mitra rahimzadeh

The relative darkening of the lower eyelid skin, often linked with dark circles, may make one seem tired and older than the actual age. Considering the recommendations in the sources of Persian medicine regarding Artemisia absinthium L., this clinical trial aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cream prepared from the aqueous extraction of A.absinthium for infra-orbital dark circles removal.

In this double-blind controlled clinical trial, an eye cream is made with 20% of the aqueous extract of A.absinthium in the base of the cream. For standardization based on Artemisinin, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used. In two drug and placebo groups, 60 patients were equally enrolled in the trial. Erythema and pigmentation were evaluated via Mexameter®.

The cream was standardized, including 1.29±0.02 µg/mg Artemisinin in the product. Finally, 21 and 24 patients in the drug and placebo groups completed the study, respectively. In these groups, the difference in the mean ± standard deviation (SD) delta erythema (DE), delta luminance (DL), erythema, and melanin factors before and after the research were significant (P<0.05). However, the rate of reduction of DE, Erythema, and Melanin and the rise of DL are more significant in the treatment group than in the placebo group. Furthermore, the mean values of DE and DL factors before the research were significantly different in the two groups (P<0.001), but after the investigation did not show a significant difference. The mean value of the Erythema factor in the two groups before (P=0.25) and after (P=0.5) did not show a significant difference. The mean value of Melanin after the research between the two groups showed a significant difference (P=0.01).

The results show that the cream prepared from the herbal composition of Persian medicine improves the infra orbital dark circle around the eyes. 

Transferring a patient from the intensive care unit to the general ward is an anxiety-inducing process that is associated with feelings of insecurity, discomfort, dependency, and increased need. The most important goal of any care program is to satisfy the patient's needs and create a feeling of comfort. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of designed transitional care program on anxiety and general comfort of the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft during transfer from open-heart surgery intensive care unit to general ward.

This study was a non-randomized clinical trial with a control group which included 62 patients who were candidates for transfer from the open-heart surgery intensive care unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran to the general ward in 2021. The patients were selected by convenient method. The control group received the routine care and were followed up. The experimental group pursued the designed transitional care program in addition to routine care. This program had 4 dimensions: 1-waiting for transfer, 2-support, gradually reducing dependence and increasing independence, 3-communication and strengthening the care triad, and 4-continuity of integrated and need-based care which was implemented by selected and trained nurses in cooperation with the researcher, physician, patients and families for 5-7 days.  Spielberger's anxiety Questionnaires and general comfort scale were completed before the transfer and on the day of the patient's discharge. Using SPSS version 26, the results were analyzed by Fisher's exact, Chi-square, paired and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the designed transitional care program could significantly reduce anxiety and increase the general comfort of the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (p≤0.000).

Considering the impact of the intervention on the variables under study, use of the designed program as a suitable care program during patient transfer can be suggested.

The duration of healthcare services has a significant impact on the quality of care and patient's satisfaction. Having information on service delivery time in both government and outsourced Health Posts (HPs) can contribute to evidence-based policymaking and better resource management. Therefore, this study aims to estimate and compare service delivery time in government and outsourced HPs.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in six affiliated HPs under Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019–2020. Data were collected through a census using a stopwatch and a time recording form during one working week. The average duration of each service (in minutes) was obtained. The results were reported using descriptive statistics and were analyzed using SPSS24 software and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The total mean of duration of services provided in government HPs (777.6 minutes) was greater than that in outsourced HPs (788.5 minutes). Among the 10 services provided, the average duration of services for adolescents (20.4±4.5 minutes), young adults (20.5±5.6 minutes), middle-aged adults (26.1±10.4 minutes), and elderly individuals (24.3±13.6 minutes) in government HPs was significantly longer than in outsourced HPs (p<0.05). Additionally, the average duration of health education services (23.1±10.5 minutes) and health ambassador training (36.1±13.7 minutes) in private HPs was significantly longer than in government HPs (p<0.05).

In outsourced HPs, it is important to focus on creating a balance between the number of visits and the staff available for services which target adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly individuals. In government HPs, emphasis should be placed on increasing the time allocated for educational and promotional health services. By considering the importance of service delivery time and the observed differences in findings of this study, it is crucial to prioritize the duration of service delivery as an important performance measure when comparing government and outsourced HPs.

One of the evaluation methods is based on the performance of objective structured clinical examination. Passing this exam is necessary for medical students to graduate, practice medicine and participate in a specialized course. This study is designed to analyze the quality of these tests using psychometric indicators.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the test of three periods of clinical competence, respectively, were analyzed. Average (standard deviation), the cut-off score was (by borderline regression method), rejection rate, R2 determination coefficient, root mean square error to estimate the the cut-off score, difficulty coefficient, neatness coefficient were calculated in individual stations and the whole test.

64 medical students along with 26 expert examiners from each station were present in this exam. According to the cut-off score in the 31st exam, all students got a passing grade and we did not fail. The total RMSE was equal to 0.55 and the value of R2 in different stations was obtained from 0.46 to 0.85. The hardest and easiest stations based on the difficulty coefficient were gynecology, social medicine and orthopedics respectively. In the 32nd exam, the rejection rate was one person (0.23%). The total RMSE was 0.57 and the value of R2 in different stations was obtained from 0.38 to 0.87. The most difficult and the easiest stations based on the difficulty coefficient were radilogy, emergency medicine and surgery respectively. In the 33rd exam, all students got a passing grade. Total RMSE was equal to 0.76 and R2 value was obtained in different stations from 0.39 to 0.95. The most difficult and easiest stations based on the difficulty coefficient were internal glands and surgery respectively.

To improve the quality of the OSCE exam, measuring its quality is vital. The use of several psychometric indicators can be an important step in determining the quality of the test. The results obtained during the three test periods indicate that the quality of the test is acceptable in most of the stations and some cases need to be reviewed and improved.

Abstract Introduction and A long wait to give birth and constant concern for the health of the baby accompany the mother during all pregnancy periods. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and metacognitive therapy on anxiety and biological indicators in pregnant women. The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all pregnant women in the second 3 months of pregnancy who referred to the hospitals and pregnancy clinics of Tehran in 2020-2021. 45 people were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The tools of this research included Cattell's anxiety questionnaires (1957), special armband for sphygmomanometer and glucose test kit. For the first experimental group, German - Canadian - Iranian system metacognitive therapy and for the second experimental group cognitive behavioral therapy were held in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were mixed using analysis of variance and analyzed through spss-26 software. The results indicated that metacognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy increased psychological well-being and decreased blood pressure and blood sugar at the end of the interventions and the follow-up period (p<0.05). The method of metacognitive therapy has caused a further decrease in biological indicators and a further increase in anxiety (p<0.05). Due to the effect that metacognitive therapy has on correcting metacognitive beliefs affecting anxiety and increasing blood sugar and blood pressure in pregnant women, it can be effective alone or with complementary treatment in reducing biological indicators and reducing anxiety in pregnant women.

The purpose of the study was to examine the intention of the health ambassadors to receive the COVID‑19 vaccine, and investigate predictors of intention using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and health belief model (HBM).

This was a descriptive study conducted on 500 health ambassadors. Simple randomized sampling was applied to select the participants. We called the participants and asked them to fill out our 28‑item questionnaire. Univariate analyses were used to examine relationships between dependent and independent variables. We used the independent t‑test to measure the relationship between quantitatively independent variables and the Chi‑square or Fisher’s exact test to measure the relationship between qualitative independent variables. Finally, significant independent variables were entered into a hierarchical logistic regression model and the results were interpreted.

Overall, 44.8% (224) of participants reported that they have the intention to receive the COVID‑19 vaccine. The significant demographic predictors include age, having a chronic disease, Having COVID‑19 in the last year, and perceived health status. According to the HBM, the dimensions of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and cues to action. According to the TPB, the dimensions of the subject norm, perceived behavior control, and self‑efficacy were significant predictors of vaccination.

According to the low rate of COVID‑19 vaccination, health educational programs together with encouraging/reinforcing programs may change perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived behavioral control, and intention. It is better to use various kinds of sources to implement the educational program.

 In modern medical education, the emphasis on student-centered learning and task-based learning has made the role of a learning environment more highlighted. In curriculum development, aligning educational objectives, teaching methods, and assessment methods with the educational environment is emphasized. In the process of evaluating curriculum components, along with the assessment of the other parts, assessing the educational environment through a valid and reliable tool is essential.

 The purpose of this study was to develop a psychometric and localized version of the Surgical Theatre Educational Environment Measure (STEEM) tool for surgical technologists in Iran.

 The present study was a descriptive and analytical study that was conducted cross-sectionally in 2021. After obtaining permission from the developer of the standard questionnaire, following the principles of localization, the stages of translation and
re-translation of the STEEM tool were done. The validity of its face and content was then assessed. In order to determine construct validity, the questionnaire was distributed among 201 surgical technology students. The construct validity of the instrument and its reliability was investigated using exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha and intra-cluster correlation coefficient, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19.

 The study of face, content, and construct validity resulted in providing a STEEM questionnaire with 5 subscales and 30 questions covering 55.6% of the total variance. The reliability of the whole questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.845.

 Based on the findings of this study, the Iranian version of STEEM, entitled Iranian Measure of Operating Theatre Educational Climate (IMOTEC) has appropriate validity and reliability, and can effectively measure operating theatre educational climate from the perspective of undergraduate surgical technology students.

Midwives play an essential role in sexual counseling. The present study aimed to measure knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy towards providing sexual counseling among students doing the master of Counseling in Midwifery program in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 148 midwifery students doing the master of Counseling in Midwifery, who selected via convenience sampling from universities across the country. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge of sexual counseling (KSH), attitude towards sexual counseling (ASH), and self-efficacy to do sexual counseling (SESH) in 2021. Data analysis was done using the Student t-test, Pearson correlation test, and ANOVA using SPSS ver. 25.

Mean and standard deviation of the total score was 74.67 ±12 for knowledge, 80.8 ±76.98 for attitude, and 81 ± 16 for self-efficacy. Management of victims of sexual assault and counseling models had the lowest score on the knowledge scale. Students had poor self-efficacy when providing sexual counseling to the men and sexual minorities. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude towards sexual counseling (P<0.001) A significant relationship was also seen between knowledge and attitude with self-efficacy of sexual counseling (p <0.001). 

Despite the optimal status of the overall sexual counseling knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores, students still have low levels of competency in sexual counseling. It is necessary to improve the proficiency of students to communicate effectively with male clients, victims of rape, and sexual minorities through curriculum revision in terms of both theoretical and clinical issues.

Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive periods ofhuman life. A long wait to give birth and constant concern forthe health of the baby accompany the mother during allpregnancy periods. The aim of this study was to compare theeffectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and metacognitive therapy on psychological well-being, BloodPressure and Blood Sugar in pregnant women.

The current study was a quasiexperimental study with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up planwith a control group. The statistical population of the presentstudy consisted of all pregnant women in the second 3 monthsof pregnancy who referred to the hospitals and pregnancyclinics of Tehran in 2020-2021. 45 people were selected in apurposeful way and randomly assigned to two experimentalgroups and one control group. The tools of this research wereRyff's psychological well-being questionnaires (1989) and aspecial armband for a sphygmomanometer and a glucose testkit. For the first experimental group, German, Canadian, andIranian system metacognitive therapy (Malihialzackerini et al.,2003) and for the second experimental group cognitivebehavioral therapy (Greenberg and Padesky, 1995) were heldin 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group did notreceive any intervention. The data were analyzed using mixedanalysis of variance.

The results indicated that metacognitive therapyand cognitive behavioral therapy increased psychologicalwell-being and decreased blood pressure and blood sugar atthe end of the interventions and the follow-up period (p<0.05).The method of metacognitive therapy has caused a furtherdecrease in blood pressure and blood sugar components, and afurther increase in psychological well-being (p<0.05).

Due to the effect that metacognitive therapy hason correcting metacognitive beliefs, it can be effective aloneor with complementary therapy in reducing Blood Pressureand Blood Sugar and increasing psychological well-being inpregnant women.

Men are more likely than women to have cancer and die from it. In addition, the likelihood of using healthcare services and preventive measures, such as screening for cancer, is much lower among men than women. This study aimed to determine the predictors of cancer screening behavior in middle-aged men employed in universities using the Health Belief Model.

This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted on middle-aged men employed in Karaj University. The sampling was done through a census and all male employees (400 persons) who had the inclusion criteria were entered into the study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which had been confirmed.

The results showed that 10.2% of the men had undergone one type of cancer screening, and the logistic regression indicated that perceived barriers and self-efficacy were predictors of screening behavior in men.

Given the very low rate of screening behavior in Iranian men and the increasing prevalence of cancer, there is a need for educational interventions to make men aware of cancer. According to the results of this study, self-efficacy and perceived barriers were introduced as predictors of screening behavior, and taking them into account through interventions could lead to improve screening behavior in men.

Proper knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women about vaccination during this period will have a significant impact on their and their baby’s health. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women toward flu and Td vaccination.

This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study on 312 pregnant women referred to Imam Ali Hospital in Karaj with an age range of 15 to 40 years. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The method of sampling was convenience sampling. The data was analyzed using SPSS software.

The mean age of the women was 27.6±6.54 years. 198 (63.5%) of the subjects were housewives and 114 (36.5%) were employed. 248 (79.5%) and 282 (90.4%) of the subjects had appropriate attitudes and knowledge about vaccination with Td vaccines and Influenza, respectively. Also 293 (93.9%) and 137 (43.9%) of the subjects had practice well against both Td and Influenza vaccines. In women with higher education and better economic conditions, and in working women, the practice of both vaccines has become more suitable. As women get older, knowledge and practice about Td vaccination decreased.Also, the most common source of information for pregnant women about the vaccination program were 73.4% of health care workers, 12.5% ​​of the Internet, 10.3% of radio and television, 3.5% of friends and acquaintances, and 0.3% of family members, respectively. In the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice towards Influenza and Td vaccination, there was a direct and significant relationship between them so that with increasing or decreasing one, the other also increased or decreased. Most of the relationship between awareness and practice items was related to Influenza vaccine (r=0.304) and the lowest relationship between knowledge with practice items was related to Td vaccine (r=0.146).

In this study, it was found that with increasing awareness and attitude, vaccination has increased. Regarding Influenza vaccination, due to the significant relationship between the source of information and vaccination, it is recommended that more serious recommendations to be made by the health care staff to pregnant women regarding Influenza vaccination.

In recent years, there has been significant increase in the number of diabetic patients, the rate of hospitalization and non-traumatic lower limb amputation. The last two mentioned are known as the major complications of diabetes.  In addition to it, there has been a considerable tendency among the medical therapist in applying  apitherapy a branch of alternative medicine that deals with natural agents containing effective chemical compounds in this specialized field. Following what was explained we decided to reexamine the effects of Bee pollen as a natural support to promote the process of diabetic pressure ulcer healing.

This study is a one-blinded clinical trial study included 84 diabetic patients suffering from diabetic ulcers. These patients were referred to the wound clinics under supervision of Alborz University of medical sciences in Karaj. The study group was divided into two groups: experimental group (E.G), the patients who were given Bee pollen and control group (C.G.), those whom were given placebo .patient educated to solve one tea spoon powder in milk or water  three times a day and drink, preferably before meals. Equal care was provided to all patients by wound experts over a twelve week period of time. During this time the PUSH questionnaire was completed for each patient by wound experts twice weekly.

To match the research, we selected these two groups from similar demographic variables such as: age, gender, education, marital status, underlying disease, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin and the size of the wounds. Comparing the PUSH score at the end of sessions 6, 12, 18 resulted in lower scores in E.G., while at the last session of 24 the PUSH score in C.G. was reported lower than E.G.Yet, no significant difference between the two groups was founded.

In this study, Bee pollen as a nutritional supplement in diabetic ulcer healing stimulation has not been proved. Hence, more studies are needed.

 Unplanned pregnancy and its complications are a global problem that affects women, families, and the community.

 This study aimed to assess the relationship between pregnancy intention, pregnancy outcomes, postpartum depression, and maternal role adaptation in pregnant women referred to healthcare centers of Robat Karim City, Iran. 

 This cohort study was conducted on 240 pregnant women referred to the healthcare centers of Robat Karim in 2019. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. After completing the London questionnaire in the 26th week of gestation, the participants were equally divided into planned and unplanned pregnancy groups. Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and parenting sense of competency scale were completed 10 days and 30 days after delivery. The obtained data were presented by descriptive statistics and analyzed by the Chi-square and t test for comparison between two groups and structural equation model for assessing the relationship between variables.

The mean ± SD values of age, marital duration time, and gravidity number of participants were 30±7.1, 1.5±0.02, and 5, respectively. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups concerning the mean score of postpartum depression and maternal competency, 10 and 30 days after delivery (P=0.001). The results of path analysis showed that pregnancy intention had a negative and significant effect on postpartum depression (B = -0.58, t value=-2.5), but a positive and significant impact on maternal competency (B = 0.39, t value=-2).
According to the determined amount of variance, the variable of intention to pregnancy predicts 33% of postpartum depression (R2=0.33). Also, two variables of pregnancy intention and postpartum depression predict 55% of maternal competency (R2=0.55). 

  Pregnancy intention had a significant effect on maternal depression and competency. It is recommended that pregnancy intention be screened during pregnancy, and also appropriate training and social support be provided for mothers with unplanned pregnancies.

Infertility is one of the most important crises in marital life that affects other aspects of personal life. The aim of the present study was to compare the sexual self-concept in fertile and infertile women referring to community health centers and infertility in Karaj, Iran.

This study is a causal-comparative and cross-sectional study. The study population included all fertile women who were referred to community health centers and infertile women referred to the infertility center of Karaj. To select the sample group, a sampling method was used to select the sample of infertile women and a two-stage cluster randomized cluster sampling method was used for the fertile women. A total of 280 subjects were selected as the research sample. For data collection, a questionnaire was used for demographic characteristics, fertility and infertility characteristics and the multivariate sex-self-concept questionnaire (MSSCQ) for both groups.

The results showed that fertile women in relation to the components of positive sex self-concept include prevention of sexual problems, sexual satisfaction, sexual self-esteem, sexual behavior management, sexual motivation, sexual desire, motive for avoiding high-risk sexual relationships, sexual alertness, sexual self-efficacy had a better situation compare to infertile women (p <0.05). Fertile women were better than infertile women in terms of negative sex self-concept components, including sexual anxiety, sexual and sexual patterns, and internal control of sex (<0.05).

Infertile women referring to infertility centers should be assessed about positive and negative sexual self- concepts to receive proper training by highly qualified counselors.

The birth of a premature neonate causes increasing possibility of postpartum depression in mothers. The most important parental needs of infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit are communicational and informational needs, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Interpersonal psychotherapy on postpartum depression  in mothers of infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit.

This randomized interventional study investigated 92 primiparous women with a newborn admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. of Kamali Hospital. Sampling method was available and samples were randomly assigned into 2 groups of control and intervention by four blocks randomization method. In addition to routine care, the intervention group received 3 IPT counseling sessions. The data collection tool in this study was Edinburg Questionnaire.

There was no statistically significant difference in demographic characteristics between the control and intervention groups. The results of repeated measure test indicated that the postpartum depression  had a significant change over time (p = 0.000) with significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.000).

Considering the impact of IPT on postpartum depression, as well as the limited duration and cost of this program and the possibility of training it by midwives and medical staff, it is suggested to include this training program in the routine interventions for mothers with a newborn hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit.

Unwanted pregnancy affects the physical and mental health of the mother and her child. Unwanted pregnancy may lead to an increase in gestational hypertension, diabetes, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the incidence of pregnancy and pregnancy complications,  and postpartum depression in women referred to selected health care centers in Robat Karim in 2018-19.

This cohort study was carried out with the participation of mothers referring to health care centers of Robat Karim in 2018. A total of 240 pregnant women entered the study after the completion of the London questionnaire in the 26th week of the week, of which 120 were unwanted pregnant and 120 were asked in the pregnancy group. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, Edinburgh postpartum depression and a checklist for collecting complications and pregnancy outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software, Chi-square and Chi-square tests.

The mean (SD) of mothers' age in the wanted pregnancy group was 30.1 (7.1) and 29.9 (7.2) in the unwanted group. The mean ± SD of depression scores 10 days after delivery in wanted group was less than unwanted group (10.1 ± 0.3 vs.13.1 ± 2.5, P <0.001) and, 30 days after delivery in the wanted group was less than unwanted pregnancy group (9.4 ± 3.2 vs.13.4 ± 2.5, P <0.001). Breast feeding in unwanted pregnancy was significantly less than wanted group (24.3% vs. 71.7%). The mean(SD) of newborn weight in wanted group was more than unwanted group (3135.3(220) vs. 3001(209.7), P<0.001). Hypertetion, diabetes, postpartum hemorrhage, NICU hospitalization and maternal hospitalization in ICU were not different in both groups but pre-eclampsia (7.5% vs. 1.7%, P=0.03) and preterm labor (17.5% vs. 5%, P=0.002) in unwanted group was more than wanted group.

The study showed that preterm delivery, lack of breastfeeding, preeclampsia, and postpartum depression were more in unwanted. Therefore, it can be concluded that wanted pregnancy is related to pregnancy complications, childbirth consequences and postpartum depression.

The infertility experience and its treatment are accompanied by the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was determining the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life and the infertile women’s stress.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 172 infertile women were divided in four groups. Convenience sampling was done and eligible infertile women referred to Qafqaz Infertility Center in Iran were included in the study. The data was collected between January and March 2019 through posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, The Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire, and Newton's infertility stress questionnaire. Pearson correlation, linear regression analysis, and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for data analysis with a significance level of 0.05.

The results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there was no significant relationship between the type of treatment (p=0.548) and the reception of psychological intervention (p=0.450). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation showed that there was an inverse significant relationship between the total score of posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life (r=-0.91, p<0.001) and a direct relationship between the total score of posttraumatic stress disorder and level of stress (r=0.56, p<0.001).

The results of this study showed that 41.3% of the infertile women had the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Due to the relationships of posttraumatic stress disorder with the quality of life and infertility stress, providing regular designed psychological interventions is recommended for infertile individuals.

Mechanisms underlying the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the balance of T cell subsets in BALB/c mice model of SLE induced; using Con A and polyamines as DNA immunogenicity modifiers. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 50 µg extracted DNA from cells cultured in different conditions: splenocytes+ polyamines (group P), splenocytes+ Con A (group A), splenocytes+ polyamines+ Con A (group PA) and splenocytes only (control). Anti-double-stranded DNA –(ds-DNA) antibodies, proteinuria, and antinuclear autoantibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Bradford method, and immunofluorescence respectively. Transcription factors of different T helper subsets were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The serum level of the anti-dsDNA antibody in group PA was higher than that in the other groups (p>0.05). Antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer increased in groups A and PA. Proteinuria level in group PA was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.001). Expression of Foxp3 was decreased in group A (p=0.001). Additionally, the ratios of T-bet/GATA3 and T-bet/Foxp3 were also increased in group A. (p>0.05). Our results revealed an increased ratio of Th1 to Th2 and decreased expression of Foxp3 in group A, but group PA manifested more obvious signs of the disease. These results suggest that other mechanisms rather than disturbance in T cells' balance may involve the development of disease symptoms.

Inguinal herniotomy is the most common surgery performed by pediatric surgeons. Due to the lack of sufficient studies comparing herniotomy methods, this study aimed to compare two herniotomy methods with and without incising external oblique muscle fascia in terms of intraoperative and postoperative complications and operation time.

This single-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 111 male-children with inguinal hernia who referred to Imam Ali Alborz hospital from September to December 2020, by convenience sampling method. 102 patients had unilateral hernia (91.89%) and 9 patients had bilateral hernia (8.11%) which each side was operated by different method, finally total number of surgeries was 120 cases. In the first group, 60 patients were operated with incising and in the second group, 60 patients without incising external oblique muscle fascia. Recorded data were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level of less than 0.05 in SPSS-21 software.

The complication incidence rates, based on the type of surgery - with and without incising external oblique aponeurosis - the results were, respectively: a) Ileoinguinal nerve damage, n=1 (1/7%) vs. n=0; b) scrotal edema, n=3 (5%) vs n=1 (1.7%); c) fever, n=0 vs n=1 (1.7%). complications between two method had no significant difference. Average of with incising method time was longer and had significant difference.

Herniotomy without incising the fascia has a shorter operation time (2.35 minutes). There was no significant difference in terms of complications, so without incising method can be the appropriate choice than with incising oblique aponeurosis.

This research paper aimed at to study the factors in relevance to the performance of screening behavior in per diabetes based on the stimulus model of preserve from the overweight and obese personnel of Karaj education administration.

the research method of the study is descriptive-analytical one and the statistical community of survey, are including of overweight and obese personnel of Karaj education administration of without diabetes. The sampling method is accessible one and350 individuals have been selected for gathering of data from the scholar-made inventory the analysis of data performed by exploitation from analytical and descriptive statistics (t-test of regression Modell).

the results indicating that 58.6% of samples (men) and 38.3% of them women have took part in the tests. and autonomous t-test is indicating of meaningful disagreement among the overage scores of apprehension sensitivity, fear ,prepones amount, and reward in two groups of including of test and without test and three prediction variables statistically had the ability for Explanation of standard variable (apprehension sensitivity ,response mount, and reward.)The obtained level of significance for each of these variables were less than (p<0. 01) and the strongest construct of motivation theory of preservation for the prediction of possibility of screening of Pre-diabetes with the conduct of experiment of hemoglobin HbA1C has been the apprehension sensitivity.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that protection motivation theory is an appropriate framework for predicting diabetes screening behavior.

During pregnancy and postpartum, women bet more concerned and dissatisfied with their bodies. Primiparous women face more physical and mental health problems in the postpartum period.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a midwife-based counseling program on the quality of life in women with body image concerns during postpartum.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 64 primiparous women with body image concerns who had been referred to the health centers in Alborz Province, Iran,in January 2019. The convenience sampling method was used for recruiting the study participants. Then, the samples were assigned to the intervention and control groups by random number table allocation. Next, the intervention group received a three-session counseling program.The data gathering questionnaire in this study included a Multi-Dimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire (MBSRQ) and a 36-item short-form quality of life questionnaire.  Questionnaires were completed before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention.The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and repeated measures test.

The mean ±SD age of the study participants was 26.4 ±5.4 years. Also, 94%of the samples had wanted pregnancy, 54%had a vaginal delivery,and 59.4%were overweight.There was no statistically significant difference between the control and intervention groups before the intervention regarding their demographic characteristics. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures test indicated that the length of time affected the total scores of multi-dimensional body self-relation (P= 0.001). Also, the repeated measures ANOVA results showed that time significantly impacted the quality of life score (P= 0.001).

The study results showed that a midwife-led counseling program could affect the score of quality of life in women with body image concerns in postpartum.

Medicine students must learn clinical skills besides learning theory in classes. Skill lab is a safe place for students to achieve that goal with educational facilities under observe of a master. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simulation training in clinical skill lab center on clinical knowledge and practice of medical interns in Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 1397.

The present study is a semi-experimental study with 46 medical interns in the field of gynecology. In this study, all trainees first attended routine workshops at the Clinical Skills Center and were trained in lectures, slides and practical work in the 8 core skills of the gynecologist, They received a quadruple written pre-test and an OSCE Practical Assessment (OSCE). Then students were randomly divided into two groups of case and control. The control group was referred to the womenchr('39')s ward for training and the case group participated in simulated training workshops then they were introduced to the womenchr('39')s ward for training. After completing the course, the written and practical tests were repeated for both groups and compared.

There was no significant difference between the mean scores of pretest in case and control groups before intervention. But after the intervention and the establishment of simulated workshops and completing an internship,the mean scores after the written test showed a significant difference in the case and control groups(P-value= 0.027). In the performance evaluation section, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test OSCE in the case and control groups but after intervention, the mean of OSCE scores in case and control groups showed a significant difference(P-value= 0.009). The results showed that in the basic knowledge, the mean increase in post-test scores in the written test was 2.39 more in the case group than in the control group, and in the practical part the mean increase in the mean scores of the case group was 19.48 higher than the control group.

By examining the findings and paying attention to the increase of the written and practical test scores in the case group it is found that the teaching of obstetrics and gynecology skills by simulation method has more effect on increasing the level of basic knowledge and enhancing studentschr('39') abilities in the field of gynecology.

With respect to the outbreak probability of dangerous infections among the patients, the water sources of dentistry units were taken into consideration, in view of microbial contamination. The objective of this study was to assess of pathogenic organisms of the water used in the dentistry units at Alborz Dental School.

In this study, 120 samples from high speed handpieces before and after flushing, syringes, drinking water of units and also 5 samples of tap water were taken as control. Then the samples were cultured on EMB and Blood agar plates and the number of the bacterial colonies were counted. The data were analysed using Descriptive statistics.

A total of 125 samples were examined for bacterial contamination. The mean bacterial count of primary turbine before flushing was 5463.33±6921.156 Cfu/ml, the mean bacterial count of turbine after 30 seconds of flushing was 3090.00 ±4354.336 Cfu/ml, the mean bacterial count of syringe was 2733.33±2666.307 Cfu/ml, the mean bacterial count of drinking water of unit was 1996.67±1060.411 Cfu/ml. Also the mean bacterial count of tap water was 83.666±280.00 Cfu/ml. Microorganisms isolated were as follow: Escherichia coli (41.64%), Klebsiella (30.83%), Non-pathogenic Staphylococci (26.6%), Micrococus (25.83%), etc.

The result of this study demonstrated that bacterial contamination level of dental unit waterlines is high, and the microbiological quality of the water must be monitored regularly. Flushing decreases the contamination of DUWL, but in surgeries and in persons with immunedificiency, the use of other methods of DUWL decontamination is recommended.

DMFT index and Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) are diagnostic indicators of oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the DMFT and OHI_S indexes at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2018.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted among 381 students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2018. The numbers of decayed, filled and missing teeth were recorded. Students were also evaluated for the debris and calculus index.

In this study, 38.1% of the subjects were males with an average age of 20.51±2.01 years old and 61.9% were females with an average age of 20.59±2.2 years old. The average of DMFT index in students was 6.48±3.4, which the highest DMFT index was related to the number of decayed teeth. The mean OHI-S index of the subjects was 0.66±0.63, which 84.3% of students had a good status, 15.5% moderate and 0.2% had a bad condition. There was no significant difference between boys and girls regarding DMFT and OHI-S indexes (P>0.05). The relationship between the numbers of studentschr('39') brushing was reversed with DMFT and OHI-S indexes, but this relationship was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in DMFT and OHI-S indexes between students’ different educational fields.

The results of this study showed that the students were desirable condition in OHI-S index and relatively favorable in the DMFT index.

The ability of communicating with people is of great importance for physicians. Predicting unknown variables like personality traits is one of the important impressive issues in choosing future medical experts in medical training. Regarding this, medical colleges have training programs all around the world. The present study aimed to investigate the attitude toward learning communication skills based on the personality traits of medical students.

This correlational study was done in 2019 and the participants were medical students who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire and communication skills attitude scale (CSAS) were used for data collection. CSAS was used to assess positive and negative attitudes.

The results showed that only the sociability dimension among the five dimensions of personality had a significant relationship with attitude toward learning communication skills (P = 0.018). Moreover, significant relationships of gender (P = 0.022), mother’s education level (P = 0.049), and residence (P = 0.036) with attitude to learning communication skills were found.

According to the results, the dimension of demographic characteristics is effective in improving communication skills of medical students. Therefore, it is recommended that it should be considered in medical curriculum development and revision and modifications.