mohammadjafar chamankar

The Bushehr Bazaar is one of the oldest bazaars on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. The history of this bazaar dates back to the founding of the Bushehr Port during the Afsharid period, and it further evolved during the Zandiyeh and Qajarid dynasties. During the Pahlavi era, the Bushehr Bazaar underwent numerous ups and downs. Although it had lost its past prosperity, it fell under the strong influence of the dominant discourse of modern Iran, to the extent that other institutions were influenced by it.The purpose of this article, with a focus on the Bushehr market during the Pahlavi era, is to shed light on the aspects and set of supervisory actions of the Pahlavi I government. At the same time, attention has been paid to the question of how the Pahlavi government controlled and supervised the Bushehr market. The Bushehr Iranology Foundation Archive and the National Documents Center and newspapers form the main basis of this research. Newspapers such as the Persian Gulf and Koshesh are among the sources used in this research. A descriptive-analytical approach has been used to advance the research question. These sources have provided new and fresh information about the research. Finally, it seems that in addition to being the center of gravity of commercial and economic activities during the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, a variety of goods from around the world were offered in the Bushehr market and it was influenced by trade relations with India and the attention of European powers. With the rise of the Pahlavi I, the Persian Gulf commercial hub was transferred from Bushehr to Khorramshahr and Bandar Shahpur, but Bushehr still thrived. The Pahlavi government intensified its supervision of the market by creating new institutions such as the Municipality and the Finance Department, and tried to bring Bushehrs economy under its control. The governments policies on commodity smuggling, commodity pricing, combating overpricing and under-delivery, and addressing food shortages indicate an attempt to regulate the market and address peoples livelihood challenges. In times of crisis, such as the upheaval caused by the fall of the government in September 1941, which led to the collapse of Irans political and economic stability and had negative impacts on the Bushehr market, the government took immediate action, such as drafting by-laws and supervising guilds, to bring order to the chaotic market. They tried to meet peoples needs by importing items such as sugar and wheat. Meanwhile, the government carried out its supervisory activities through the Municipality, which was the driving force behind the Bushehr market. Therefore, in order to supervise the market, the government had to take important steps such as a series of deterrent actions to control commodity smuggling, price commodities in the market, regularly visit shops, census shops, address shortages such as food shortages, and confront hoarders and overpricers, organize active guilds in the market, and organize and prepare a charter for coffee houses, cookhouses, and barbershops.The Bushehr Chamber of Commerce also improved the situation by liberalizing monopolized goods such as sugar, sugar cubes, and tea. Commercial ships, and even English ships, docked at the Bushehr pier and unloaded their cargoes, which included sugar, wheat, and other essential items. This led to an increase in the flow of goods into the Bushehr market.The collective efforts of the municipality and market inspectors yielded positive results. Food shortages were largely addressed, and more items were made accessible to the public. Similar measures were taken to reduce the prices of other essential commodities. Despite these efforts, challenges persisted. A scarcity of bread and cereals led to public discontent. The shortage of rice also resulted in hoarding and economic strain on citizens. To address these issues, rice was imported from other cities, and rationing of sugar was implemented.The Bushehr Municipality and the Finance Administration, along with other institutions, made relentless efforts to improve the situation. Regular health inspections and supervision were part of these efforts. However, the market remained unstable, and complete satisfaction among the people was not achieved, but these same actions in the field of market services and its non-closure as the economic center and the beating heart of the city were achieved.

The Persian Gulf has been considered as a major commercial highway since the distant past until now. Archaeological documents and historical texts prove the claim that the nations of this region were very skilled in seafaring and maritime trade, and their maritime dominance and extensive world trade with the ancient ports of Indochina, the Red Sea, and the coast of East Africa is undeniable. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the first maritime efforts of the civilizations located on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Based on archaeological findings, the presence of merchant groups in the northern and southern regions of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea has been proven since the beginning of the 7th millennium BC. The history of these groups shows that over time they engaged in shipping, trade, fishing, pearl making, agriculture and other diverse economic professions. In the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, there are more colorful evidences of these types of economic activities between the maritime and backport areas. In addition to economic exchanges, navigation among the seas led to the sharing of cultural affairs of different regions far away from the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.

How Iran takes a position against the formation of the confederation of sheikhs in the south of the Persian Gulf (1968-1970)Abstract:Iran's regional policy in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea underwent deep transformations in the 1940s/60s as a result of a series of internal developments and international approaches. The withdrawal of British forces from the Persian Gulf region and the Oman Sea and the emergence of a power vacuum, the issue of Bahrain and the formation of the South Persian Gulf Sheikh Federation were among the most important events that Iran was challenging and confronting in various ways. At the end of this decade, the small emirates south of the Strait of Hormuz, whose foreign and defense policy was managed by England and lacked independent political and administrative focus, demanded the formation of a kind of confederation. Iran opposed the establishment of this confederation. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for the strong opposition of the second Pahlavi government to the formation of the Federation of Persian Gulf Sheikhs at this point in time. In the end, it is concluded that due to the presence of Bahrain in this union, which Tehran considered to be part of its sovereignty, Iran opposed it, because from Tehran's point of view, Bahrain was considered a part of the country of Iran, and it was naturally possible to join it arbitrarily. T

With the death of Imam Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khalili in 1954 and the increase in power of Sultan Timur bin Saeed from the Abu Saidi dynasty as a result of the comprehensive political and military support of Britain, the structure of the traditional Imamate as an independent force elected by the residents of Oman after 1200 years of high life And he found decline. The revolts of Imam Ghalib bin Ali bin Hilal and his brother Talib bin Ali in order to revive the tradition of Imamate in 1955 were a reaction against this process of collapse. The main battle of several years, called the Battle of Jabal Akhzar (Green Mountain) or the War of Oman, determined the fate of this political and religious uprising, which is the main purpose of this article. The performance of British colonialism in creating backwardness and aggravating social crises and dependency of central governments has always been one of the main factors of people's protests in the land of Oman and Muscat. Officially, the Sultanate of Oman was considered an independent country, but in fact it was a de facto British colony. In this way, the successive British governments were responsible for the miserable political, social and economic conditions that the Sultan's subjects suffered, and in the end, a popular uprising. created and fueled it. During the uprising of the Omani people led by the Imamate in the 1950s, British soldiers had a significant presence in all repressive operations, and in fact, it was with their direct intervention that the struggles of the internal Omani Revolutionary Front were defeated. Part of the equipment and British elite forces were supplied from foreign bases and British colonies, and in an unequal land and air battle, the Jabal Al-Akhdar uprising failed despite the strong resistance of the supporters of Imam Ghalib bin Ali al-Hana'i. The defeat in the Battle of Jabal Al-Akhdar left deep political and cultural consequences on the institution of Imamate and gradually its practical role in Oman became limited and very dim.

The emergence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party is one of the most important political events of the 20th century in Iran, which was formed between August 1945 and the end of December 1946 with the full support of the Soviet government. Moscow's full support for this process included political, military, commercial, industrial, cultural, scientific, and educational aspects, which were done directly and indirectly. The purpose of this research was to examine the dimensions of the Soviet Union's cooperation with the movement under the leadership of Pishevari, focusing on economic and cultural affairs. The research method is library and with an emphasis on first-hand sources, especially the archive of the The National Library and Archives of Iran, publications such as Azarbaijan newspaper (the official organ of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party), and other leftist newspapers such as Ajir and Azade Mellat. In the end, it is concluded that the authorities of Moscow exert double pressure on the central government of Iran in order to obtain the concession of oil in the north and to show progressive socialist measures to the members of the Iranian society, supported fully by the democratic party and the one-year continuity of their rule has been directly influenced by these relationships.

Iran's water borders in Khuzestan have always been one of the tensest and disputed areas with the Iraqi government. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the cancellation of Arvand Roud border agreement by Iran in 1348/1969.

Analytical historical research method and Library research method were employed to conduct the present study. In a step-by-step process, an attempt was made to collect information after checking keywords, collecting sources, especially archival documents, taking notes and analyzing data.

In 1914, when Iraq was considered a part of the Ottoman Empire, the unjust border demarcation agreement was imposed on the weak Qajar government with an emphasis on Arvand Rud River. With the emergence of the first Pahlavi government, a new border agreement was concluded with the Iraqi government on 13 July 1937. However, the 1316 contract could not satisfy Iran's legal demand based on the Thalweg line. From the 1930s/1950s, the border disputes between the two countries increased, which reached their peak in the 1940s/1960s and led to the cancellation of the 1316 agreement by Iran in 1969.

It is concluded that a series of interconnected and complementary political, economic, military, legal factors, diplomatic links and international developments in the Middle East region caused the formation of the crisis, the continuation of tensions between Tehran and Baghdad, and ultimately the cancellation of this contract.

The entry of the Allies into Iran and the extension of the Second World War into the country caused many economic, military, political and social consequences and damages to the country and the people of Iran. The Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, as a strategic military and economic region that has direct and indirect effects on the internal developments of the country, were the focus of the allied governments in World War II. Following the occupation of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman by the allied governments, the military, political, economic and social bases of the cities and ports of the region, like other cities and provinces of the country, were destroyed. The social effects of the occupation of the country and the presence of foreigners in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman are discussed in this research. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate these effects that appeared in the form of anomalies such as theft, murder, looting, famine, seizure and confiscation of property by the occupying forces of the allies, etc. in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea region. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the negative social effects and problems caused by the Second World War on the region by using descriptiveanalytical methods and the use of documents, newspapers and library resources.

In the 1940s / 1960s, major changes appeared in the strategic area of the Persian Gulf, of which the withdrawal of British forces was one of the most important consequences. According to the new doctrine of England, the British bases were evacuated in the lands east of the Suez waterway, including the Persian Gulf, until 1971 AD. After the official announcement of this issue, the Western world, led by the United States, raised the issue of the power vacuum and expressed their concern about its possible unfortunate consequences. The Iranian government, which was in a superior position compared to other small emirates in the region, strongly supported the withdrawal of British forces. This issue became one of the basic principles of the foreign policy of the second Pahlavi government. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for Iran's stance against the issue of England's withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in the late 1940s/1960s.

The research method is the historical analysis using the library method, and it deals with how Iran confronts and challenges the new strategy of the London statesmen.

it is concluded that the second Pahlavi government was influenced by a set of internal factors and international approaches, in complete opposition to the continued presence of British military forces in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.

The findings of the research show that the withdrawal of British forces from the maritime borders of the southern Persian Gulf and the acceptance of changes in these lines were forced and under the influence of regional and international factors.

The Iran/France ties expanded in various political, cultural, military and economic areas during the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Based on the Giscard d'Estaing,s  policy, in order to counter the economic challenges following the Arab-Israel war and the negative oil crisis consequences thereof, the French industries sought a bigger share of the vast Iranian market. The close ties in the Iranian fledgling nuclear industry covered a major portion of these interactions and the delivery of the nuclear powerplants with 5000 megawatt capacity was also a part of the cooperations. The value of some of these facilities, including the Darkhoveyn nuclear power plant, was estimated over $ 1.2 billion worth. Tens of French companies carried out activities in the specialties related to nuclear power plants and the training of the human resources needed for the Iranian nuclear power plants was conducted in France. Also, the Iranian government participated in uranium processing plans of France through paying heavy credits. Iranian efforts to guarantee to receive its nuclear power plants fuel, led to purchasing some of the shares of the fuel providing companies of Corodif and Eurodif of France. The aim of this paper is to explore the French government’s role during the Giscard d'Estaing office in the Iranian atomic program over the 1970s. The question here is how had been the Iran/France nuclear relations during the Giscard d'Estaing’s presidency? In the end, the author concludes that the Giscard d'Estaing presidency’s period was a turning point in the expansion of the two countries’ full scale relations, especially in the field of peaceful nuclear cooperation.The Iran/France ties expanded in various political, cultural, military and economic areas during the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Based on the Giscard d'Estaing,s  policy, in order to counter the economic challenges following the Arab-Israel war and the negative oil crisis consequences thereof, the French industries sought a bigger share of the vast Iranian market. The close ties in the Iranian fledgling nuclear industry covered a major portion of these interactions and the delivery of the nuclear powerplants with 5000 megawatt capacity was also a part of the cooperations. The value of some of these facilities, including the Darkhoveyn nuclear power plant, was estimated over $ 1.2 billion worth. Tens of French companies carried out activities in the specialties related to nuclear power plants and the training of the human resources needed for the Iranian nuclear power plants was conducted in France. Also, the Iranian government participated in uranium processing plans of France through paying heavy credits. Iranian efforts to guarantee to receive its nuclear power plants fuel, led to purchasing some of the shares of the fuel providing companies of Corodif and Eurodif of France. The aim of this paper is to explore the French government’s role during the Giscard d'Estaing office in the Iranian atomic program over the 1970s. The question here is how had been the Iran/France nuclear relations during the Giscard d'Estaing’s presidency? In the end, the author concludes that the Giscard d'Estaing presidency’s period was a turning point in the expansion of the two countries’ full scale relations, especially in the field of peaceful nuclear cooperation.

Iran's vast and costly nuclear program in the 1940s and 1950s was one of the major symbols of economic and foreign relations of The Second Pahlavi. Archival records play an important role in identifying and recognizing this highly confidential process. The online publication of rare records in western world archives is a turning point in the study of the history of Iran's nuclear activities at the time of The Second Pahlavi. Therefore, the author tries to answer the following questions by relying on these primary resources:How did the nuclear developments of The Second Pahlavi Government occur?What is the role of online archives in scientific recognition of the process?

Method and Research Design: 

The records of various archives of Iran, online archives outside of Iran and various Iranian newspapers of the time were investigated, described and analyzed.

The study revealed that the rate of Iranian nuclear progress was constant and slow till the late 1960s. From the beginning of the 1970s, the rate accelerated owing to long-term goals and extensive development activities, and became a symbol of the new era of Iranian history and industry in independent national politics based on the doctrine of the imperial government. Due to the secrecy of the program and a number of ambiguities, Latin online records play a very important role in recognizing this part of contemporary Iranian history.

 On the eve of the World War II, the Nazi Germany became a major political and economic power in Europe. This power sought to expand to the East, and this led to the expansion of the Iran - German ties. Germany’s presence in Iran during the Reza Shah reign (1934-1941) provided two major opportunities for Iran; first, Reza Shah used it as a means to reduce the Soviet and UK influence. Second, he employed this connection to develop the industrial schools and renovate and develop the country’s economy. The connection was not void of benefit for Germany, because Iran welcomed the German products. Based on this, so many light and heavy German factories were sold to Iran. The daily increasing industrial progress and its impact on people’s economic and political lives caused the creation of centers for teaching the new industries and techniques. With the German industries entering Iran, technical schools, taught by German engineers Started to Work, These Schools were influential in transferring technology. A prominent example of this type of schools was the Azerbaijan Industrial School, which was established in 1930 and took to service foreign teachers, mostly Germans, to nurture educated, skilled and technical persons. The present research  uses the descriptive-analytical method as well as the archived documents, books and the press from the period in question, to answer the question, What impact did the Germans, presence at the Azerbaijan Industrial School  during the Reza Shah era have on the growth and fostering of this school?

Following the transfer of power from Qajars to the Pahlavi, islands and ports on the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman witnessed unprecedented level of foreign trade. At the same time the smuggling goods into the land and illegal trade also increased sharply.

This paper reports a study of smuggling during the period of 1921-1941 and the policies adopted by the government to tackle it.

Findings are based on materials held at the National Library and Archives Organization (NLAI), including archival documents and newspapers.

In order to boost economic development, various aspects of smuggling in the region were considerd and policies adopted and successfully implemented to prevent illegal acitivies. As a result, the economic condition of the area improved gradually.

During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied by the allies, like the rest of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea.‌ Throughout the war (1320-1324), Bushehr was the scene of a strong presence of English, Indian, and especially American agents.‌ The Allies aimed to send Soviet aid to all the military, economic infrastructure of the port.‌ The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of World War II on the port of Bushehr in a chronological process relying on largely unpublished archival records and public, economic publications.‌ And the locality of the time is.‌ The data set shows that despite the importance of Bushehr, the economic role of economists compared to previous periods, especially late Qajar and early Pahlavi move regressed show.‌ As the end of the war draws nearer, its negative consequences are more pronounced on Bushehr.‌ The adverse effects of several years after the end of World War II also affected the entire economic and social structure of Bushehr.‌ Accordingly, Bushehr suffered a lot of social and economic damage in the challenge with the presence of a large number of foreign elements, and the process of degrading its position was accelerated. In this article, the researcher has tried to answer the following question: How did the consequences of World War II in a time process affect the deterioration of the economic situation of Bushehr port? In the end, it is concluded that the Second World War directly affected all aspects of domestic and foreign trade in Bushehr port and the resulting financial and social unrest, causing imbalances in various economic layers and severely weakening its position in Iran and the shores of the Persian Gulf.

The islands, ports, and hinterlands of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman maintained their privileged economic position during the first Pahlavi period. Most of Iran's maritime trade was carried out from various points of exit and entry of these regions. The purpose of this article is to study the economic developments of the coasts and post-coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman during the years 1304-1320 (1925-1941), with an emphasis on recognizing the causes and influential areas of regional growth. What were the factors affecting the process of economic developments in these regions in the first Pahlavi period? The results show that the set of government performance in various areas of trade and infrastructure development activities, in the economic life of the coast and post-coastal than in previous periods - especially the late Qajar - had a great impact and caused a completely growing movement; However, some of these activities were part of long-term plans and did not show short-term or immediate effects.

With the occupation of Iran during the Second World War, the banks and the northern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea fell under the full control of the Allies. This process has imposed negative consequences on the southern lands of Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the devastating consequences of World War II on the economic life of this strategic water sector. The geopolitical position of Iran and the Persian Gulf has led Iran to be in a difficult and sensitive position in global equations. On this basis, it was selected as one of the main transferring equipment to the Soviet Union. Throughout the Second World War, the military elements of the United States and the United Kingdom have been active in the islands and ports of the north and south of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, and effectively deprived the Iranian government of any real power of maneuver and regional policy of influence. They were. This situation exacerbated the negative economic consequences of the presence of foreigners.

To study the historical period between the years 1300 to 1320 or years of Pahlavi dynasty of Iran indicate that the army and the military establishments have experienced major changes. Based on Pahlavi government policies, militarism with providing security caused the country’s progress in different dimensions such as military, economic and international relationships. As a result, an important part of what is called the first Pahlavi era’s formation was in military. How Iran’s new army in the first Pahlavi period with emphasis on the triple forces is formed? And in a comparative study with the troops of Qajar era, is there any flourishing? At the end the current study concludes that the process of modernization of the armed forces is considered as apex in comparison to Qajar era and this period of time led to changes in the structure, to the establishment of the whole troops, to the formation of multiple troops and of the triple forces of ground, air and sea, specific clothing, separation of degrees, financial management organization, training human resources inside and outside of the country, equipping to new warfare in Iran’s army.

Simultaneouswith expansion of the Sassanid Empire there was an gradual increase in the migration of Arabs from Arabia to Oman. During the interregnum and the ensuing weakness of the Sassanid Empire, from Shahpȗr I’s death (272 A.D) to the ascend of Shahpȗr II (310 A.D), the invading hoards from the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf found new momentum in their attacks on the lands to the north of the Persian Gulf. Among the invading tribes those of Azd, Bani-tamim, Bekr-ibn-Vael, Hanzala, and Bani-taghallab were more notable. The Muslims’ conquest and the fall of the Sassanid Empire unraveled the political unity and Persian military and economic dominance over large swathes of southern and northern Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman which, in the short term, intensified Arabism and heightened the flow of migrant from Arabia and Yemen to Bahrain, Oman and ultimately Iran. The current research seeks to study the flow of migration and settlement of various Arab tribes from the fall of the Sassanid Empire to the dawn of the Islamic era. How did Arabs manage to migrate to the southern and southeastern swathes of Iran? And, how did this bear upon the host communities? It will be concluded that notwithstanding the strengthening of Arab presence in the Persian Gulf coasts and the Sea of Oman, as a result of these migration waves, the immigrants were absorbed and assimilated into the tradition, culture and Iranian society.

Possessing more than 200 tribes and clans, different racial groups and diverse religions, Sultanate of Oman encompasses a wide range of communities and cultures. This research seeks to study ethnic differences and resultant challenges as well as Muscat government’s policy in dealing with these social realities. On this basis, undertaking aseries of political, cultural, social and notably economic reforms, Sultanate of Oman has sought to reduce violence and centrifugal currents while establishing infrastructures of development. It intends to prevent the outbreak of what is known as the Arab Spring.

As the second Pahlavi’s government became consolidated, the grounds were gradually prepared for Iran to play a more important role in securing its boundaries in Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Iran’s role in Persian Gulf zone in 1970s was developed and accelerated by a number of internal and external interrelated factors. The aim of this paper is to examine various factors causing the government to experience such a metamorphosis at the last decade of its existence. Having been influenced by such factors, Iran quickly turned into one of the military powers of the Region. In line with the hidden and explicit goals of the Washington statesmen and policies of the Iran Monarchy, the government of Iran embarked on a number of political and military actions in the Persian Gulf and beyond.

Nixon Doctrine, known as partnership policy was proposed in 1970s as new policy of the U.S. The present article aims at studying Nixon Doctrine, its background, and effects on Pahlavi II foreign and regional policies during the regime's final days of reign. Accordingly, influenced by the Doctrine, Iran rapidly became one of the outstanding military powers of the region. Thus the Iranian monarchy in line with hidden and open policies of The U.S statesmen undertook military and political activities and interactions in the Persian Gulf Region.

The Persian Gulf has had economical importance from the early point of history, from when the prospering civilization of Mesopotamia was found and the empires of Meds, Acheamenain, Parthia and Sassanides. Ancient discovered remains in Iran pre-historic civilization prove the important roles of the Persian Gulf between ancient Iran's cities and south east of Asia, Europe and Africa. Many of the educational and civilizational areas of Iran, belonging to before Aryan governments, located in Silk of Kashan, Gian of Nahvand, Hesar of Damghan, Shahr- e- Sukhteh (the Burnt City) of Zabol,Talle Eblis, Yahya Tappeh, Shahdad of Kerman, Old city of Jiroft and Eailam had a kind of relationship with these marine areas. Regarding the distances between these areas, Oman sea proves its vital significant importance. The Persian Gulf played the main role in this relationship among the central civilizations and the islands and harbors of south of Iran Shahr, Iraq, the Mesopotamia, India, China, east and south- east of Asia, Egypt and Eastern Africa. Ruling these strategic sea – areas had been the main guarantee for many governments and nations for earning wealth and gaining more power.

The American society is closely involved in the fluctuations arising from energy economy. Despite a century and a half has passed since the exploration and scientific extraction of oil in the country, U.S. dependence on imported energy is being increasingly exacerbated. The Middle East and most notably the Persian Gulf basin as the reservoir of world oil and gas play a crucial part in securing energy for the United States and the industrialized world. Such dependence has continued in spite of all efforts made by U.S. political and economic officials in order to find reliable and economic alternatives, leading to a reduced reliance on such reserves. A survey of the statistics of world consumption trend demonstrates intense need of the United States and the industrialized world to the energy coming from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea reserves; that is an important strategic region that plays a critical role in world energy economy.