amir maleki

In the 1960s, the world realized that the environmental problems caused by human actions are not limited to space and time and have consequences for all human beings all around the earth. In Iran, with the emergence of the effects of environmental destruction, various dimensions of this issue have been considered; including the effectiveness of laws and programs in protecting the environment and natural resources. The present research identified hidden discourses in the clauses related to the environment in the laws of the country's five-year development plans using the discourse analysis approach and using John Dryzek's theory and methodology. Dryzek defines discourse as a common way of understanding the world, and introduces eight environmental discourses, based on two dimensions, reformist/radical and monotonous/creative, and four components includimg main entities, relationships, agents and their motivations, and key metaphors. The findings showed that the discourses identified in the research did not fully conform to Draizek's discourses. Therefore, a general approach of problem solving and three discourses were identified and named as: administrative rationalism, democratic rationalism and technocratic rationalism. It was concluded that one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of laws and development programs, can be the dominant discourses in them. Therefore, problem-solving discourses should be replaced with sustainable discourse. Conflict of Interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interests.

Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, is widely used in clinical practice for various ailments. However, its use is associated with detrimental effects on the liver, including inflammation and oxidative stress. Selenium, an essential trace element, may serve as an effective ergogenic aid by enhancing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, while high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve liver health.

The current study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of selenium supplementation and HIIT on dexamethasone-induced liver inflammation in rats.

Forty male Wistar rats (aged 6 - 8 weeks, 150 - 190 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 per group): (1) Normal control (NC), (2) dexamethasone control (DC), (3) dexamethasone + high-intensity interval training + saline (DT), (4) dexamethasone + selenium supplement (DS), and (5) dexamethasone + selenium supplement + high-intensity interval training (DST). The training groups performed HIIT at a velocity of 24 - 34 m/min (~85% - 100% VO 2max ) for four weeks (5 days/week). Supplement groups received 100 mg of selenium (on odd days) via oral gavage. Inflammatory induction was achieved through subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg for 3 days). Gene expression levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-1β) in liver tissue were determined using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P < 0.05).

Four weeks of dexamethasone supplementation significantly downregulated the inflammatory markers IL-4 (P = 0.077) and IL-1β (P = 0.029). Subsequently, HIIT and selenium supplementation were associated with significant modulation of IL-4 and IL-1β (P < 0.05). According to the Bonferroni results, HIIT combined with selenium supplementation had the greatest impact on the modulation of inflammatory markers in liver tissue.

These findings suggest that selenium supplementation combined with HIIT can effectively improve inflammatory conditions in individuals suffering from liver metaflammation.

The purpose of the upcoming research is to "investigate the effect of the implementation of the standard ambassador project course on the standard awareness and sensitivity of students in Tehran". in terms of purpose; It is practical and aims to increase the sensitivity and awareness of people towards the standard category and in terms of the implementation method; It is descriptive-survey and examines the current situation by distributing questionnaires. The statistical population is the first secondary schools for boys and girls in the ten city of Tehran, and because the implementation of the project is experimental, the replication sampling method was used, and 40 students from a girls' school in two experimental groups and a control group from the eighth grade and 40 students. They were selected from a boy's school in two experimental and control groups from the eighth grade. In the first stage, the selected statistical population was evaluated by distributing questionnaires and taking part in the pre-test, and in the second stage, the experimental group participated in the training course of the standard ambassador plan, and the control group did not take part in this course. In the final stage, both experimental and control groups participated in the post-test, and SPSS software was used to check the relationships and analyze the pre-test and post-test data. The results of the analysis and the results of the analysis of the pre-test and post-test data using the dependent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the averages in the experimental groups of girls and boys, and in other words, the standard level of awareness and sensitivity in the experimental groups of the girls' school and Boys have increased by participating in the standard ambassador course, and the implementation of the standard ambassador project has a positive and significant effect on students' standard awareness and sensitivity, and also using linear regression showed that there is a direct relationship between boys' standard awareness and sensitivity.

Water governance is a controversial concept, and rather than being based on knowledge of the governance method, it is considered an ideal model with specific and predefined indicators. Meanwhile, governance will result in the sustainability of water resources when it is defined and regulated according to the conditions. Because governance regulates the way of managing resources, it can vary according to the dominant discourse of each era. For this purpose, the present research tried to achieve a historical understanding of water governance patterns in different periods after the Islamic Revolution of Iran by using the methodology of discourse analysis and examining its effect on water resources management.

The method used in this research was discourse analysis. Based on this, the present study, with a historical approach, tried to discover the dominant discourse in every era and its effect on the way of managing water resources. The target period was from the 1978 revolution to the end of the twelfth government. In order to discover the dominant discourse, the text of the President's speech, the description of the deliberations of the Islamic Council, the text of water laws and development plans, and the approvals of the Supreme Water Council were examined. Therefore, in the results obtained, five decades after the revolution, the water governance period was divided into five periods, and political documents and texts and the description of the deliberations of the Islamic Council were used to evaluate it.

The results of the evaluation showed that what has determined the governance of water in Iran was not the governance that is proportional to the country's hydrological power but rather the governance that emerged from the political and international discourse. As in the periods when the ruling discourse was based on justice and the support of the government in economic matters (more emphasis on left-wing policies), the facilitation of water resource extraction, especially underground water, has intensified. During the periods when the ruling discourse was based on structural adjustment and privatization policies (with more emphasis on the right-wing economic liberalization policies), the development of surface water resources was the dominant model of water governance. Also, in many cases, there has been alignment between the government and the parliament in setting policies and laws against the sustainability of water resources. In cases where inequality has been evident, the government has sought to protect water resources in contrast to patterns that facilitate the extraction of resources.

The study of the history of water governance in Iran showed that in the dominant discourses on water governance after the revolution, the approach of protecting water resources along with the approach of self-sufficiency and development, which is still prominent in policymaking despite the worsening of the crisis, has not been able to lead the way. As far as we can say, the water protection policy has remained only as a slogan in many programs. It is based on this that the issues in water resources management policy have become chronic and are always repeated. This situation implies that water governance in Iran was not based on proportional governance, and as a result, the main goal of protecting water resources should be abandoned, and the improvement of the governance structure in accordance with the capacity of each region should be considered.

The extent and dispersion of studies on the subject of economic-social base and religiosity has doubled the necessity of using the meta-analysis method. The purpose of this article is to combine the results of the researches conducted in relation to the economic-social base and religiosity and to extract new results in order to interpret the findings more authentically. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the scientific research conducted in Iran regarding the relationship between the economic-social base and religiosity during the years 1383 to 1399, which is in one of the scientific information databases of academic jihad, Noor specialized journals database, publications information database. The country is indexed in the database of Iran's Scientific Documentation Center. A total of 26 research documents were found, of which 16 met the conditions and selection criteria and entered the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software. In the first step, publication bias and homogeneity of studies were examined; The statistical tests used in this section indicate the lack of publication bias and heterogeneity of studies. In the next step, the effect size as well as the role of moderating variables were evaluated; The results show that the size of the effect of economic-social base on religiosity is equal to (-0.168), which is evaluated as "small" according to Cohen's interpretation system; In other words, the independent variable "social-economic base" has a small but significant effect on the dependent variable "religiosity".

Policymakers and social scientists are primarily concerned with examining and tracking the social condition of the community. A considerable number of organizations publish social reports, the majority of which are presented in a fragmented, sectional, and non-exhaustive fashion. Constructing and implementing a “social indicators system” is the most efficacious resolution to this dilemma. The term “social indicators system” refers to a collection of indicators that have been deliberately and methodically chosen, precisely defined, and organized in accordance with a theoretical framework. Recognizing the significance of the topic, the purpose of this article is to construct and consolidate a conceptual framework for assessing the social condition, with a particular focus on Iranian society.The present study employed a mixed methodological design, incorporating in-depth interviews with specialists and elites as well as documentary methods. The methodology employed in the development of the social indicators system is one that is centered on concepts.To assess the social standing of Iranian society, three distinct and autonomous conceptual frameworks have been formulated and constructed. 1) According to the “development level measurement” framework, the social situation is comprised of three primary elements: the “interaction system,” the “livelihood system” and the “distribution system.” These components correspond to “social capital,” “quality of life” and “human development,” respectively. 2) The “monitoring of social changes” model examines the condition of the value system structure at the micro level and the process of structural changes in the domains of demographics, stratification, and technology at the macro level. 3) “The pathological model views the social situation as an examination of the state of social problems.”The social problem is defined as an unfavorable circumstance resulting from a disruption in the dimensions of development or the rapid occurrence of changes in social structures, according to this model.

The task of the sociology of religion is to know the various ways of using religion that people use. Therefore, religiosity is the benefit and application of religion in the context of people's daily lives, which has found various forms according to their economic and social situation. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the state of religiosity of the new middle class. This research has been conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The participants in this research are religious activists of the new middle class in Shahrekord, who were selected through purposeful sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with sixteen people in this class. In order to analyze the data, open, axial, and selective coding methods were used, and Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were used to ensure validity and reliability. The resultes show nineteen selected categories in the form of a paradigmatic model with a main category (secularization of religious activism of the new middle class), causal conditions (modernism, rationalism, scientism, individualism, and materialism), background conditions (non-mandatory religious socialization), intervention conditions (high socioeconomic status), strategies (rational religiosity, modern religiosity, ethical religiosity, selective religiosity, and secular religiosity), and consequences (decrease the role of religion in daily life, worldly attitude towards religion, self-diagnosis in religious matters, religious tolerance, desacralization, and tendency towards new spiritualities) are organized. The results show that although the religiosity of the new middle class has taken different forms and distances from its traditional form, religious elements have not yet disappeared from the collective mentality of this class and are accompanying it.

Environment is one of the interdisciplinary topics that can be explained and investigated in different dimensions and from different angles. One of the most important aspects is the dominant discourse of every government, which leads to the formulation of plans and guidelines and determines the implementation process of policies. In fact, environmental policies have long been included in policies, programs proposed by governments, and the text of statesmen's speeches. The Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule, and since the 1350s, it has always put instructions and laws in this regard on its agenda. However, these programs have not always improved and evolved over time, and over time, governments have taken different stances on environmental policy based on the discourses that dominate their policies. One of the methods of understanding the dominant environmental discourse of the governments is the analysis of the dominant programs and approaches in this regard. This research, using the discourse analysis approach, tries to explore the documents and development programs and dominant policies in each of the governments after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. (3rd to 12th government) to understand the importance of environment in different periods. The results showed that there has been a transition from the explanation of a single factor in the understanding of environmental issues, however, environmental policies and practices have been derived from the type of political discourse that governs the government.

Gender is one of the distinguishing factors of human health. This research was done in order to identify some social factors affecting the mental health of women and men. To analyze this issue. For this purpose, a field research was organized based on the survey method. Among married men and women aged 20-60 living in Kerman city, a sample of 600 people was selected and interviewed based on quota sampling method. The obtained results showed that the mean mental health score of men (23.5) is significantly higher than the mean mental health score of women (20.6). Also, the average score of "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" is 73.6 for women and 54.8 for men. The score of "men's vulnerability in health" is (43) and the score of women's vulnerability is (46). In this way, it can be said that compared to men, women experience weaker mental health, less benefit from resources and opportunities, and a higher degree of vulnerability in health. Statistical analyzes showed that "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities"and "vulnerability in health" have a significant and negative effect on women's mental health. Gender inequalities have a reducing effect on women's mental health, both directly and through increased vulnerability in women's health. The findings indicate that there is a difference in the type of social factors affecting the mental health of men and women, and the analysis of women's mental health requires attention to the social conditions in which they live and gender analysis.

Combating poverty and social inequalities is always one of the main concerns of policymakers. In Iran, this issue has always been considered in the form of development plans and poverty alleviation bills. Unfortunately, the poverty indicators do not show satisfactory results. Considering the importance of the subject, in this article, the content analysis of six development plans has been done with an emphasis on policies to reduce poverty and social inequalities. The results indicate that; 1) In none of the development plans (except for the fourth plan), there is no standard and official poverty line used as a criterion for policymakers, 2) The most important challenge of development plans in poverty alleviation is "identifying the poor", 3) The poverty alleviation program in Iran mainly emphasizes on removing the consequences of poverty rather than its causes and roots, 4) the issue of vulnerability has not been given serious attention in the plans. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the following principles in preparing the seventh development plan: 1) at the beginning of the plan, a specific definition of the poverty line and the relevant indicators should be provided, 2) the target groups, namely the poor and deprived areas, and their needs should be identified, 3) Instead of a complication- based perspective, a structural approach to poverty should be adopted, 4) Instead of isolated programs, try to compile a comprehensive plan.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global epidemic that has spread rapidly and it led to increased mortality; however, survivors of Covid-19 disease often face a weakened immune system. Since the main solutions to improve the level of safety include training modality and benefiting from supplements, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of resistance training and biotin consumption on the humoral immunity levels of men recovered from Corona.

Methods and Materials:

 This semi-experimental research has been performed with a pre-test and posttest design. 32 men recovered from Corona, whose ages were between 30 and 40 years old, were randomly divided into four groups of control, resistance training, biotin supplement, and resistance training+supplement. The exercise protocol for 6 weeks was three sessions per week and each session lasted 60 minutes with an intensity of 60 to 80% of a maximum repetition. The supplement groups took one biotin capsule with food for six weeks before the training. About 48 hours after the end of the last training session and supplement consumption, the serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG, and CRP were measured by the ELISA method. The data were evaluated using the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis at the significance level of (P ≤ 0.05).

The results showed that six weeks of resistance training with biotin consumption caused a significant increase in IgA, and IgM and it coused a significant decrease in CRP in men recovered from Corona. However, there was not any significant changes in IgG and cortisol.

It seems that six weeks of resistance training along with biotin consumption has strengthened the immune system by increasing the amounts of immunoglobulins A, M and decreasing CRP. Therefore, performing six weeks of resistance training along with biotin intake is suitable for improving the body's immune system and it protects a person against the disease of Covid-19.

Identifying the structure of social classes and how to change it can be helpful in explaining many social and economic issues. The present study compares the structure of social classes in Iran during the years 1956 to 2016. In this study, the secondary analysis method has been used. The results show that the upper class has been almost constant during these years and the traditional middle class has had almost a larger share than other classes, the new and lower middle classes have the most fluctuations during the years under study. Observing the trend of class structure in different historical periods in Iran shows that political, economic and international factors are the determinants of changes and fluctuations in the structure of social classes in Iran and these effects have been more on the middle and lower class.

Social class, as an aspect of individual and social identity of individuals, has an important role in the extent and type of their religiosity in a way that the specific socio-economic conditions of individuals and groups more or less lead them to specific styles of religiosity. Recent studies of the sociology of religion, however, have largely neglected attention to social class. Therefore, in the present article, we have attempted to pay attention to the typology of religiosity of different social strata and classes in Shahrekord, while paying attention to the category of social stratum and class. This research has been done in a qualitative manner with an interpretive approach inspired by the Max weber ideal type approach. The method of data collection was a semi-structured interview with 57 people from individuals who were selected by purposeful sampling. The data were first coded sentence by sentence based on the thematic analysis technique and then the main and sub-themes were extracted and analyzed. The findings indicate a kind of difference in attitudes towards the foundations of religious belief, religious feelings and emotions (religious experience) as well as religious behaviors and actions of the three social strata and classes. Thus, we can talk about three ideal types of religiosity with certain religious characteristics and coordinates: "The ideal type of religiosity of lower social classes and strata"; "The ideal type of religiosity of the middle social classes and strata", and the "ideal type of religiosity of the upper social classes and strata".

In measuring social health at the micro level, more attention is paid to how a person communicates in the social relations network. According to experts such as Keyes, there is a positive and close relationship between social health and pro-social behaviors and responsibility in society. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze voluntary behaviors in Iran as a manifestation of social health and well-being of citizens and to explain the motivational structure underlying these behaviors. For this purpose, two types of activities involved “pro-social” and "community involvement" are analyzed and the effect of religiosity and values such as “Self-enhancement ", "self- transcendence", “openness to change" and "generalized social trust" on these behaviors are tested.

The research method is the secondary analysis of data from the fifth wave of Global Values Survey with a sample size of 2667 people.

Findings show that in Iran, membership in pro-social altruistic activities is more than community involvement activities. Religiosity has a significant effect on community involvement activities, and by eliminating this variable, the values of "self- transcendence" explain a small percentage of membership in this group of activities. But the value type of "openness to change" has the greatest impact on both types of activities, especially community involvement activities.

Although the rate of membership in volunteer activities is low in Iran, but these few volunteers consciously turn to these activities with the aim of creating a positive change in society, which is an important step in improving the social health of citizens.

The use of supplements, herbal extracts, and exercise training for the treatment of diseases and metabolic disorders has increased among people. The purpose of this study was to the Effect of Aloe vera Intake and eight-week aerobic training on serum vaspin, Glucose and serum Insulin in diabetic type 2 Women.

In this quasi-experimental study 32 diabetic type 2 Women participated and They were randomly divided into Four groups control, supplement, training , training + supplement. Training program was performed during 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 min per session). The subjects consumed a supplement group of 400 mg of Aloe vera daily for 8 weeks. Ben Fonney's post hoc test and covariance analysis test were used to examine the ingroup differences and between the research groups.

The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic and supplementation of aloe vera significantly decreased vaspine, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, BMI and fat percentage in diabetic type 2 Women (P = 0.001). Quicki and VO2max also significantly increased (P = 0.001).

Implementing Simultaneous consumption of Aloe vera supplementation and aerobic training have protective effect on diabetes– induced complications in diabetic type 2 Women.

Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases which causes other chronic diseases. The incidence of it is increasing in different societies, including Iran.  This study aimed to investigate Gender  differences in incidence of type 2 diabetes and  related psychosocial factors.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 among people with the age group of 20 to 60. All the 600 participants were married and lived in Kerman. Using multi-stage sampling, 300 men and 300 women were selected. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included 3 sections as follows: Social demographic variables, healthy lifestyle variabl and perceived stress variable. Statistical analysis was done through descriptive statistics, Lambda test, Independent sample T -test and Binary Logistic regression. The SPSS 23 was used to perform the data analysis. The significance level of the study was considered to be p=0.05.

    The mean (SD) score of physical activity for women was significantly lower than men: (7.6 (2.3) vs. 8.2 (2.7) (P=0.006) ). In the same vein, the mean (SD) score of healthy diet among women was significantly higher than men:  (18.6 (3) vs. 18 (2.4),( P<0.001) ). The rate of avoidance of tobacco and alcohol consumption among women was significantly higher than men:( 19.4 (1.3) vs. 17.9 (2.6),( P<0.001) ).  results of multiple logistic regression showed that in the group of women, the chance of developing diabetes was significantly related to perceived stress level (OR=1.21), level of sports activities OR=0.48) (and education. Education level and health diet also had a significant effect on men's odds of developing diabetes (OR=0.63, 1.35, respectively).

Among the indicators of healthy lifestyle, doing exercise in women and having a healthy diet in men were effective in predicting the risk of diabetes. In addition, the amount of perceived social stress was one of the most important psychological factors in the development of diabetes just in women. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the factors affecting diabetes in both men and women separately. and This can be an appropriate analytical instrument for sociologists and health researchers to recognize and focus on this problem as well as for health policy makers to reduce and control harmful factors.

Irisin is released from the Fndc5 protein in muscle cell through physical activity and effects on metabolism through browning of white fat. The purpose of this study was to the effect of resistance training and supplementation of nanocurcumin on the expression of genes of FNDC5 and PPARɣ rat muscle tissue.

In this experimental study, 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups (Control, resistance training, nanocurcumin, resistance training + nanocurcumin). The training groups program included 4 weeks, 3 days a week from climbing on a stepladder. Nanocarcmine (80 mg / kg) was given gavage in complementary groups for four weeks daily. FNDC5 and PPARƔ gene expression were measured using the RT-PCR method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a significant level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that resistance training and supplementation of Nanocarcmine significantly increased the expression of the gene of FNDC5 and PPARɣ in muscle tissue of rat (P <0.05).

It seems resistance training with nanocurcumin supplementation may stimulate secretion of FNDC5 & PPARƔ from muscle, that has a key role in the metabolism of adipose tissue and the conversion of white tissue to brown fat tissue.

This paper uses a meta-analysis to comparatively evaluate the factors related to childbearing in Iran studies. The analysis is based on 26 studies, which 16 are about fertility desires and 10 are about childbearing attitudes. The results suggest that several factors have negative effect on fertility desires named: education, marriage age, and number of children, social-economic participation, and individualism, attitude to employment, foreign media and internet. As well as, age, rural living, income, religiosity, social protection, number of siblings, and life quality have positive effect on fertility desires, which among them individualism (-0/296) and number of children (-0/224) have the most effect sizes. The results also suggest that income and age difference between spouses have positive effect on childbearing attitude and cultural investment, education, social-economic status, age, and virtual networks have negative effect on childbearing attitudes, which income (0/272) and age (0/258) have the most effect sizes. Therefore there are a lot of social factors which have important role in determining childbearing in Iran and social planners should pay attention to them.

The present paper is aimed at analyzing the sociological structure of the class of Kurdish Mokrian society and its changes over the last half century (based on the class structure of Mahabad city), and study of attitude to gender equalit and gender tolerance of them.This research was conducted by survey method and using questionnaire tools.The statistical population includes all people over the age of twenty and living in the Mokrian area. Based on cluster sampling, Mahabad city was selected as the sample and the appropriate sample size was determined as 356 people according to the maximum scattering rate and 5% error. Data were measured by the scale of Inglehart and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test in four stratified groups of Kermanj (popular people), Aghavat (landlords), townspeople and Sadat. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant difference between the four groups in terms of attitudes towards gender equality and sexual tolerance.

The social problem is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociological studies that lacks common semantic coordinates. In each of the modern and postmodern approaches, this concept has a different definition and the choice of each of these approaches leads to determining different paths in the face of the concept of social problem. This has led to ambiguities in social policy-making and has hampered the path of social decision-making. Because every decision requires research foundations that, if based on it, can make the right decisions. Accordingly, this article attempts to answer the nature and definition of the social problem and the indicators of recognizing a phenomenon as a social problem by relying on the ontological positions of the most prominent thinkers of the modern and postmodern approach, Emile Durkheim and Jean Baudrillard.

The research method is comparative study. In this method, first the selected books are studied in depth, then based on the main concepts of the research, they are purposefully summarized. Then, based on the initial summaries, overt and covert themes were extracted and finally, in the form of comparative comparison, they were rewritten and formulated in a structured way.  

As a result of answering these questions, it became clear that Durkheim believes that social realities are objective phenomena that are not dependent on human life and are independent of human will. Accordingly, the social issue, like other social realities, is an objective and independent matter whose change does not depend on human free will. In his view, the social problem has a characteristic: lack of generality, lack of function and going beyond the natural limits. According to these characteristics, which are identified according to the type and period of evolution of society, social issues are identified. In contrast, Baudrillard believes that the social world and social issues are mental constructs that have nothing to do with reality, because they do not believe in social reality and deny the existence of independent social phenomena. In his view, social issues are defined based on the language system of each social group and according to gender, religious, national, racial, class differences. In the meantime, the media creates hyper-real through the decoupage industry and mass production of global information. A world that refers to signs that are not real through simulation. The interests of the centers of power are important links in the interests of which the media creates the social world and introduces its disturbing phenomena as a social problem. In this situation, social issues are created without relying on reality in the interests of the centers of power and through the media.

The reason for the difference between the two views is the wide-ranging changes at the global level. After the occurrence of various political, religious, scientific and industrial revolutions, modern society experienced social turmoil and the restoration of collective order was a desirable goal for all thinkers of that era. Accordingly, modern thinkers such as Durkheim sought to restore social order by believing in the capabilities of science. Whereas in the postmodern era, with the outbreak of world and regional wars, political expansionism and inhumane economic violence, and the conquest of the media by the centers of power, the ideals of the modern world and the ability of science to shape human order were seriously questioned.  Thus Baudrillard sought a theoretical explanation of how the social world was constructed and created.

Social class is one of the concepts that is very important for social scientists and at the same time this concept has been very controversial. Scholars in this field do not agree much on the definition of class, field and its application, structure and related theories, and have analyzed it from different perspectives, sometimes only from an economic, sometimes political and sometimes in addition, the economic and political dimensions of the social and cultural dimensions have been studied, and others discuss the disappearance of class. The kind of view of thinkers on this concept can create different procedures in the field of issues and concepts of stratification, social class and middle class. This article examines and compares the views of social and middle class thinkers in Iran with meta-analysis method and compares their views in the fields of social class concept, social class structure, typological features structure and middle class function. The study courses of the observers on the social class are before Qajar, Qajar, Pahlavi and the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The results show that the most agreement on the concept of class is related to the criteria: 1. Occupational, 2. Economic and common opportunities Life is equal 3. Power and ownership and 4. Understanding historical conditions. These theorists also have commonalities and differences in the fields of class structure, characteristics, typology and functions of social and middle class.

Changes in the demographic and family structure of the country have led to an increase in the number of elderly and the emergence of a new group of elderly women alone. Understanding the situation of this group of women is not very important from the perspective of an outside observer, but from their own perspective in the success of aging programs and social policy for this group. The main question of this study is how this group spends the last years of their lives and what understanding and interpretation they have of their relationships with others.

In this study, the phenomenological approach of Smith, Flowers and Larkin has been used to understand the lived experience of elderly women alone. Study field is the city of Boukan in the province of West Azerbaijan, and the study population is all alone women aged 60 and over. A total of 10 people were selected by purposive sampling method and studied using semi-structured in-depth interviews.

From the total of interviews, 12 basic concepts were extracted and abstractly categorized into 5 categories, including "feeling of abandonment", "feeling of rejection", "feeling of loneliness", " concerns about decrepitude and overload" and " concerns of dying alone" it was.

This study shows that although the lonely and independent life of older women is incompatible with local norms, but structural and value changes in the family have led to the marginalization and expansion of this group of women who, in addition to its issues and problems, have neighborhood supportive benefits.

The current article has studied the evolution of lovemaking patterns in human relationships. The fundamental changes in the social, economic, cultural and political dimensions of Iranian society in recent decades have led to a fundamental change in the patterns of lovemaking of individuals, even in its most intimate form. Significant changes have occurred in romantic relationships between individuals. The formation of riots and tensions between spouses, increasing divorce rates and the increasing prevalence of concepts such as understanding, mutual interest, emotional divorce, infidelity, polygamy, casual love, fleeting relationships, etc. indicate a change in the patterns of lovemaking that traditional practices of romantic relationships, Has faced a serious challenge.

This research has been carried out qualitatively and the grounded theory method has been used as the research method. and the of data collection method was document study, depth exploratory interviews with 41 married people According to the theoretical sampling presented in Ardabil city awhose narratives had been analyzed in lovemaking. The validity of current study was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then expert professors. To analyze the data, continuous comparison method was used during the open, axial and selective coding stage. The results of the research are analyzed based on five axes that are the main factor in the evolution and three processes of the lovemaking pattern.

The analysis indicate that factors of the spread of modernism, technology development, individualization, apostasy and increment of the level of education, as well as intervening factors of diversity and increment leisure and urbanization and the expansion of cyberspace on the core phenomenon of fragmentation of love and subsequent change in behavior and The evolution of lovemaking has affected and transformed the Iranian family and the formation of new forms of relationships. In the research process, 9 varius patterns of lovemaking were identified, which are: 1) Traditional lovemaking (behind the scenes, patriarchal) 2) Romantic lovemaking 3) Friendly lovemaking 4) Realistic lovemaking 5) Erotic lovemaking 6) Sacrific lovemaking 7) Pure lovemaking 8)Playful lovemaking And 9) Liquid lovemaking.

Numerous causal, underlying and moderating factors have led to the evolution of lovemaking patterns in the study community. The evolution of the patterns of lovemaking is such that the more we move from the past and traditional and contemporary behaviors, the more romantic acts of fluidity, instability, multiplicity and diversity. Each of these patterns is represented by distinct features. In the traditional pattern of lovemaking, expressing love in public is considered ugly and shameful, far from chastity and even disrespectful, and romantic acts become an "extra-secret" act and are exiled to the social scene. Also, more obedient women are in fact submissive and a tool to meet the sexual needs of men. Romantic lovemaking is associated with romantic behaviors that are strongly expressed and appearance, appearance, beauty, mutual understanding are important, and sometimes one-sided sacrifices occur in this type of lovemaking pattern. Playful lovemaking is a clear manifestation of secrecy and dishonesty, and friendly lovemaking means the preference of friendship before marriage in the formation of lovemaking. Logical aspects such as job, morality and behavior of the individual and parents, being good and having inherited and cultural commonalities are important in realistic lovemaking. Erotic lovemaking emerges with the characteristics of lover focus on lover, sense of ownership over lover, and intense sexual need. Instead, sacrificing love is characterized by self-sacrifice for one's spouse, enduring hardships and pain for the sake of one's spouse. Prioritizing the emotional satisfaction of spouses, expressing interest through receiving gifts, direct expression of love and affection and a sympathetic attitude in the absence of mutual interest and other issues, are the distinctive features of pure lovemaking with other patterns. Finally, liquid lovemaking implies its hobby, the importance of money, the formation of playfulness in relationships, extramarital sex experiences, and the formation of unstable virtual relationships have shaped the new pattern of lovemaking. Numerous emotional and sexual relationships with different people, the importance of money and material in relationships, temporary and casual friendships, the dominance of virtual relationships, the development of extramarital relationships and the performance of love as a playful phenomenon show the formation of relationships. The figure has somehow caused the fragmentation of lovemaking and the consequent fundamental consequences, including the transformation of the family as well as the transformation of the social situation.

Research on the nature of the relationship between science and religion, as two important sources of human's knowledge, has always been at the center of attention of intellectuals of different field of thoughts. But because of the existance of competing and different interpretations, this relationship has its own ups and downs and never has had a dogmatic or static meaning. Nevertheless, intellectuals with introducing diverse models and theories were tried to explain this most confusing relation. This paper aims to analyze and explore these diverse theories and views. For this purpose, first inspired by Alexander, four possible types of relationship between science and religion including "conflict, separation, fusion and complementarity" were described in the light of related views and theories and then a new and exquisite approach in this area was introduced which transcending common ways of understanding science-religion relation, tries to reveal the complexities of this relation in a different light

Violence is a behavior that is harmful to another, and various studies have shown the role of social variables in its occurrence. Violence in all its forms is one of the social problems of Iran today. So that the statistics of violent crimes in the last decade as well as the results of research show that violent crimes have increased in various forms in recent years. Therefore, this study has been designed provide a sociological explanation of violent crimes based on the components of institutional anomie theory categories in order to provide an explanation of violent crimes in its light. In this study, using the secondary analysis method, the provincial data of the last two decades related to social institutions and violent crimes have been analyzed. Findings show that empirical support for the approach of institutional anomie theory in Iran is moderate and among the structures defined to explain violent crime, disruption and weakness of the family institution and economic dominance have the greatest impact. But the explicit variables selected to measure weakness in the other two institutions may not have been sufficiently explained. The research confirms the statements of the institutional anomie theory that the rate of violent crime increases as a result of the weakening of non-economic institutions. This means that the relationship between non-economic institutions and crime has been positive. As a result, it can be said that the results show the disorder and weakness of the family institution and the dominance of the economic institution over the institutional balance of power and it can be claimed that Iranian society is facing a kind of institutional imbalance and consequent growth of violent crimes.