mohammad

According to convergence theory, whose famous theorists are Raymond Aron and John Kenneth Galbraith, Great powers, despite their ideological differences, probably have similar behavior to each other regarding issues related to national security and maintaining interests. So, Iran and Saudi Arabia should be aware that being strong and cooperating is the only option for a bright future for these two countries and consequently the Middle East region. In this context, the author believes that everything that is happening in our region today is a background for the new order. From Brexit, widespread protests in Iran, and the coming to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and shadow of Saudi Arabia over Yemen, to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Azerbaijan's control over Karabakh, and the control of a significant amount of the Gaza Strip by the Zionist regime. And what is important in the meantime is Iran's appropriate action to stay out of this competition. At the individual level of analysis, both countries have the main decision maker in the form of (leader / king). In terms of the region, it should be stated that these two can have the greatest impact on the security of the region. At the global level, America's focus from the Persian Gulf to the Asia Pacific can provide space for the creation of a bloc led by these two in the region with global influence. Iran and Saudi Arabia must be aware that the new world order is happening and all countries will pursue their interests at this time, and in the meantime, any country that falls into the trap of "internal unrest and foreign war" will be the loser in the future. As a future study if the purpose of the research is to identify and evaluate the causal relationships and influence between factors, the structural method is more suitable, but if the purpose of the research is to produce and evaluate several different scenarios for the future, the extension method is more suitable. In this research, we present a combination of these two. In fact in this research, we identified the main drivers using the MicMac software, then obtained different scenarios using the morphological matrix, and finally we presented our prescriptive analytics and outlined the ways to achieve it. The integrated (interdisciplinary) method tells us that since no single method has been able to be sufficient or complete on its own, it is better to use all possible methods to reach more convincing results and possibly discover the truth. So it can be concluded that the combination of realism and constructivism will have a favorable and balanced result. Whose foundations can be seen in the theory of realist constructivism, this approach can use cause and effect analysis and structural analysis in international relations and thus be an analytical and critical approach. In fact, flexibility can help us a lot, as Samuel Barkin uses this example in his book: In the sociology of science, paradigms are a bit like castles. The scientists are the knights in this metaphor, and the assumptions are the lords that the knights / scientists are sworn to defend. The strength of a paradigm can be measured by the number of scientists willing to defend its ramparts. Scientists tend to stay true to their assumptions, so that model castles successfully defend their inhabitants, until those inhabitants die. In this metaphor, one is more concerned with defending one's (fortress / paradigm) and defeating others than with building a bridge between them. In other words, the paradigms are different from each other and in conflict with each other, and we seek to overcome this issue. What can be obtained from the historical investigation as well as the observation of current issues is that the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have been influenced by various factors such as culture, religion, politics, economy and regional interests since ancient times. In general, the following three cases can be considered as the main turning points between the two countries. 1. The series of Arab-Iranian wars in the 7th century AD and the influence of Islam in Iran following the established communications. 2. The establishment of the Safavid government in the 16th century and the declaration of Shiism as the official religion of the country. 3: The impact of pan-Arabism movements and the Iranian revolution in the 20th century. In general, by examining the historical and contemporary relations of the two countries, we reached a set of events, trends, variables and actors. And finally, by examining the impact of these things on each other, we reached the drivers by which we were able to extract scenarios and finally presented our prescribed scenario and the solutions to achieve it. It should be noted that after the mutual influence of 54 components on each other, the overall result was as follows: America is the most prominent actor (influential variable) in this case. The nuclear deal is very important. The role of communication developments can be influential in the future. The role of the Iranian society as a defeated actor is weak in these conflicts. Finally, we present the recommendation of this research in the form of a short story. In 2028, Iran and Saudi Arabia reached an unprecedented level of cooperation and friendship. They solved the old problems and established a bloc like the European Union with a new approach by reducing dependence on oil. America also supported this process and canceled all sanctions in order not to lose its superior position over China. The resistance axis countries also achieved acceptable stability following the de-escalation of tensions, and the neighboring Arab countries improved their relations with Iran, and the Middle East region began its new path. In the best case, the future of the two countries is stable competition and cooperation, and in the worst case, Iran will become weaker and more normal every day under Saudi Arabia, and finally, at the point of desperation, they will lead to a military conflict. In fact, what is considered desirable from the point of view of this prescriptive future research lies behind the issue that Iran and Saudi Arabia achieve convergence with each other, a convergence that both of them are at the peak of power, and finally we get the following results The two strong twin countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia will create peace and sustainable development in the region if they converge. The roots of proxy wars and terrorist acts will dry up. The problem of Palestine and Israel will be solved. It is in the interest of Iran and Saudi Arabia to take full control of the Persian Gulf together so that not only the hands of the western countries are cut short, but also a vacuum is not created. Creating an economic bloc that creates balance and benefit in the relationship between East and West.

The problem of "motion" is one of the issues that arose from the very beginning of philosophy in Iran and Greece, and therefore it became the focus of attention and emphasis of philosophers, and since then until now many treatises and books have been written about it. One of the issues that was studied under this topic is the “substatial motion of of things” that Mulla Sadra initiated and proposed. This issue has been criticized and confired since the time it was raised and brouight up and has provoked both supporters and opponents. He claims that substatial motion is “the motiom that occurs in the essence of things”. This article aims to, while referring to substantial moyion, briefly state the view of the contemporary philosopher Professor Abedi Shahroudi, which is titled “A Complement to the Theory of Substantial Motion”. In this theory, motion is a compositional motion, and on the basis of the vector motion theory,the shortcomings of Mullah Sadra's theory, some of which has been mentioned in the article, will be obviated. Therefore, first, we briefly examine the substantial motion based on Mulla Sadra's definition, and then we explain Shahroudi's theory with the title “Vector Motion: A Complement to Mulla Sadra's substantial motion.” In Mulla Sadra's opinion, time is an irreversible event, contrary to Shahroudi's opinion that time is a reversible thing.

Today, atriums are known as one of the most common methods used to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability, which can focus on various aspects of sustainability, including improving energy efficiency, strengthening social interactions, and improving economic aspects. Although the correct and intelligent design of these elements can help create healthier, more beautiful and more efficient environments, if they are not carefully planned and designed, they can lead to many problems such as energy loss, waste heat, increasing thermal or cooling loads, etc. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying important and key parameters for the design of atriums in buildings in different climates of Iran.

The research method of this study is qualitative. The data have been collected through two methods complete review of the theoretical literature and interviews. Considering the different behavior of atriums in different climates, climate is one of the most effective factors in the design of atriums to optimize energy consumption, which has been considered in this research. According to theoretical literature, 8 indicators have been obtained and solutions have been provided for optimal design according to these indicators. On the other hand, a set of different questions was prepared, in which the 8 indicators and the type of design of each indicator in each region of Iran were questioned. The number of interviewees were 25 experts related to the fields of architecture, urban design, sustainable and energy design, landscape design, environment, etc. Some of these interviews were conducted in person and some of them were conducted through social and online networks. All the data have been analyzed qualitatively and at the end, a wide range of strategies related to atrium design indicators in different climates have been investigated.

The findings of the research highlight the dry, temperate, and continental climate as the prevailing climatic conditions in Iran. Eight critical design indicators for atriums were identified, including glass type, atrium type, atrium height, atrium direction, atrium size and shape, atrium roof shape, atrium geometry, and the condition of the surrounding walls. Subsequently, using two-dimensional matrices, this study provides appropriate design solutions for each index in different climates to reduce any possible adverse consequences of atriums. Following the presentation of these design solutions for the construction of an atrium in a specific climate, it is necessary to consider different indicators simultaneously, in an integrated and multidimensional manner, appropriate to the specific context.

The results show that glasses with low emission but with high transmittance can increase energy efficiency. Also, for cold climates, low height of the atrium is recommended. On the other hand, it can be said that central and linear atriums have the greatest ability to reduce temperature fluctuations. Regarding the direction of the atriums, it can be said that in a hot climate, it is better for the atrium to be located in the north direction, and in a moderate and cold climate, the south direction of the building is better. It has also been shown that rectangular atriums perform better than square atriums in terms of light supply.

The issue of proving the existence of the necessary being and its names and attributes has always been one of the concerns of philosophers and theologians in the Islamic world and is one of the important matters in Islamic philosophy. Therefore, Islamic thinkers have proposed many arguments such as the argument of motion, the argument of soul, the argument of occurrence and the argument of the truthful to prove the essence of the necessary being. For the first time, Ibn Sina proposed the argument of the truthful in a number of his works, and philosophers after him offered interpretations of this argument with slight differences. An important feature of this argument is that it proves the essential nature by eliminating intermediaries. In other words, it goes from essence to essence. In this article, we seek to prove and reveal the semantic range and scope of this argument in relation to names and attributes, and to answer the question: Does the argument of the truthful have the ability to demonstrate names and attributes in addition to proving the divine essence or not? For this purpose, we first deal with the recognizability of attributes and the provability of essence and attributes. Then we will show that the argument of the truthful also proves the names and attributes of the necessary being. The important premise of this issue is that names and attributes are identical with essence.

Consumption as the most stable variable of GDP, plays an important role in the economy. According to consumption theories, the form of the consumption function in the short and long run changes the coefficients of macro-variables multiplier, This has an effect on how macro policies affect economic variables. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt has been made to empirically test the hypothesis of the ratch effect of Duesenberry consumption using annual time series data of the Iranian economy during the period 1976-2020. For this purpose, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), BMA_ADL and deep learning method LSTM (Long short term memory) has been used. results indicate that this hypothesis is not consistent for Iran. In other words, empirical evidence shows that, contrary to Dusenberry's theory, the slope of the consumption function in the short term is higher than the slope of the long-run function. As a result, the Multiplier coefficient of demand management policies in the short run is more than the long run. This pattern of consumption behavior can be called the precautionary behavior of households, which originates from Iran's economic conditions.

Sleep and dreams are among the issues that many philosophers have come up with in order to reveal its truth. Aristotle, with a naturalistic view, considers the dream to be the result of the imagination and action of the mind, while Kendy considers the dream to be one of the ways to connect to the unseen world and intuition. Both philosophers agree with each other to some extent and consider the appearance of dreams as one of the works of imagination and its result, but there are differences. Kandi, with a passionate belief, considers dreams to be the result of the soul distancing itself from the physical and external senses and the tendency towards inner powers, so that in the world of sleep and dreams, sometimes a person succeeds in understanding the truths of existence and achieving future events; And through this path, he achieves intuitive perception and knowledge, but Aristotle tries to distance himself from religious interpretations by rejecting the idea of ​​sending a dream from God. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, investigates the opinions of these two prominent philosophers in a comparative manner, and by showing their differences and commonalities, it deals with the extent to which Kendy was influenced by Aristotle's theory. The findings of the research show that Kendy modified Aristotle's theory with the impression of Aristotle's physiological process and with more precision in this issue and distanced himself from his point of view.

Security issues in the Middle East entered a new environment with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, one of the manifestations of which can be seen in the prominence of the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia for regional leadership. This competition itself led to the greater complexity of security issues and the occurrence of new security crises, which is important for the security of the region, as well as international peace and security. In this article we will examine the effect of the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia as the two countries claiming leadership in the Middle East on the security of this region after the September 11 in the framework of the regional security complex theory. The main question is, what effect has the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia had on the developments of the Middle East security complex? In response to this question, the hypothesis is emphasized that the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia has increased insecurity in the Middle East and grew the intervention of world powers in the region, which resulted in the formation of domain security crises, and instability. In collecting research data, we use first- and second-hand library sources. In data analysis, using the historical and comparative methods, we describe and analyze the impact of the competition between these two countries on the developments in the security complex of the Middle East after the September 11.
The theory of regional security complex was proposed for the first time by Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver in Regions and Powers book. They believe that while the national and international levels of analysis do not provide a complete guide for the analysis of issues related to regions, therefore, the existence of an intermediate level of analysis will be suitable for this purpose. This intermediate level of analysis tries filling the gap between the national and the international system levels. Based on the definition, a security complex is a group of states whose main security concerns are so interdependent that their national security cannot reasonably be separated from each other. In other words, the regional security complex is mainly formed by patterns of friendship and enmity. These patterns are socially based on historical factors and common cultures of the region. Based on this, the security of any country does not rely only on itself, and one cannot rely only on the national level in security analysis. On the other hand, the global level is also very general and is not sufficient for understanding of national security of countries. Therefore, the regional level is introduced as the appropriate level of analysis in which global and national security influence each other, and the security of individual units and the intervention process of global powers can only be understood through the understanding of regional security developments.
Based on the principles of the regional security complex theory, in the Middle East region, various factors have shaped the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia at different levels, the most important of which are: oil and energy supply, conflict over regional supremacy, identity subnational and transnational factors such as Shia and Sunni identities and ethnic identities such as Persian, Arab, etc., foreign powers that have influenced or covered security developments in the Middle East, various ideologies such as Revolutionary Shiite Islam in Iran and Sunni Wahhabi Islam in Saudi Arabia. The sum of these factors has made Iran known as a country in favor of creating a stable and local security system suited to the needs of the region, while Saudi Arabia, accepting the presence of foreign powers including the United States, has always considered the security of the region dependent on their support.
To examine the impact of the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia on the developments of the Middle East security complex, we first examined the existing theories and perspectives on the security of the Middle East, and after examining and criticizing those, we developed and applied the theory of the regional security complex to explain the developments in the region. This theory deals with the analysis of security at four different levels: internal, regional, interregional and global, and for this reason, it has more importance and explanatory power for the systematic review and analysis of security issues in the Middle East. Examining the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia based on the components and variables of this theory clearly shows that since 2001, competition and even hostility between the two countries has increased and the balance of power in the Middle East has undergone fundamental changes. These changes have caused an increase in the intervention of world powers, including the United States, the European Union, China, and Russia, in the development of the region. The examination of the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia at the four internal, regional, interregional, and global levels shows that not only the security of the Middle East is not ensured, but also under the influence of the competition between these two countries, the competition between the effective world powers have increased in the region.
In such a situation, to control and manage crises and reduce insecurity in the region, above all, a collective will and mutual understanding must be formed between the leaders and decision-makers of the Middle East countries, especially Iran and Saudi Arabia. The leaders of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as the main players, should put aside their differences and take steps toward convergence and synergy. These actors must, first of all, understand that they have a common destiny. They should reduce their differences through comprehensive dialogue and diplomacy at all micro and macro levels, to achieve mutual understanding of common interests and greater awareness of the benefits of common security. To change the situation, it seems that the countries of the region should focus more on mutual economic interests and collective security than on differences or even shared identities, and they should accept that all actors should have their roles and place in the power and security equations of the region. Naturally, emphasizing establishing and strengthening economic and commercial relations, along with paying attention to cultural and identity commonalities, can become the basis for strengthening political and even security relations. If such conditions are fulfilled, it is obvious that there is no need for the presence and direct intervention of foreign powers in the affairs of the region, and this also helps to solve more issues and changes the security complex of the Middle East from a divergent, insecure and unstable state to a convergent, safe and stable region, not only for the countries of the region but also for the whole world.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and increase in number and variety every day, are considered as a major challenge in achieving the sustainable development of human societies. Therefore, currently the dominant view has changed from focusing only on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience against accidents. The purpose of the current research is to explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with an emphasis on earthquakes in Semnan city. Therefore, this research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of research method and it is practical in terms of purpose. In addition to documents and library studies, questionnaires have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the current study includes two groups of citizens and experts living in Semnan city, based on which the number of 22 experts and 376 citizens was determined. After collecting the field information that was completed using the questionnaire tool, using the strategic management technique or SWOT, the situation was investigated and the components of urban resilience against natural hazards such as earthquakes were investigated according to the calculations made in the quantitative methods of management. strategic by using the weighting of 4 main components (natural, physical and infrastructure, social and cultural and urban management) as well as examining internal or internal factors (IFE) and external or external factors (EFE) in addition to providing operational strategies to the strategy We achieved an offensive in this city.

Public debt is a prime source of government revenue to finance budget deficit. It is perceived as the accumulation of annual budget deficits, generally face twin deficit viz. With the emergence of Islamic banking and finance across the globe, Islamic economists sought to find transactions that fit and conform to the principles of Islamic religion.therefore, The present study aims to discuss the possibilities of introducing Sukuk as an alternative way of financing public expenditure by replacing other conventional modes of financing in the future and effect Sukuk on twin deficit hypothesis for selected countries using the dynamic panel a generalized methods of moments (GMM) approach during the annual period 2013-2021. In the absence of sukuk we find a significant positive effect of fiscal balances on the current account, supporting the twin deficit hypothesis and the results show that the size of the estimated coefficient on the budget balance is between 0.86 and 0.95. However, the existence of sukuk reduces the effect of budget balance on the current account balance (the coefficient is reduced to 0.1). In fact, the twin deficits relationship is reduced with the presence of sukuk. This innovation will increase a lot of strategic advantage and economic development of countries by utilizing sukuk as an alternative source of funding.

The Persian Gulf has created a kind of security interdependence between countries and regional players. The Persian Gulf is one of the most important regions in the world from a geostrategic and geoeconomic point of view, which can be considered as a regional security complex. In the sense that various factors have created a kind of security interdependence between countries and regional actors. Therefore, this research seeks to achieve a practical goal through the study of different theories of common security and security in Islam and the approach of culture in the Persian Gulf. Since the work of policymaking is to organize affairs and security policymaking is considered as a vital and basic necessity for governments, this research after examining the approaches, authorities and drivers of security policymaking in the Persian Gulf region aims to provide a security model based on common security. , security in Islam and the approach of culture in order to transition from national security to human security in this region, which is carried out quantitatively on experts, managers, experts, activists in the field of security in 1401.
This research aims to present a security model based on common security and a strategic culture approach in order to transition from national security to human security in the region, which was conducted quantitatively on experts, managers, experts and activists in the field of security in 1401. The research question is, what is the relationship between Iran's strategies and the approach of strategic culture and common security in the Persian Gulf? This research was conducted based on quantitative and qualitative research methods and descriptive analysis of correlation method; In this way, the research was conducted using questionnaires and interviews about the regional security system. In this research, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to develop the model. The findings of the study showed that common security has an effect on the realization pattern of Persian Gulf security. The path coefficient between two variables is 0.42, which has a significance level of 25.36, which is desirable because it is greater than 1.96, so the existence of a significant effect is confirmed. Also, the study showed that the theory of strategic culture approach has an effect on the realization pattern of Persian Gulf security. The path coefficient between the two variables is 0.68, which has a significance level of 16.745, which is desirable because it is greater than 1.96, so the existence of a significant effect is confirmed.
Since the goal of providing a security model with an emphasis on the common is security in Islam and culture, it is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of its approach, and its results are clear and objective, and its results are in meeting needs and solving problems. and its application in solving specific problems in the organization, society, etc. is. It is also small in terms of information gathering. According to the type of study, the statistical population of the research includes experts, managers, experts, activists in the field of security in 1401. The number of these people was estimated to be about 500 people. Based on Morgan's table, for a community of 500 people, the number of samples is 217 people, which was carried out on 217 people in this study. The current research is a survey data collection method, which means that the present study is a descriptive survey and is discussed and investigated by reviewing scientific sources and theories in the field of research and comparing them, conducting an interview and designing a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the interview. In order to collect and analyze the data and information required for this research, various methods and tools have been used, which are described below according to the different needs of the research model. To collect information related to theoretical foundations, library research and study of various books and articles and scientific sites have been used. The main tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire, and a researcher-made questionnaire based on theoretical principles will be used to develop the questionnaire, so that the components extracted from the interviews will be evaluated, and the answers will be designed as a five-item Likert scale. In this research, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to develop the model.
The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between common security and the security of the Persian Gulf. The path coefficient of this relationship was found to be 0.717. To evaluate the significance of this effect, one should refer to the significant number of t-Value, which is 2.269, which is more than 1.96, and also the P-Value is 0.000. The findings also showed that there is a significant relationship between the approach of strategic culture and the security of the Persian Gulf. The path coefficient of this relationship was found to be 0.68. To evaluate the significance of this effect, one should refer to the significant number of t-Value, which is 2.949, which is more than 1.96, and P-Value is 0.022. Also, there is a significant connection between security in Islam and the security of the Persian Gulf. The path coefficient of this relationship was 0.529. To evaluate the significance of this effect, one should refer to the significant number of t-Value, which is 2.456, which is more than 1.96, and the P-Value is 0.000. Therefore, the desired hypothesis is confirmed at the 95% confidence level and there is a significant relationship between security in Islam and the security of the Persian Gulf.
There is a significant relationship between common security, security in Islam, the approach of strategic culture and the security of the Persian Gulf.

The problem of divine essence and attributes is widely recognized as one of the most significant issues in theoretical and transmitted disciplines. Understanding the nature of God provides motivation for a deep connection with the absolute perfection, whereas worship based on ignorance is less effective in this regard. Consequently, the discussion surrounding God's essence and the characterization of its attributes holds great significance. In fact, the problem of divine essence and attributes can be categorized into three distinct areas: semantics, ontology, and epistemology. Regarding semantics, there exist multiple accounts. The attributes commonly referred to as the "seven attributes"—knowledge, power, hearing, seeing, will, life, and word—can be understood through mystical, philosophical, theological, and sharia perspectives. Furthermore, the ontology of attributes and their connection to the divine essence encompass various dimensions. One aspect involves the identification of the essence and attributes, which entails the rejection of the independent existence of the attributes. This viewpoint is shared among adherents of sharia, philosophers, and mystics. According to Ashʿarite theologians, including Fakhr al-Rāzī, the divine attributes are dependent on the divine essence, resulting in their distinction. On the other hand, Miʿtazilites purportedly assert that the essence serves as a representation of the attributes. Fakhr al-Rāzī himself holds distinctive perspectives, such as emphasizing the relational nature of knowledge and the intrinsic nature of the divine word. Additionally, in his definition of power, he includes the permissibility of both action and omission within the actions of a free agent. This article explores Fakhr al-Rāzī's viewpoints regarding the semantics and ontology of the essence and attributes.

The Narratology of Drama has been one of the challenging topics of study in preceding years. Theorists like Brian Richardson and Ansgar Nunning, by publishing multiple books and papers about narratology of drama, attempted to detach the narratology from the restrictions of fiction. Along with Richardson and Nunning, Monika Fludernik used structural narrative concepts to establish an approach that highlights narrative possibilities in playscripts. Fludernik’s propositions, her analysis of dialogues and exploring the roles of different narrators in plays, has been a huge step towards narratology of drama. Researchers in this article will study and analyze Majles-e Ghorbani-e Senemmar by employing Fludernik’s approach in order to explain the narrative structure of this play and to illustrate the practical functions of Fludernik’s approc. Majles-e Ghorbani-e Senemmar is one of those plays with a narrator as a personage narrating the story for the audience. Types of narrators, presentational models of narrating, types of character introductions, use of metonymy, setting, time\space, and finally different types of representation of speech, are characteristics that Fludernik emphasizes on as categories of narrativity. These elements can be traced and explored in the aforementioned play by Bahram Beyzaei. Fludernik’s approach helps us to discover fresh aspects of Beyzaei’s oeuvre that have been overlooked since now.

The createdness and eternity of the soul is one of the important issues of soulology, which has been the focus of philosophers for a long time. Based on his intellectual principles and foundations, Suhrawardi considers the soul to be created. He believes that the soul occurs separately from matter at the same time as the material body. But the commentators of his thought, including Ibn Kammonah, did not accept his opinion and sometimes considered his reasons insufficient and incomplete. While considering others' statements about the createdness of the soul to be weak, Ibn Kammonah suggested an argument and sought to prove the eternity of the soul. Using the descriptive-analytical method and comparing the opinions of both philosophers, this article aims to clarify one of the angles of this debate and depicts the structural and practical differences between these two philosophers. Moreover, considering Suhrawardi's philosophical foundations, the present paper seeks to interpret his opinions and show that human souls existed before the world in the region of their cause and God in a general and collective way, and then they were created in this world in a partial and personal way.
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Microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. MSI is a consequence of mismatch repair deficiency which is evaluated using the different microsatellite markers on the whole genome. In this pilot study, the diagnostic value of a novel triplex panel including three mononucleotide markers has been evaluated in comparison to the standard Promega kit for MSI testing in CRC patients with Amsterdam II criteria.

DNA extracted from tumors and normal Formalin‑Fixed Paraffin‑Embedded (FFPE) tissues of index cases from 37 HNPCC (Hereditary non‑polyposis colorectal cancer) families were evaluated for MSI state. Primer design for three markers, including BAT25, ACVR2, and TGFBR2, was performed using 19 nucleotides of the M‑13 phage. The instability of each marker was assessed through fragment analysis in comparison with Promega kit markers for all patients. The sensitivity and specificity of each marker have been calculated.

The comparative evaluation of MSI in both tumors and normal adjacent FFPE tissues demonstrated a separate sensitivity as 100%, 83.3%, and 76.9% for BAT25, ACVR2, and TGFBR2, respectively, and 100% sensitivity in the form of a triplex. Moreover, the specificity for each of these three markers in MSI testing was estimated as 100%, separately and in the form of the triplex in comparison with the Promega pentaplex standard Kit.

A high sensitivity and specificity for the novel triplex panel in MSI‑testing were estimated among Iranian patients. More studies are recommended to confirm this panel as a diagnostic kit for MSI testing.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a gradual decline in kidney function. CKD could be manifested by nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Cachexia results from systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in CKD patients. Some drugs used for cachexia have adverse effects like increased risk of death due to edema, thromboembolism, and sarcopenia with long-term uses. Nowadays, Appetizer Barij Essence Syrup®, which contains the extract of Punica granatum, Mentha spicata, and honey, has been used to enhance appetite. In this paper, we studied the effect of this syrup on weight, anthropometric markers, and cachexia in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Fifty-four patients were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. The 5ml syrup was administered 3 times a day before meals to the patients in the intervention group for two months. Biomarkers like serum triglycerides and albumin levels, as well as muscle mass, appetite score, and actual weight were recorded at the beginning and the end of the intervention.

The appetite score, serum albumin, and average muscle mass increased significantly in the intervention group after two months. Also, serum triglyceride levels decreased significantly in this group.

Using Appetizer Barij Essence Syrup® in peritoneal dialysis patients with cachexia improved the appetite, as well as cachexia indices, like serum albumin and muscle mass. However, the impact of these interventions on these indices must be evaluated over a longer period so, long-term studies may yield more reliable results.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of hidden curriculum in thinking style and communication styles of high school students in Mehran. Research Method In this descriptive correlational study, the statistical population included all male high school male students in Mehran, which according to Morgan's table, 164 people were selected and studied by stratified random sampling. Sternberg and Wagner (2007) Styles of Thought Questionnaires, Norton Communication Styles (1987) and Hashemi Hidden Curriculum (2012) were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation and Linear regression was used. The results of factor analysis showed that Hashemi (2012) Hidden Curriculum Questionnaire has three components and in the present study also has appropriate validity. The results also showed that the role of hidden curriculum on students' thinking and communication styles was significant. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of people interaction, school organizational structure, physical structure with communication styles and between thinking styles and components of people interaction, school organizational structure, physical structure.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. The aim of the present study was to obtain specific genes in RCC, based on bioinformatics studies and to evaluate the expression change of candidate genes in ACHN cells after transfection of the seh gene of Staphylococcus aureus.

The expression correlations of genes involved in RCC were investigated in the TCGA database, and networks of genes was constructed. In vivo studies were performed in the ACHN cell model, in which the staphylococcal seh gene was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 (+) vector and transfected into ACHN cells. After confirming the correct function of the recombinant vector in these cells and inducing apoptosis, the expression of candidate genes was evaluated.

The results showed the successful identification of the expression correlations of genes involved in apoptosis and lncRNA-mRNA interaction network in RCC. Induction of apoptosis under the influence of toxin expression was confirmed by flow cytometry. Expression of SOX9, SBF2/AS1, MAF and c-Maf genes in cells ordered by recombinant vector was significantly reduced compared to control cells. Also, increased expression of LINC00671 and LINC02499 genes was observed in cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 (+)- seh vector compared to the control group (p <0.05) and This change in expression confirmed the accurate identification of genes involved in RCC cell apoptosis.

The gene networks identified in this study can provide a new perspective for research aimed at identifying new molecular pathways and treating RCC.

The relationship between Haades (Originated) and Ghadim (Eternal) has always been a challenging issue in philosophy, particularly for the monotheists with strong belief in non-changeability of the nature of the Necessary Being. Various schools of philosophy have explored many ways to find an answer to the problem. Imam Khomeini in his Taqrirat-e Falsafeh (Philosophical Statements) has reviewed solutions of various schools of philosophy. Hassan bin Abd al-Razaq Lahiji was a 12th century AH renowned scholar and the author of Misbah al-Derayah fi Sharha al-Hidayah (Light of Prudence in Explanation of Guidance). The book, available in manuscript, offers an exclusive solution. In this paper, we have reviewed viewpoints by Imam Khomeini and Mirza Hassan Lahiji, and while pointing to Imam Khomeini’s solution, we have investigated Lahiji’s solution. Restating Lahiji’s solution, the authors of the paper do not evaluate it as a perfect solution.

Abbas Nalbandian, a modernist, surpassed the classical dramatic features in his plays by providing distinct form and structure, empowered the experimental writing in Iranian drama. Nalbandian wrote his play Gheseh-e- Gharib-e- Safar-e- Shad… (1973) in his mid-career and in which he utilized distinct and prominent narrative features (including but not limited to combined/multiple points of view and flexibility of time and location). In this research, despite of situating Nalbandian’s works in a chained sequence, we examine the experimental aspects of his themes and narrative style in the aforementioned play. By drawing from Gérard Genette’s theory of narrative, we explore the narrative time and focalization features in this text, and we depict how Nalbandian put the subject of death at the core of the play for the sake of dramatic expression of the temporal and narrative structure. Nalbandian in Gheseh-e- Gharib-e- Safar-e- Shad… develops his narrative from a focused point with the bases in characters and goes beyond it to a point where dramatic features with multiple narratives are set. In this process, each feature as a vehicle for focalization has a role to convey a part of the narrative and without emphasizing a sole character, each individual as a part of a whole plays his role in the development of a central situation as a human’s confrontation with death. In this dramatic technique, because of the exertion of various idiosyncrasies by focalizing features, the issue of death will be explored from different angles and leads to polyphony in the play which is a modern characteristic of literature.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adding a 10-day course of levamisole (LVM) to the standard care compared with standard care alone, on the clinical status of COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease. 

  In this randomized open-label trial, we enrolled non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at nine health centers in Tehran province, Iran, in 2021. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 10-day course of LVM with standard care (n=185) or standard care alone (n=180) in a 1:1 ratio. On days 1 to 10, LVM was administered orally at a dosage of 50 mg. The participants were called and followed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14. The measured parameters were general health condition, hospitalization rate, signs and symptoms, and adverse events. The generalized estimating equations model was used for analysis. 

Among 507 randomized patients, 473 patients started the experiment and received LVM plus standard care or received the standard care alone; 385 patients included in the analysis; 346 (98%) patients completed the trial. The median age of the patients was 40 years [IQR: 32-50.75]; and ‎201 (55.1%)‎ patiens were male. The mean age, sex ratio, and frequency of the underlying diseases of the patients in the two study groups had no ‎statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Compared to the control group, LVM improved the general health condition of the patients (B=-0.635; 95% CI: -0.041,-0.329; P<0.001). Patients receiving LVM compared with standard care group had significantly lower odds of developing fever (OR=0.260; 95% CI: 0.11‎‎3‎,0.59‎‎9‎; P=0.002), chills (OR=0.223; 95% CI:‎‎ 0.07‎‎6,‎0.64‎‎8‎; P= 0.006), fatigue (OR=0.576; 95% CI:‎ 0.34‎‎6,‎0.96‎‎0‎‎; P=0.034), and myalgia (OR=0.54‎‎4‎; 95% CI:‎ 0.31‎‎7‎,0.93‎‎2‎‎; P=0.027). No significant difference was observed in the rate of hospitalization. Although the intervention group had greater adverse effects than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. 

Findings of this study suggest that LVM has clinical benefits in improving patients’ health condition with mild to moderate COVID-19.

The formation and development of new towns has always been associated with the main cities of the region and the reduction of their dependence on the main city has been considered as one of the indicators of their planning success. However, changes and increasing the number of access routes to new cities is one of their necessities in the divisions of the country, which strongly affects the housing system in new cities. In this study, while reviewing the factors affecting the success of cities from the perspective of national divisions, the dimensions of planning and housing management in the two new cities of Andisheh and Pardis will be studied. One-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test were used to investigate the subject. The results of t-test show that among the 7 indicators studied, only the infrastructure-physical index with an acceptable average (3.57) has a favorable status. Meanwhile, the overall index of housing planning and management was below the set value with an average of 3.20. The results of ANOVA analysis of variance show that the dimensions of living satisfaction in the two new cities of Andisheh and Pardis are different. Thus, it can be concluded that the living conditions in the new city of Andisheh are better than the Pardis and the managerial and political conditions (in terms of national divisions) in the new Town of Pardis are better than those of the Andisheh.

Khums is one of undoubted rules of Islam, which can be deduced from the verse "Know that whatever property you may gain, one fifth belongs to God and the Messenger ..." (Anfal: 41) and because according to some jurisprudential views it is considered as the financial resources of the Islamic government, it is also important in terms of public finance law. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence, khums includes all incomes, but in Sunni jurisprudence, there is no such generality. The majority of Sunni scholars have accepted that the word "ghanimtum" has a wide meaning, but have limited this inclusion with arguments such as consensus (ijma'). However, some Imamiyyah jurists at first have limited this word to war booty and then extended its ruling to other incomes based on Islamic narrations! Such a contradictory approach to the interpretation of this verse raises the question of how the Imamiyyah jurisprudential views on the verse were formed and what caused the lexical error for this group of Imamiyyah jurists. This article examines this hypothesis that the most important reason of this disagreement is mistake between the meaning of the Fa'il form (ghanim) and the Fa'ila form (ghanimat). This research is an interdisciplinary study with jurisprudential, interpretive and syntactic methods.

Epilepsy is accompanied by inflammation, and the anti-inflammatory agents may have anti-seizure effects. In this investigation, the effect of deep brain stimulation, as a potential therapeutic approach in epileptic patients, was investigated on seizure-induced inflammatory factors.

In the present experimental study, rats were kindled by chronic administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 34 mg/Kg). The animals were divided into intact, sham, low-frequency deep brain stimulation (LFS), kindled, and kindled +LFS groups. In kindled+LFS and LFS groups, animals received four trains of intra-hippocampal low-frequency deep brain stimulation (LFS) at 20 minutes, 6, 24, and 30 hours after the last PTZ injection. Each train of LFS contained 200 pulses at 1 Hz, 200 μA, and 0.1 ms pulse width. One week after the last PTZ injection, the Y-maze test was run, and then the rats’ brains were removed, and hippocampal samples were extracted for molecular assessments. The gene expression of two pro-inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity (as a biological marker of astrocytes reactivation) were evaluated.

Obtained results showed a significant increase in the expression of of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and GFAP at one-week post kindling seizures. The application of LFS had a long-lasting effect and restored all of the measured changes toward normal values. These effects were gone along with the LFS improving the effect on working memory in kindled animals.

The anti-inflammatory action of LFS may have a role in its long-lasting improving effects on seizure-induced cognitive disorders.

In order to locate the QTLs associated with germination stresses and determine the contribution of each QTL in phenotypic variation, traits of 74 individuals RIL F8 of crosses of Ahlemi Tarom × Neda. The study was conducted at the University of Gonbad Kavous in 2017. The linkage map was based on 40 SSR markers, 16 ISSR markers (with 76 polymorph alleles), two IRAP markers (7 polymorph alleles) and an iPBS marker (with 3 polymorph alleles) assigned the markers to 12 groups of 12 rice chromosomes with a map length of 1491 cM and a distance between flanked markers of 13.07 cM. The components of germination including germination percentage, coleoptile length, radicle length and plumule length were recorded. Under normal conditions, nine genetic locations were detected. For the length of the roots of five genetic locations on chromosomes 3, 5, 6 and 7, and for the length of the stem, four gene locations were located on chromosomes 1, 5 and 7. Two genetic locations were detected in mannitol for Cleoptil length on chromosome 6. For the root length of the seven QTLs, they were located on chromosomes 3, 4, 6 and 7. For stem length, four gene locations were detected on chromosomes 4 and 6, which justified 8 to 11 percent of the phenotypic variation of the trait. Two genetic locations for root length were detected on chromosomes 5 and 8, while qRASA-8 was able to justify 14.9% of the phenotypic changes of the trait. There were also six genetic locations for stem length, which were located on chromosomes 5, 7 and 8, respectively: 8.75, 9.5, 11.25, 9.8, 13.6 and 15.7% respectively phenotypic changes justify the attribute. In the drought stress condition of polyethylene glycol, a gene site was detected for germination percentage on chromosome 2 and at 78 centimeters from the beginning of the chromosome, which justifies 10.3% of the phenotypic variation of the trait.

The Kashafrud area has always been considered by many researchers due to the existence of works from the ancient Paleolithic period, as the oldest cultural area in Iran.   For this reason, this cultural field is known in the archeology of the Iranian plateau and the Middle East and is a very important subject. Due to the heterogeneous and limited distribution of archaeological excavations in the territory of Khorasan, our knowledge of the prehistoric cultures of this region in all areas is unknown (Basafa & Rezaei 2014; Vahdati, 2016). In this study, by studying and analyzing the pottery traditions of Kashafrud basin, the relative chronology of settlements have been determined.  And the dominant cultural styles of the region have been studied. In this regard, relative dating and compiling a chronological table is one of the archaeological necessities of this period. Assessment of prehistoric pottery cultures and evaluation of intra- and extra-regional interactions are research questions. So far, only two prehistoric review and identification projects have been carried out in the city of Mashhad, which include the study of the Kashafrud River by a joint Iranian-French delegation headed by Ali Ariaei and Claude Thibaut (Ariai  and Thibault, 1977), and the survey of Mashhad city by Mahmoud Bakhtiari in 1998 (Labaf  Khaniki, 1391). However, there are a few other scattered studies whose results have been published in several articles. However, several scattered studies have been conducted in this area that their results have been published in the form of several articles. Absolute and relative chronologies of the cultural regions of northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan have been used in the relative dating of cultural periods of the Kashafrud basin. However, generalizing these dates to surface materials without any stratigraphic study would be challenging. At present, the dates presented in the present study are based on a combination of chronologies presented in the northeastern regions of Iran and Turkmenistan, and its basis may be changed by future archaeological excavations in the Kashafrud basin. The basis of the statistical population of this study is the cultural materials of the Pottery Bank of the Greater Khorasan Museum, which were randomly sampled based on registered reports. An important point in the deployments of Kashafrud River is the relocation and collection of surface samples in the non-academic process. The city of Mashhad as a main part of Khorasan Razavi province and is located between two mountain ranges. Its northern mountain range is a Hezar-Masjed and its southern mountain range is Binalood. A river called Kashafrud passes through this plain. This area is located in the geographical coordinates of 22-57 to 10-61 east longitude and 39-35 to 04-37 north latitude (Figure 1). In total, and based on the studies conducted so far, about 14 prehistoric settlements have been identified within the city of Mashhad and in the Kashafrud basin (Figure 2), that four settlements of them have emerged for the first time in the Iron Age, which is out of this subject research. In the other 10 settlements, they have cultural sequence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age and in some continuities to the Iron Age. Of these 10 settlements, three settlements of Qaderabad, Qare Tappeh and Abarghandaray have a sequence from the Neolithic period (6500 BC according to the initial phase of Jaitun and not Sange-e Chakhmagh) to the end of the Bronze Age. In this research, the bronze period means only two phases, old and middle (equal to the date 2900-2100 BC according to the sequence of Namazgah Depe and up to 1700 BC according to the BMAC culture).  According to material cultures, two Sites of Morghanoo and Naderi have appeared for the first time in the transition period from Neolithic to Chalcolithic (5000-4800 or 4500 BC according to southwest Turkmenistan chronology) and have a cultural sequence up to the Middle Bronze Age. Based on the available evidence and cultural materials from among these settlements, the Toup Derakht site has appeared for the first time in the Late Chalcolithic or Namazgah III (3500-3000 or 2900 BC depending on the sequence of the Namazgah). The establishment of the Toup Derakht has a cultural sequence until the Iron Age. The 4 Sites of Devin, Qalurkhaneh, Gash and Junow have appeared for the first time in the Bronze Age, only in which the Devin Tape and Gash Tape have a cultural sequence up to the Iron Age. Based on the study, classification and typology of evidence of the studied area, it was found that the three settlements of Tape Qaderabad, Qara Tape and Abarghandaray Ancient Site have Neolithic surface materials that stone tools (Figure 3) and pottery with appearance characteristics and technically belongs to the Neolithic period (figure 4). The most important cultural materials belonging to the Neolithic period include buff and red ware with geometric designs. They are handmade and have chaff temper. In addition, those samples in terms of form, pattern and technique are comparable   with Sang-e Chakhmagh, Jaitun and Neolithic of the Central Plateau of Iran (Table 2). Finally, according to the relative chronology, the date before 6500 BC to 5000 BC can be considered for the Neolithic period of Kashafrud basin. Based on the study of surface materials, the studied settlements of the transition period from Neolithic to Chalcolithic to the relative date of 5000-4500 or 5200-4800 BC have continued in three settlements of Tape Qaderabad, Qara Tape and Abarghandaray were formed for the first time in this period. The existence of cultural materials of the Chalcolithic period in the three settlements of Qaderabad, Abarghandaray and Qara Tape, equal to the date 4800-2900 BC, indicates the continuity of the establishment and cultural sequence from Late Neolithic period to the Chalcolithic. Also, the presence of surface cultural materials on the settlements of Tape Naderi and Morghanoo, which have appeared in the transition period from Neolithic to Chalcolithic period, has a sequence and continuity, and in addition, the Toup Derakht site also appears in the Late Chalcolithic Period. In addition to these cultural materials, the Early and Middle Bronze Ages have sequences in all the mentioned settlements, including Qaderabad, Abarghandaray, Qara Tape, Naderi, Morghanoo, Toup Derakht Sites, and in addition, Gash Tape, Qalurkhaneh Ancient Site, Tape Junow and they also settle in the Early Bronze phase for the first time. As a result, Kashafrud River, as a vital and effective factor in creating a fertile ecosystem, has provided a suitable platform for spatial and regional Choices of human societies from the Paleolithic period to the present, which in both material and immaterial dimensions with culture, Prehistoric regions of Northeast Iran, especially Shahroud and Damghan, Gorgan plain, Dargaz and Atrak basins, as well as prehistoric cultures of southern Turkmenistan, including the Neolithic period of Jaitun and Anu IA, culture Namazgah I - VI period It is an overlap and perhaps the Kashafrud basin can be considered as the link between the prehistoric cultures of southern Turkmenistan and the Iranian plateau, especially the northeastern region of Iran.