the layout of reinforcing strips with irregular intervals along the beam, the load capacity increase is about 6% to 35%. Also, the increase of the amount of longitudinal rebars from ∅10 to ∅14, increasing the compressive strength of the concrete from 30 MPa to 50 MPa, and increasing the cross-sectional area of the beam from 150 × 300 mm to 150 × 400 mm in unsitffened beams, increase the load capacity by 31%, 23% and 55%, respectively, and decrease the deflection of the mid-span.

This study aims to evaluate and zone the noise pollution level of districts 9 and 11 (Vakil-Abad Highway) in Mashhad, using statistical methods and GIS software. For this purpose, the required sound data were taken from 25 selected high-traffic stations of studied area in spring, summer, autumn and winter during 2016-2017. The process involved 1 full day of work per month for 6 months, from 7:30 AM through 8:30 PM, using a TES-1358 sound level meter. Traffic data and measured sound indicators were analyzed statistically by MSTAT-C, SPSS, and Excel software. After they were inserted into GIS software, the layers of information were obtained to provide the level of noise pollution and its distribution in the area. The comparison between the results and findings at a significant level of 5% indicated that the highest sound levels 85.63, 80.72, 78.10 and 81.46 dB belong to station 20, October, morning time and commercial-residential use, respectively. Day-time zoning maps of Vakil-Abad Highway in Mashhad also showed that the intensity of noise pollution in the central parts of the mentioned region is more than the other parts and can provide an accurate analysis of how the sound is distributed in the desired area. Since the day-time average level obtained for Vakil-Abad Highway is higher than Iran's standard level, serious action may be taken to control the noise and prevent its complications in the region.

Today, competitive environment of Organizations and the lack of opportunity to manage of staff, forced the administrators to empowerment process of staff by using of the organizational commitment, skills training, knowledge and ability. Purpose of this study is the relationship between Organizational commitment and employee empowerment. Research method is descriptive and correlation. The population statistical of this study according to information of the human resources department, is consisted of all official, contractual and contract employees of Youth and Sports employees’ Ministry in Ilam city who are 75 people. Research tools used in this study, were Shert and Reinhardt Empowerment questionnaire (1992), with a reliability of 0/86 and the second questionnaire, were Allen and Mayer Organizational commitment with 0.75 reliability (1991). Data were analyzed by one sample T. Test, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the three dimensions of empowerment (professional growth, status and decision-making) with Organizational commitment have a meaningful relationship. These three empowerment dimensions were significant predictors for organizational commitment. In addition, the level of employee empowerment is higher of the average level and organizational commitment employee’s level is lower than the average level. The results showed that with increase of the empowerment factors (professional growth, status and decision-making) are also increased levels of organizational commitment.

Pollution of water sources with pesticides is one of environmental problem that threatens the health of communities. The aim of present study is the determination of residual organic phosphorous pesticides including diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos and glyphosate in surface and ground water on Kermanshah province (2015).
In this cross sectional-analytic study, 50 water stations in 5 geographical regions (north, south, east, west and central) was surveyed. Pesticide measurement was accomplished by extraction of liquid phase and mass gas chromatography. Data is analysis by SPSS software.
The residual organic phosphorus pesticides were not observed in any source of springs and aqueducts. The highest average residue (µg/L) of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, glyphosate and malathion were 1.45±0.2, 6.84±0.28, 0.005±0.001, 1.01±0.012, respectively. The wells at the central station was the highest and mirage in the in the northern station was the lowest total pesticide residue. The remaining amount of glyphosate was lowest. The total residues of glyphosate and malathion pesticides in the wells was below the maximum permitted concentration set by the European :union:.
Regarding the concentration of total organic phosphorus pesticides in the studied wells over the maximum permitted concentration of the European :union:, in the absence of control of the use of pesticides, the lack of regular monitoring of this important source of water and preventive programs for the health of water users in Kermanshah province with a serious threat.

Reviewing the first written testimonials and cancer reports suggests that doctors and surgeons had progressive progress in understanding cancer. Over the past thirty years, researchers have made significant progress in recognizing the biological causes of human cancers. Genetic disorders through heredity and non-heredity cause new changes in the control of cell growth. With the advancements in technology in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, there is a wealth of information that will help in early detection of cancer, as well as timely screening for some cancers to help effectively diagnose it early. In recent years, molecular genetic studies have justified the mechanism of cancer production. In general, scientists today have come to the conclusion that with the early detection and complete withdrawal of cancer cells, they can achieve the best results before cancer can spread.

The purpose of this study is to measure airborne contaminants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and suspended particles of less than 10 microns (PM10) from April to November 2016. Over the course of 8 months, 144 samples were collected for pollutants VOC, CO and PM10 with two replicates per month at three stations. The pollutants were measured at one oclock in the evening. VOC and CO measurements were performed by the American-made Multi-RAE direct reading device and the Haz-Dust EPAM5000 Hazard Particle Measurement, in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. The air quality index (AQI) for pollutants (VOC, CO, and PM10) was calculated using linear correlation methodology according to the National Open Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The results showed that the highest concentration of CO pollutants was related to the center of Shirazi parking with an average of 22.31 ppm, and the lowest was related to parking exit from Imam Reza Street with a mean of 7.5 ppm and then the parking entrance from Shirazi Streets with a concentration of 8 ppm. The concentration of carbon monoxide and PM10 at Shirazi parking station was higher than the standard of Iran Department of Environment (9 ppm, 150 μg/m3). The air quality index for carbon monoxide for all months except November and the air quality index for PM10 for June and September were higher than the standard. In addition, the highest concentration of volatile organic compounds was reported in September and, in general, contamination was higher during the warm period than the cold period.

Mucocutaneous lesions have high incidence in the population. Usually Clinical findings are not merely enough to make a diagnosis. The concordance between Clinical and Histopathological diagnosis is important, because suitable therapeutic procedures can be provided by evaluating the amount of their coordination. This research is done to evaluate concordance between clinical diagnosis and pathological report in mucocutaneus lesions.
In this descriptive analytical study, Identification data, clinical and pathological profile of patients with clinical diagnosis of mucocutaneous lesions, was chosen from the archive of the department of Oral Pathology of Qazvin Dental School containing 321 records and data analyzed statistically with the Kappa test, Cramer's Scale and chi square test.
Mean age of the patients was 46±12.1. Number of suffering women (%60.5) was estimated approximately two times more than men (%39.5). Maximum site of occurrence was the cheek and minimum site was the tongue. In %91 of lesions, Clinical and Histopathological diagnosis was comparative and in the rest %9 a non-comparison was reported. Maximum and minimum amount of diagnostic compliance were respectively Pemphigus and Pemphigoid. There was Sattistically significant differences between Clinical and Histopathological diagnosis .(PV=0.02)
Because mucocutaneus lesions have clinical signs in skin, oral and other mucosa, so it seems that accuracy of clinical diagnosis and its concordance with pathological diagnosis is acceptable. But pathologic survey is gold standard for differentiation of lesions such as lichen planus, lichenoid reaction and pemphigoid.

Organic compounds are one of the most important quality characteristics in wastewater treatment. The aim of this study is to make comparison of the efficiency of wetland and extended aeration activated sludge in the removal of organic compounds from sanitary wastewater based on response surface methodology.
In this experimental study 100 mixed samples were taken from wetland and extended aeration reactors. According to type of wastewater treatment and operating time, COD, BOD5 and TSS were measured. Sampling, transportation, storage and measurement performed according to standard methods. Experiment setting, modeling, removal equation of organic compounds and optimal condition was obtained by response surface methodology.
Maximum removal of COD, BOD5 and TSS (in summer) in wetland were 95.67, 93.4 and 87.41%; in extended aeration was 97, 65.1 and 80.2%, respectively. Efficiency of extended aeration was better than wetland in all seasons and all parameters. R2: 0.8- 0.89 confirms the effect of operating time on wastewater treatment efficiency. Validity and accuracy in wetland and extended aeration were 12.64-17.65 and 16.01-19.37, respectively. Removal model in both wetland and extended aeration was linear.
Efficiency of extended aeration is more than wetland. Response surface methodology properly describes organic compound removal efficacy by extended aeration and wetland.

The control of gaseous emissions of vehicles is very important issue due to high rates of car production in Iran and their toxic emissions. In this study, in order to introduce a superior car compatible with environmental standards, the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by Peugeot 206, Samand and EL Samand during 2004-2008 were examined.
Preliminary data was collected from Vehicle Inspection Centers and statistical analysis of the experimental data. Moreover, the mean data comparison was carried out using Excel software and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% (p The results showed that Samand and EL Samand significantly produce more hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants compared to Peugeot 206, while Peugeot 206 provides a greater amount of carbon dioxide. This could be attributed to the different mechanisms of combustion (complete or incomplete) in the vehicles. Moreover, the downward trend in emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide was observed during 2004-2008 by Peugeot 206 unlike carbon dioxide. Although, the amount of pollutants produced by Samand and EL Samand was declined.
Therefore, Peugeot 206 is more appropriate vehicle in terms of environmental standards as compared to Samand and EL Samand cars. Furthermore, Samand in competition with EL Samand produces more pollutants. It is hoped that by systematic survey of the vehicles performance and improvement their quality the gray dust can be wipe out from sky.