mohammad parastesh

 X-ray is the most common method of cancer treatment. It seems that the side effects caused by X-ray therapy make its use a challenge.

In this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (healthy control, X-ray control, healthy training, and X-ray training). The X-ray groups received a total body dose of 4 Gray in a single exposure. The interval training groups underwent intense training for 8 weeks. To measure serum oxidative variables, MDA, TAC, and CAT enzyme levels were assessed using the ELISA method. Additionally, evaluations of testicula were conducted using a passage device and related formulas. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05.

X-rays caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) in the X-ray control group compared to the healthy control group (P≤0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the X-ray groups combined with interval training showed a significant reduction compared to the X-ray control group (P≤0.05). Additionally, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase enzyme (CAT) in the X-ray group combined with interval training showed a significant increase compared to the X-ray control group (P≤0.05). Furthermore, X-rays caused a significant reduction in testicular volume, volume of seminiferous tubules, and diameter of seminiferous tubules in the X-ray control group compared to the healthy control group (P≤0.05). On the other hand, interval training resulted in a significant increase in the variables (testicular volume, volume of interstitial tubules, and diameter of seminiferous tubules) in the X-ray groups combined with interval training compared to the X-ray control group (P≤0.05).

It seems that interval training can improve testicular structure and also reduce oxidative stress conditions in serum, thereby mitigating the testicular dysfunction induced by X-ray exposure. This improvement was particularly noted in testicular structure, especially in variables such as testicular volume, volume of interstitial tubules, and diameter of seminiferous tubules.

Lipid profile changes and increased vascular resistance are among the most important cardiovascular risk factors in old age. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on the lipid profile and plasma levels of endothelin 1 in elderly men with prehypertension.

34 elderly men with prehypertension were randomly divided into two equal groups of exercise in water and control (N=17). Before and after the intervention, blood sampling was done to measure lipid indices and plasma levels of endothelin 1. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, as well as the correlated t-test and the independent t-test respectively was used to check intragroup changes and intergroup differences at a significance level of less than 0.05.

In the training group, fat percentage (P=0.03), weight (P=0.01), body mass index (P=0.01), blood pressure (P=0.001), TG (P=0.00), cholesterol (01 (P=0.02), LDL (P=0.02) and plasma levels of endothelin 1 (P=0.002) had a significant decrease compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed in the HDL index of the two groups.

Water exercise, while improving lipid indices, led to a decrease in endothelin-1 levels. It seems that according to the physical conditions of the elderly, performing aerobic exercises in water as a substitute for exercises on land has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk indicators of the elderly with high blood pressure; Based on this, experts in the field of sports should pay special attention to this type of exercises in designing sports exercises for the elderly.

Diabetes, along with morphine, can lead to metabolic damage in testicular tissue through oxidative stress. This study aimed at investigating the effects of eight weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training on some oxidant and antioxidant indices in the testicular tissue of diabetic rats with acute morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight: 1) diabetes control, 2) morphine + diabetes, 3) diabetes + moderate-intensity endurance training, and 4) morphine + diabetes + moderate-intensity endurance training. Diabetes was induced and morphine was administered to create the acute morphine withdrawal syndrome. The training groups underwent an eight-week endurance training protocol. Oxidant and antioxidant indices, including MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD, were measured in the testicular tissue at the end of the study.

The concentration of the oxidant index MDA significantly increased in the diabetes group compared to the other groups (P=0.001). However, moderate-intensity endurance training led to a significant decrease in MDA concentration (P=0.001) and a significant increase in the levels of antioxidant indices (TAC, GPX, and SOD) compared to the diabetes group (P=0.001).

Moderate-intensity endurance training could reduce the oxidant index and increase antioxidant indices in the testicular tissue of diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome. This suggests a potential reduction in infertility complications in these rats.

One of the most important potential problems of radiotherapy is the heart problem caused by this treatment. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training on the serum levels of troponin I (TNI) and brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) in rats undergoing radiation therapy.

In this experimental study, 32 male rats (4-6 months) were randomly divided into four groups of eight, including healthy control (C), aerobic training (AT), radiotherapy (RT), and AT + RT groups. First, rats were anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine solution (K: 60-90 kg/mg, Z: 6-10 kg/mg) and then located on a Plexiglas plate with a thickness of 1 cm. Photon beam RT was performed using X-rays with a dose of 11 Gy from an Elekta compact linear accelerator (Elekta Compact 6-MV China). AT program was performed for eight weeks, five days a week, and one session a day for 60 minutes (70-75% of maximal oxygen consumption). Finally, one-way ANOVA was run to examine the research variables.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the TNI level (P = 0.23). However, a significant difference was found in the amount of BNP between the RT and C groups (P = 0.009). In addition, no significant difference was reported in terms of BNP between AT + RT with AT (P = 0.99), RT (P = 0.32), and C (P = 0.69) groups, as well as between AT with RT (P = 0.1) and C (P = 0.99) groups.

Overall, radiation therapy caused a significant increase in BNP, but it had no significant effect on TNI. Aerobic training did not significantly affect TNI and BNP in healthy rats and those undergoing radiation therapy.

Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) has been reported as an effective exercise on bone metabolism. However, very few studies have focused on high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of HIIT and MICT training on bone density in middle-aged rats.

30 male Wistar rats (16 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups: control, MICT and HIIT. Both test groups completed 8 weeks (5 sessions per week) of treadmill training in which the HIIT group performed 10 sessions of running at a speed of 35-47 m/min with a 2-minute active recovery, and the HIIT group ran continuously for 10-45 minutes at a speed of 15-20 meters per minute. The body composition and bone mineral density in the whole body were evaluated through Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA) at the beginning and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests.

After 8 weeks of intervention, BMD of the whole body and femur increased significantly in both groups (p0≥0.05), although the observed change was greater in the HIIT group (p≥0.05). In addition, in the case of BMD of the lumbar vertebra, no significant difference was observed between all three groups after the intervention (p≤0.05).

These findings show that a period of HIIT and MICT training can improve bone density in middle-aged rats and compared to MICT, HIIT had more benefits on bone density.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 40 heads of Wistar male rats (age 8-10 weeks, weight 130±30 grams) were randomly divided into 4 healthy resistant, morphine resistant, healthy control, and morphine control groups. The protocol of creating addiction was implemented through receiving increasing doses of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/ml of morphine for 21 days, and finally, on the 22nd day, the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome were examined as quantitative indicators. One day after the morphine withdrawal syndrome protocol, the sports groups underwent increasing resistance training for eight weeks (climbing a special ladder with a height of one meter and 26 steps with a distance of 4 cm, three sessions per week). Blood sampling was taken 48 hours after the last training session, and gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 were evaluated using ELISA method, and finally the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test.

Eight weeks of resistance training caused a significant increase in the serum levels of gonadotropin hormone in the healthy resistance group compared to the healthy control group, but this difference was not significant in the resistance morphine group compared to the morphine control group. A significant increase was observed in sirtuin 1 levels in the morphine resistant group compared to the morphine control group.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training can simultaneously reduce the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome and improve sirtuin 1 levels in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

Considering the antioxidant properties of physical activity, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in rats treated with cisplatin.

In this experimental study, 24 male laboratory rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, control cisplatin, cisplatin + MICT, and cisplatin + HIIT). In cisplatin groups, 5.5mg/kg cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally. The training programs continued for 10 weeks. Twenty four hours after last training session, blood serum of rats was collected to examine the study variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.

In this study, cisplatin caused significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.019), significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P=0.014), and significant decrease in catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the control group compared to the cisplatin control group. MDA showed significant reduction in cisplatin+ MICT group (P=0.001) and cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.001) compared to the cisplatin control group. Findings showed no significant difference in TAC between cisplatin + HIIT group and healthy controls (P=0.66). CAT in cisplatin + MICT group (P=0.12) and in cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.177) was not found to be significantly different with that of the control group.

It seems that exercise at different intensities can be effective in reducing oxidative stress caused by cisplatin in rats.

 

Examining the hormonal profile of different sports fields is used in many researches to provide criteria and indicators. Considering the importance of cycling, this study examined the hormonal profile of male cyclists of the Iranian national team.

In this descriptive study, 95 male cyclists of the Iranian national team with a mean and standard deviation of height 175.4±4.5 cm, weight 74.5±3.8 kg and body mass index 9.0±0.7 23 were examined as samples. The research variables included serum levels of testosterone, growth hormone, insulin-like growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and erythropoietin hormone. 48 hours after the last training session, fasting blood was taken from the elbow vein of the subjects.

In male cyclists of the Iranian national team, the average serum level of testosterone hormone was 4.44±0.23 ng/ml, the average serum level of growth hormone was 0.24±0.17 ng/ml, the average serum level Insulin-like growth hormone 246.3±56.64 μg/L, luteinizing hormone mean serum level 2.44±0.72 IU/mL, thyroid stimulating hormone mean serum level 2.33±0.8 mIU/mL and the average serum level of erythropoietin hormone was 4.79 ± 0.97 mIU/mL. Discussion and

The reference values of the examined hormones are not valid for the general population of elite athletes. New reference limits should be established for hormonal variables in elite athletes. Because their metabolic, nutritional and exercise status is different from the normal non-athlete population.

Heart damage is one of the complications of radiotherapy. Due to the favorable effect of exercise training on the heart, this study aimed to investigate the impact of HIIT training on Troponin I and B-type natriuretic peptide in rats undergone radiotherapy.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, HIIT, radiotherapy, and radiotherapy + HIIT. After anesthesia, radiotherapy was performed using an 11 Gy dose of the linear accelerator. The training program of HIIT and HIIT + radiotherapy groups included 10 weeks of HIIT. To assess the serum levels of troponin-I and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), five ml of blood was taken 24 hours after the last training session. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that the levels of troponin I in HIIT or radiotherapy + HIIT groups were not significantly different from the control group (P<0.05). But there was a significant difference between the radiotherapy group and the other three groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the BNP values ​​of any of the groups (P<0.05).

Radiotherapy seems to increase troponin I, but HIIT does not have this effect and even reduces its increased levels. Also, neither HIIT nor radiotherapy has an impact on BNP. Therefore, patients undergoing radiotherapy can use HIIT as an effective therapeutic intervention.

Hookah consumption is a major risk factor for inflammation and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two-month aerobic training on metabolic profile and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in hookah-smoker women.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, 22 hookah-smoker women (at least twice a week) matched in terms of age (27.82 ± 3.81 years) and body mass index (BMI) (26.66 ± 5.92 kg/m2) were recruited and randomly divided into two groups of smokers + aerobic exercise (n = 11) and smokers (n = 11). A matched control group of non-smoker women (n = 10, age: 27.11 ± 2.71 years, BMI: 26.20 ± 2.39 kg/m2) were also recruited for baseline comparison. The aerobic exercise program was performed three days a week, 35-50 minutes a day for 8 weeks. The smokers’ group were asked to continue their normal lives. Serum levels of CRP and metabolic risk factors were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

At baseline, non-smoker participants had significantly better CRP level (P = 0.001) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (P = 0.020) than hookah-smoker women. After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, no significant change was observed in the lipid profile of hookah-smoker women (P > 0.050). Simultaneously, body weight (P = 0.030), VO2max (P = 0.001), and CRP levels (P = 0.010) improved significantly in response to aerobic exercise.

These findings suggest that a course of aerobic exercise program improves the aerobic fitness of hookah-smoker women. This improvement is associated with reduction of CRP without significant changes in plasma lipid profile.

COVID-19 disease has a major effect on people's mental health worldwide. It is likely that in the current situation, the level of physical activity and the body mass index (BMI) status play an important role in people's mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BMI and the level of physical activity with anxiety caused by COVID-19 disease.

The method of this study was adescriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population was all citizens of Arak city in Markazi province in 2021. The statistical sample was 486 citizens in different age groups who were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression.

Pearson correlation results showed that there is a significant  inverse correlation between the level of physical activity and coronavirus anxiety (p<0.05). However, there is no significant relationship between BMI and coronavirus anxiety. The results of multivariate regression showed that the level of anxiety caused by coronavirus can be significantly predicted based on the level of physical activity and BMI.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the increase in the level of physical activity is associated with a decrease in coronavirus anxiety. Therefore, in order to maintain the mental health of individuals in the current critical situation, it is necessary to plan for the continuation of physical activities.

 One of the famous cancer treatments that are associated with an increment in inflammatory factors is X-ray radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training on inflammatory markers in male rats undergoing X-ray radiation.

 In this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: healthy control (n=6), HIIT (n=6), X-ray radiation (n=6) and X-ray radiation + HIIT (n=6). first, X-ray radiation and HIIT + X-ray radiation groups were anesthetized with ketamine xylazine solution (K, 60-90 kg/mg; Z, 6-10 kg/mg) and then placed on a 1 cm thick Plexiglas plate. The X-ray radiation photon beam was performed using X-ray with 4 Gy linear accelerators (Elekta Compact 6-MV China). The training program included ten weeks of HIIT. Serum levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by rat ELISA Kits. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the existence of a significant difference among groups.

 The results showed a significant difference between TNF-α and IL-6 in the HIIT, X-ray radiation, and HIIT + X-ray radiation groups with the control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between these three groups (P > 0.05).

 X-ray radiation can increase TNF-α and IL-6. HIIT, on the other hand, can also enhance these factors. It seems better for people undergoing radiotherapy to use another exercise training instead of HIIT.

One of the main potential problems of radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer is the increase in treatment-related inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (AT) on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rats undergoing RT.

In this experimental study, 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight members including (1) healthy control (C), (2) AT, (3) RT, and (4) AT + RT groups. Rats were first anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine solution (K, 60-90 kg/mg; Z, 6-10 kg/mg) and then located on a Plexiglas plate with a thickness of 1 cm. Photon beam RT was performed using X-rays with a dose of 11 Gy from an Elekta compact linear accelerator (Elekta Compact 6-MV China). AT program was performed for eight weeks, five days a week, and one session a day for 60 minutes (70-75% of VO2max). Afterwards, one-way ANOVA was run to examine the research variables.

According to the results, TNF-α was significantly higher in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.003), whereas IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the AT + RT group compared to the RT group (P=0.001) and the C group (P=0.027). Further, the levels of this cytokine were significantly lower in the AT group compared to the RT group (P=0.006) and similarly in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.03).

RT led to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, performing AT could only significantly reduce the IL-6 levels.

 Women's sexual function decreases during menopause, which in turn reduces their quality of life. Some studies have suggested that physical activity is associated with increased serum levels of androgens and improved sexual function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent training on serum androgens levels and sexual function in postmenopausal women.
Material and

 The study was performed quasi-experimentally. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 30 postmenopausal women with an average weight of 65.1±5.4kg. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of simultaneous training and control. The training group performed 8 weeks of concurrent training. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and sexual function were measured 48 hours before and after training. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 statistical software at a significance level of 0.05.

Concurrent training in the experimental group significantly increased serum testosterone levels compared to the control group (P=0.042). Although concurrent training increased the serum level of dehydroepiandrosterone in the experimental group, but this value was not significant (P=0.396). Concurrent training also increased sexual function in the areas of desire (P=0.035), marital satisfaction (P=0.002) and total scores (P=0.047) in the concurrent training group compared to the control group.

In general, based on our findings, it seems that concurrent training improves sexual function in postmenopausal women by increasing serum testosterone levels.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent among women and seriously impairs the quality of life. Urinary incontinence is believed to be associated with a decrease in estrogen and estrogen regeneration improves these signs. We conducted the present study to assess the effects of aquatic exercise on multiple domains of urinary leakage and estradiol level in postmenopausal women. In this semi-experimental study, 24 postmenopausal women with UI were selected from October to December 2019 in Arak, Iran. They were randomized into the aquatic exercise (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Aquatic exercise was carried out at moderate intensity, three days per week for eight weeks in 33–34°C, swimming pool. The control group did not participate in a supervised program. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Short Form (ICIQ-SF) was used to assess urinary incontinence and blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the last sessions of exercise training. In addition, UI-related practices and the use and modification of daily protection were examined. Estradiol was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA assay). The data were analyzed utilizing paired t test or Wilcoxon test in SPSS version 21. The mean age of the subjects was 56.77 years old; 78.6% were married and 58% were overweight. The ICIQ-SF score (P=0.03) as well as severity of urinary incontinence symptoms (P=0.05) in the exercise group improved significantly compared to those in the control group. Furthermore, no significant differences in estradiol level were observed between the groups (P>0.05). Aquatic exercise was found to be beneficial and improved fitness and severity of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women although this improvement occurred without changes in estrogen levels.

Increased ferritin levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise training on serum ferritin and iron level of induced diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 32 wistar rats weighing 205±54 g were randomly allocated into four groups including healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic interval training and diabetic continuous training. The diabetic training groups were received 10 weeks of training following one week after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Fasting blood sugar ferritin and iron level was measured in each animal.

Induction of diabetes significantly increased serum ferritin and iron levels in diabetic control group compared to healthy control group (P<0.05). Serum ferritin and iron levels and fasting blood sugar significantly reduced in interval aerobic exercise and continuous aerobic training groups compared to diabetic control group (P<0.05). There was not any significant difference in the dependent variables between interval aerobic exercise and continuous aerobic training.

In conclusion, it seems the training of two methods of aerobic interval and continuous training in induced diabetic rats with reduction of serum ferritin and iron levels, as well as improving fasting blood glucose and serum insulin seems to reduce insulin resistance index and improve glycemic status in induced diabetic rats.

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) had a major effect on peoplechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s physical activity worldwide. These conditions have reduced the amount of physical activity in many people. The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide for performing physical activities at home.

The method was library-based, and new books and articles on physical activity at home were reviewed, and the scientific basis for performing physical activity at home was provided. Performing various physical activities using the devices at homes as well as performing exercises without using the devices were examined.

Practical suggestions for staying active at home, along with aerobic exercise, include walking, running on a treadmill, proper use of stationary bikes, and body weight resistance exercises to cope with the physical and psychological side effects of Coronavirus 2019 were provided.

This guidance provides useful information about physical activity at home for sedentary people, which can be done during epidemic diseases.

Identification of body mass and physical activity status in women may be helpful for improving their reproductive health. The purpose of the current research was to analyze and compare the body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level (PAL) among women with and without infertility. This descriptive-analytical research was conducted on 150 infertile women who referred to therapeutic centers of Shahrekord to treat infertility and 150 fertile women using filed study method. Physical activity questionnaire was then filled in by these women. The height and weight were measured using Seca stadiometer and digital scale based on standard methods, and then, BMI was calculated and the values were compared. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze data and the significance level was considered P<0.05. The physical activity score of infertile women was estimated to be low in this study that indicates sporting inactivity or very low PAL in subjects. The overall prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in infertile subjects were 8.7%, 26.7%, 34.7%, and 30%, respectively. The frequency of overweight and obesity was reported to be significantly higher in these subjects. The physical activity score of fertile women was estimated to be medium, and the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in fertile subjects were 29.8%, 40.4%, 17.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. Results from the study emphasize the importance of body composition and creation of interest among women to do exercise and gain normal weight and keep it off to achieve healthy fertility

It has recently been documented that obesity is a global problem in all age groups, so that it affects about 250 million people in the world, accounting for 7% of the world’s population. Adipose tissue has an important role in inducing lung dysfunction through production and secretion of adipokines such as leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period ofaerobic training on lung function indices and serum leptin levels in obese men.

A total of 23 untrained obese men in Arak were recruited voluntarily for the study and randomly assigned to obese aerobic training group (Ob-AT, n = 12) (45.26 ± 2.45 years, body mass index (BMI) of 31.81 ± 0.77 kg/m2) and obese control group (Ob-Cnt, n = 11) (47.03 ± 3.36 years, BMI of 31.45 ± 0.96 kg/m2). Another normal control group (No-Cnt, n = 9) was sampled from individuals with normal weight to compare at the base level (45.1 ± 4.1 years, BMI of 24.63 ± 0.45 kg/m2). The obese exercise group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training, 3 sessions a week, 1.5 hours per session. Body composition (CT scan), leptin levels and lung function were measured before and after exercise protocol.

The participants with normal weight had significantly lower leptin concentration (P = 0.01) and a higher lung function (P = 0.016) compared to the obese participants. Moreover, the results indicated that leptin and obesity had an inverse correlation with lung function indices (forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1]) (P ≤ 0.05). After the aerobic activity, obesity (BMI, WHR, body fat) and lung function indices (FVC and FEV1) significantly decreased in the obese aerobic training group compared to the obese control group (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, leptin concentration significantly decreased after the aerobic exercise protocol (P = 0.018).

We found that leptin level decreased after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise in obese men and this decrease was associated with the increased lung function and profound changes in body fat. The obtained data suggest that 12-week aerobic exercise causes alterations in leptin level that plays a key role in improving lung function.

 Resistin is secreted by adipose tissue and could be the link between diabetes and infertility. This study aimed to investigate the alteration of resistin following aerobic exercise training in diabetic rats and its possible interaction with sperm parameters.

 In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (age: 56 days, weight: 200-250g) were randomly divided equally into three groups of healthy control, diabetic control, and diabetic aerobic exercises. Diabetes was induced with a unique intraperitoneal injection (65 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin. Seven days after the injection and after 12 hours of fasting, the animals with blood glucose levels of ≥250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Seven days after the induction of diabetes, the animals in the exercise group were subjected to progressive aerobic training (treadmill running for 1 h, 27 m/min, 5 d/wk). After 10 weeks of exercise, the sperm quality and resistin concentrations were measured. The obtained data were compared using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (P<0.05).

The induction of diabetes significantly decreased sperm count (P=0.001), motility (P=0.001), viability (P=0.001), and morphology (P=0.01). The sperm parameters, such as count (P=0.03) and viability (P=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic exercise group, compared to the diabetic sedentary group. No significant changes were found in resistin levels between diabetic exercise and diabetic sedentary groups (P=0.40).

 The collected results indicated that the 10-week aerobic training regimen improved sperm quality, independent of changes in resistin levels, in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat models.

Diabetes through sex hormone deficiency can cause erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetic men, however, resistance training can improve diabetes by reducing complications of this disorder.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on serum levels of dihydropyronestrone, estradiol and erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetic men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 24 men with type 2 diabetes with a mean weight of 77.1±3.5 kg and BMI of 26.13±3.3 kg/m2 were randomly selected. They were randomly divided into two groups Diabetics were divided into control exercises and diabetic control. The diabetic group performed 8 weeks of resistance training with resistance training. Serum levels of dihydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, erectile dysfunction and other dependent variables were measured 48 h before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) (P = 0.05).

Resistance training in diabetic group resistance training significantly decreased insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared to diabetic control group (P = 0.010). Resistance training also significantly decreased serum estradiol levels (P = 0.040) and significantly increased serum levels of dihydroepiandrosterone (P = 0.030) in diabetic group resistance training compared to diabetic control group. Resistance training also increased erectile function in the areas of erectile function (P = 0.019), marital satisfaction (P = 0.012) and total scores (P = 0.002) in diabetic group resistance training compared to diabetic control group.

Overall, based on our findings, it seems that resistance training reduces serum estradiol levels and increases serum levels of dihydropyronestrone in improving erectile function in type 2 diabetic patients. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Resistance training, Dihydroepiandrosterone, Estradiol, Erectile function.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a 10-week resistance training on the serum levels of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), the serum levels of liver enzymes, chemerin, and resistin in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with the mean±SD weight of  200±48 gr were randomly divided into 4 groups (normal control, diabetic control, diabetic resistance training, and resistance training). The training groups performed regular resistance exercises for 10 weeks by ladders. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the blood sample of rats was collected for resistin, chemerin, insulin, and liver enzymes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey posthoc test, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni posthoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.329).

 Diabetes induction significantly HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic control group, compared to the healthy control group (P<‏0.05). Resistance training also significantly decreased insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic resistance training group, compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05).

 The obtained data suggested that resistance training improved liver enzymes in type 2 diabetic rats by decreasing the insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of chamirin, and resistin.

Betatrophin and irisin are a liver and muscle tissue produced proteins that regulate the triglyceride metabolism as well as glucose homeostasis. This study was designed to evaluate the level of betatrophin and irisin in obese rats before and after aerobic training.

Twenty four, 8-week-old male Wistar rats (249.8±11.2g) were selected and purchased for the research. After obesity induction by high-fat diet, the animals were randomly divided into two groups: exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). Also a match group with normal weight was selected for baseline comparisons. The animals trained 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Body weight, lipid and glycemic profiles, and betatrophin and irisin levels were assessed after 10 weeks of training.  The data were compared using analysis of variance (P<0.05).

Results showed that weight mass (P<0.01), plasma total cholesterol (P<0.02), triglyceride (P<0.05) and fasting glucose (P<0.04) were reduced in obese rats following the exercise training. Plasma betatrophin was significantly reduced in exercise compared to sedentary groups (P<0.02). Conversely, irisin concentration was significantly elevated with exercise (P<0.03).

The data demonstrated that moderate intensity aerobic training prevented obesity-induced cardiovascular disorders simultaneously with improvements in betatrophin and irisin levels in obese rats.

This review discusses the exercise training that appear to be effective in cardiovascular patients with Covid-19.

Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases are the pivotal leading causes of death in the world. Given the change of the human lifestyle into a sedentary one, the number of people with cardiovascular disease is rising dramatically. Recently, Covid-19 disease has endangered people's health in many countries and put a lot of pressure on their health care system. It also has had a significant impact on the global economy. The main features of this disease are high transmission rates and mortality. Although the prime cause of death from Covid-19 is respiratory failure, some patients experience severe cardiovascular problems such as congestive heart failure. Although drugs and therapeutic interventions have improved considerably, it is still challenges in prevention and rehabilitation for these diseases, especially in people with Covid-19, and the search for new strategies continues. Cardiac rehabilitation is a set of medical procedures and exercise training that aim to improve the mental status, physical function and overall increase the quality of life. One of the most important parts of cardiac rehabilitation is prescribing exercise.

The keywords “Cardiovascular disease”, “Covid-19”, “Rehabilitation”, and “Exercise training” were searched out in databases, Science Direct, PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, CINAHL, SID, Iran Doc, and Magiran. Out of articles, 210 articles that were more relevant to the research topic were selected. After reviewing the studies thoroughly, 12 studies that were in line with the purpose of the study were selected and reviewed. Findings. Exercise training prescribed for cardiovascular patients has prescribed over the years ranges from prescribing one type of exercise for all to prescribing exercise for each patient individually based on risk factors, age, and functional status. Continuous aerobic exercise, periodic aerobic exercise, and strength training have been used in most studies. Less intensity should be used when prescribing these exercises to cardiovascular patients with Covid-19.

In general, considering the beneficial effects of rehabilitation training in cardiovascular patients, it seems that a rehabilitation program based on appropriate exercise training can be effective in reducing the complications and mortality of cardiovascular patients with Covid-19. But more studies are needed to get more information.

The present study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic training on adiponectin, sex hormones, and sperm parameters in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

In this experiment, 52 eight-week-old Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic with aerobic training and healthy with aerobic training. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin solution. The aerobic training protocol was performed for ten weeks. Finally, blood serum samples were obtained to assess FSH, LH, testosterone, and adiponectin levels.

Results showed an increase in serum adiponectin levels in aerobic training group which led to a significant difference between aerobic training group and diabetic control group. In addition, aerobic training caused significant increase in serum testosterone level and LH in diabetic aerobic training group, so that significant differences were observed between serum testosterone, LH and FSH of diabetic aerobic training group and healthy control group. Sperm parameters in the diabetic aerobic training group including sperm count, motility and viability presented significant differences compared to diabetic control group.

Short term aerobic training can improve serum adiponectin levels and sperm parameters, including sperm count and sperm motility through increasing serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels in type 2 diabetic rats.