mohammadzadehm

Sodium valproate is one of the most common antiepileptic drugs used in the first line of treatment for epilepsy, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, and more recently, as an anticancer drug. The occurrence of seizures and the use of Sodium valproate both have sexual and hormonal side effects and ultimately cause infertility in males. In previous studies, the definitive effects of seizures and valproate have not been investigated. This study investigated how sex hormone levels change in male rats due to sodium valproate consumption in the pentylenetetrazole kindling model. 

Twenty-four male rats were divided into three groups (n = 8). Intraperitoneal injections were every 48 hours, and the groups included: control (saline), PTZ + Saline, PTZ + VPA. The priority of injecting drugs in the groups was first saline, VPA (300 mg/kg), and finally, PTZ (mg/kg), and injections were performed every 48 hours. Hormone testing was performed at the end of kindling and at the 15th injection. 

Following the kindling of male rats, a significant decrease in testosterone and a significant increase in progesterone, as well as an increase in estradiol, were observed. VPA injection in male Kindle rats significantly reduced testosterone (P <0.05) (P <0.001) compared to saline and PTZ + Saline groups, respectively. Estradiol levels in the Kindle group receiving VPA increased significantly compared to the saline group (P <0.05). 

The process of seizures disrupts sex hormones. Also the use of valproate aggravates these hormonal and sexual disorders.

Basiran area in the south of Birjand city is well-known for its important mineral potential and is located in the volcanic region of eastern Iran. . In 2005, the geological survey of Iran (GSI) conducted a high resolution airborne magnetic survey over the area about 850 km2 to create a suitable geospatial database for further explorations and investigations. Aeromagnetic survey is an effective tool for magnetic basement mapping and detecting concealed magnetic lineaments in a volcanic area. This work focuses on two main subjects using aeromagnetic data: (1) depth estimation of sediment sequences (i.e. depth to the magnetic basement), and (2) extracting magnetic lineaments. Necessary corrections such as diurnal, compensation, lag and IGRF applied over the raw aeromagnetic data to generate residual magnetic intensity data. Then, required filters were sequentially applied. They were reduced-to-pole (RTP), upward continuation (UP), Euler and Werner deconvolutions and Tilt derivation (TDR). To estimate the thickness of sedimentary sequences, a combination of depth estimators that were the Euler and Werner were utilized. Consequently, the outputs showed thick volcanic (magnetic basement) outcrops in some portions, and the thick sedimentary sequences that extended from a depth of a few meters to 1200 meters. Magnetic lineament in the form of magnetic fabric and fault were detected by tilt derivation method, in which positive and negative peaks in TDR map were in association with a magnetic fabric in the area. Meanwhile, magnetic fabrics showed small linear magnetic traces which were used for recognition of linear structural pattern. In addition, magnetic faults were detected through implementation of a collection of filters namely TDR of RTP_UP of 50, 200, 500 and 1000 meters. Note that, minor magnetic faults (order 1) were only detectable in the low level TDR_UP, but major ones were detectable in the high level of TDR_UP. This work emphasizes the important role of the magnetic data processing to better understand the relation between magnetic anomalies and the subsurface geology. Totally, more than 20 first and second order faults were identified and mapped.

Skin cancer is a public health problem this study aims to examine the economic and social situation of people with skin cancer in Yazd province was targeted prevention measures, so that in this way we can.
This study was a descriptive epidemiological study and study population, patients with skin cancer (of it) is in Yazd province in 1391. In order to obtain the information from the data collection forms in patients with cancer and then enter the information for further analysis software to evaluate R.3.2.1 and chi-square test was used.
Based on the findings of this study, patients with skin cancer in Yazd province in 2012 the number was 146, of these, 88 men and 58 women. contact Sun in both sexes as men 25% and women 14% of the highest levels of contact with risk factors investigated in this study (P Based on findings recommended to lower levels of economic and social as target groups are the prevention of skin cancer and prevention measures focused on such groups.

A better use of outdoor recreational places could be achieved when the areas are responsive to visitor's socio-psychological needs in addition to other visitors’ needs. In other word, outdoor recreational areas should be designed based on a variety of visitor's socio-psychological needs. These were investigated in Daland Forest Park, Gorgan, Iran as a case study. In this study, socio-psychological characteristics of visitors’ needs to the Park were investigated and then management guidelines for the area were presented based on the results. In doing so, 168 questionnaires filled out in the Park in summer and fall 1391. Questionnaire justifiability was confirmed by two experts and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. The results show that most visitors to this area are aimed at having mental relaxation. Also, about 72 percent respondents prefer to see collaboration between police forces and park guards for park security management. Chi-square test was used to examine if there is any relationship between sexes with some socio-psychological needs. The results of this study not only reflect the Park status but, they reflect visitors’ expectations of different socio-psychological aspects that can be used for a better park management.

Land use changes, mostly relate to great socio - economic benefits, however, many of these changes cause negative effects on the natural environment. One of the important effects is the direct reduction of water resources and water quality. An effective approach in assessing the effects of land use change on water resources is using hydrological models. In the present study, the effects of land use change on surface water in the Gorgan area was evaluated using L-THIA model. The L-THIA model for evaluating long-term effects of land use change on water resources uses available and simple data such as long-term climate data, and land use. In this study we covered 19 years in the period 1988-2007. Land use maps were generated from satellite imagery for the years 1988, 1998 and 2007. The 30-year daily rainfall data were obtained and hydrologic soil groups were also distinguished on soil maps. The model results showed the average amount of runoff depth from 1988 to 2007 changed from 28/55 to the 29/18. Results from the model indicated increased volume and depth of surface runoff in the studied time interval. This shows the necessity of monitoring land use changes in order to control the depth and volume of runoff. The results of this study can assist managers make decisions and monitor land use changes to control changes of depth and volume of runoff in the area. Output maps identified areas high in the mean runoff based on which management programs to control runoff rates can be implemented in the area. Also, the results of this study can be used to prevent increased runoff by controlling land use changes in the area.

Visitors use the tracks for many reasons and in different types. The determination of users destinations and preferences in walking tracks designing are very important. Scenic and viewing points are important factors for visitors of recreational track, so aesthetic expectations ought to be considered as part of a thoughtful track design. Different approaches for assessing the scenic qualities of landscapes have been developed in the last few decades. Two basic approaches in this field include expert/design approach and perception-based approach. In this paper scenes and viewing points of 10 existing walking tracks in natural recreational area of Ziyarat Basin were assessed according to the perception-based approach. Therefore, a field survey using GPS receivers was conducted to determine viewing points on the study area and at each viewpoint photographs by using of digital camera that could be used for visual quality analysis. The data was analyzed in was taken ArcGis9.3. Finally, according to the results of viewing point's analysis, walking tracks were classified in three degrees (excellent, good, and moderate) based on scenic quality. The results showed that Ziyarat basin walking tracks provide the possibility and opportunity for watching different types of visual landscapes in this area. Determination of walking tracks and viewing points, quality assessment of these viewing points and introducing the tracks based on the scenic quality via perception approach could be used as a suitable guideline for better management recreation area. In this study we have tried to provide a pattern for better management of these areas and increasing visitor's recreational experience quality from a natural recreational area by introducing one of the visual assessment methods.

As population and public interest in maintaining health and leisure increase, the need for tourism and recreational facilities and resources increases. Walking tracks as a primary recreational infrastructure are a basic component of facilities connecting visitors to nature with low negative impacts on the environment. Well-designed trails not only create a harmony between user and location but also provide users with access to areas to learn, recreate, exercise, and to observe and interpret nature. Increasing recreational use on poorly designed and maintained recreational trails lead to a variety of negative impacts on natural resources. Considering the importance of designing and constructing recreational walking tracks in planning and management of natural areas, this literature review focuses on designing and building principles of sustainable walking tracks in natural areas. Reviewing of resources showed that it is particularly important to consider the conservational values of the area prior to finalizing any track layout. Therefore, knowledge of the environmental relationships is important in locating, designing, constructing, and maintaining sustainable tracks. Finally, classificationsof walking tracks in design and developmentprocess increasesthe recreational experience of the visitors, and allow land managers to provide suitable levels of facilities and management. This study provides fundamental principles in design and construction of sustainable walking tracks as a guideline for walking tracks planning, development and management in natural recreational areas of Iran.

The aim of planning and management of tourism innatural resources is to develop and conserve natural resources and their attractions. The characteristics of tourism resources and attractions provide the basis of tourism industry development in each country. To provide tourists satisfaction of tourism resources and attractions, efficient management of these areas is essential which can be achieved through quality evaluation of the attractions with conservation as the main core of the assessment. Quality of tourism attractions and resources is the most important factor when choosing a tourismdestination and heavily impacts on the tourists satisfaction. However, to provide proper context for the development of tourism by attracting visitors and increasing their satisfaction, identification of attractions and then planning and assessment for their sustainable development is necessary. This paper attempts to provide proper planning tools for recreational areas through presenting and comparing various methods of quality evaluation andmanagementof naturaltourism attractions and determination of their natural talent. Application of the appropriate methods by managers maintainsand improvesrecreational areasand eliminates limiting factors. This in turn increases satisfaction and attracts more visitors, while minimizing their effects and leads to economic growth and a sustainable development of the tourism.

Justice always has been one of the most important of human concerns. Specially, the justice to be comprehend by the employees is very important, therefore in this article, the aim is investigation of relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment among employees of the Health centers. Because they are always on the forefront of disease prevention and Commitment is necessary for them, and negligence on the job is unacceptable. Method of this study is Cross-Correlation (Pearson), which is used for investigation of Correlation of Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment among employees of the Health centers. In this study, the employees of the Health centers of Yazd have been used as the population, and 105 of them have been selectedas sample using the Morgan table. Then using standard questionnaires of Organizational Justice (Niehoff and Moorman 1993) and Organizational Commitment (Meyer, Allen & Smith, 1993), relationship between them Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment among them has been investigated. In this study, SPSS 18 has been usedfor analysis of data. In this study, the following results were obtained: Average of Organizational Justice is 52/4 ± 13/4, Distributive justice is 12/6 3/9, Procedural justice is 15/61 ± 4/7, Interactional justice is 24/1 ± 7/06, the organizational commitment is 95/35 ± 15/2, Affective commitment is 30/9 ± 6/2, Continuous commitment is 32/9 ± 6/3, Normative commitment is 32 ± 6/4 And ascertained that Organizational Justice has certain relationship with Continuous commitment and Normative commitment (P<0.05), but no relationship between Organizational Justice and Affective commitment has been found. Organizational Justice has certain relationship with continuous commitment, but there is no relationship between Organizational Justice and other aspects of commitment such as Affective commitment and uniformity of the activities and the employees get to the organization can be the cause of it. To improve this situation it is better that sporting and cultural activities be organized in the organization, so employees and managers be closer to each other.

Recent literature attaches high importance to scenic evaluation of natural landscapes. Scenic beauty should be regarded as a valuable resource in human land uses, as any spatial development without objective assessment of aesthetic values may degrade landscape’s beauty. Different approaches have been created for scenic beauty evaluation and each includes different methods. These methods often use parameters derived from photographs or those collected in situ, via field assessment and questionnaires. Although these methods are at times tedious, relatively costly and time consuming but are still required and very worthy of implementing, since they consider the perception and sense of individuals in the process. Park managers and recreational planners require spatial tools and techniques that are fast, flexible and repeatable in order to extract predictable spatial data from scenic resources. As it is impossible or very hard to measure all essential parameters directly, the use of spatial data in Geographic Information System for the assessment and modeling of visual quality of landscape has become essential. In this paper, we have surveyed and reviewed the relevant references, and compared three different approaches including expert, community perception-based and comprehensive approaches. According to these approaches, eight methods of assessing and analyzing of landscape’s visual quality have been presented and detailed. Using these methods, the best applicable method of visual quality assessment can be chosen for different places in Iran.

Land use change is an important global issue that affects nearly all aspects of the environment. Spatial modeling of land use change is a technique to understand the processes of land use change in quantity and location. Today, various approaches have been developed for modelling land use changes. Geomod is one of the land use change modelling approaches used in many studies. In the present study, application and implementation of this model has been presented. In Geomod only two categories of land use or land cover are used and only the transition from the first category to the second and vice versa is simulated. Multi-temporal land use maps are needed to run this model for which we used multi-temporal satellite imagery use to prepare land use maps. Then, a change detection process was implemented through post-classification comparison. The effective factors of land use change were generated as map layers and multi- collinearity was investigated among them to select the final variables. Model validation was conducted using the validate module in Idrisi software. The future condition of the area can be modelled using results of this application. In many studies of land use change modelling, decrease of forest and pasture area and increase of agricultural lands and urban areas have been reported. Therefore, management scenarios are necessary to preserve natural capital and manage urban development and agricultural lands. Geomod is found to be suitable for modelling land use change in many areas considering the available and required data and capable of offering management scenarios.

Antiepileptic drugs can partiality control or achieve the convulsion. There are controversial issues about the use and effect of ethanol to control epileptic convulsion seizers. This study was done to determine the effect of ethanol on microvascular alterations in the brain cortex of epileptic mice treated by valporic acid (VPA). In this experimental study، 36 BALB/c mice were allocated randomly into six groups including: 1-PTZ (Pentylenetetrazol)، 2- Ethanol، 3- VPA+ PTZ، 4- ethanol + PTZ، 5-ethanol+ VPA+ PTZ and control groups. The animal brains were excluded and stained by Hematoxilin and eosin. Thirty-six optical microscopic field from each group were selected and microvascular count were determined. Immunohistochemical method was used for detection of injuries in the vascular brain tissue. Mean number of brain microvascular cortex significantly increaed in PTZ+ethanol and PTZ+ethanol+VPA groups in compare to controls (P<0. 05). Infiltration and thrombophlebitis were observed in vessels and cortical brain tissues in mice which received ethanol and PTZ. Proliferations in endothelial vascular cells were seen in PTZ and VPA+ethanol groups. Immunohistochemical method showed the endothelial cells of PTZ+ethanol groups were more stained in compare to the other experimental groups. Ethanol + PTZ cause cellular infiltration and damage to the cortical brain vessels although VPA reduces histological altheretions.

Land use changes have considerable effects on the environment and direct reduction of water resources and water quality are two of them. In the present study, the L-THIA model has been applied to model and evaluate the hydrologic effects of land use change. L-THIA model is a hydrological model that is available through L-THIA GIS / NPS extension in Arcview software. L-THIA gives long-term average annual runoff for a land use configuration based on actual long-term climate data, soils, and land-use data. While most hydrological models are complex, expensive and require a lot of data and time, L-THIA model can take advantage of its simplicity, availability and only needs low cost data. In the present study, this model has been described to evaluate the effects of land use change on water resources. The model has been used in many studies in different areas all of them showing increased depth and volume of runoff after conversion of natural to manmade features. We find the need for land use planning and management programs to careful inclusion of the effects of land use change on water systems. Through application of this model and prediction of future land use scenarios, we can predict the impacts on surface water and design land use so as to cause the least negative impacts on water resources.

Effectiveness of health services depends on appropriate communication and active participation of health service providers/receivers. Patients’ and care providers’ rights should be mentioned in health centers. This mutual commitment guarantees population health in the highest levels. This study aimed to assess the degree of adherence to patient rights from the perspectives of pregnant women in health centeres in Tabriz. In this cross-sectional study, 185 pregnant women were recruited at the 9th month of pregnancy from 40 health centers and health posts in Tabriz in 2010-11. A range of 3-8 individuals were selected randomly from each health center and health post. Data was collected using a self-structured valid and reliable questionnaire. Adherence of care providers to the patients’ rights were measured among the women. The questionnaire measured 12 aspects of 4 main domains of the Iranian Patient Rights Charter with scales from "0 = poor performance" to "10 = good performance". Data were analyzed in the SPSS. From the perspectives of pregnant women, performance of the health care providers in all domains was good or fair. Of 12 aspects of patients rights, confidentiality, privacy, accessibility and continuity had the highest performance scores (≥9). The aspects of communication, prompt attention, basic amenities and autonomy had moderate scores (7-8.99); and the right of choosing care provider, safety, dignity and providing necessary information and education had the lowest performance scores (<7). There were no complain management system in the health centers. Regarding importance of patient rights during pregnancy, health centers and health posts should pay more attention to the aspects with poor performance and should develop a complaint management system in health care centers.

Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. resulting from metallo-β-lactamase (MBLs)-producing strains have been reported to be among important causes of nosocomial infections and of serious therapeutic problem worldwide. To determine the prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase among imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter isolates based on phenotypic methods. This was an descriptive study in which 140 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. were initially tested for imipenem susceptibility and later for metallo-β-lactamase production using combined disk diffusion, double disk synergy test, and Hodge test during 2010. Antibiotic susceptibility of positive metallo-β-lactamase isolates were further evaluated by disk diffusion technique using CLSI methodology. Of 140 isolates, 29 (20.7%) were imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter. Positive phonetypic test for metallo-β-lactamase was 24 (17.1%). The result of this study is indicative of growing number of nosocomial infections associated with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. in this region leading to difficulties in antibiotic therapy.

The increasing use of β-lactam antibiotics in clinics for the treatment of different bacterial infections since early 1980s has led to increased rates of resistant bacteria isolated from patients. One of the problems in the treatment of nosocomial infections is related to resistant bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae due to cross resistance through extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. cloacae from different clinical specimens collected from hospitalized patients. In the present study, 101 E. cloacae confirmed by standard specific microbiologic tests were collected from different specimens in Milad and Motahri hospitals in Tehran, Iran during February 2010 and September 2011. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to the process recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for 13 antibiotics of choice. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains were screened for by combined disk method as a phenotypic diagnostic test. From a total of 101 E. cloacae, 33 (33%) were shown to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase by phenotypic tests; 5% of the bacteria were resistant to imipenem too. This study clearly showed the high prevalence of resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics in the isolated E. cloacae among which 5% were multi drug resistant. All the isolated E. cloacae were susceptible to Colistin. These results can be alarming for physicians treating resistant E. cloacae infections, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing species.

Background and Minocycline is an antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug. In addition, its neuroprotective effects have been shown. Since there is interaction between cell death and seizure, the aim of this study is examination of the role of minocycline on amygdala-kindled seizures in rat.Methods and materials: In this experimental study, three groups of animals (18 rats), after stereotaxic surgery and 1-week recovery period, received twice daily kindling stimulations. In fully kindled animals of groups 1-3, minocycline was injected intraperitoneally in doses 12.5 (n = 7), 25 (n = 5) and 50 (n = 6) mg/kg, respectively, 60 minutes before stimulation. Afterdischarge duration (ADD), stage 4 latency (S4L), Stage 5 Duration (S5D) and Seizure Duration (SD) were recorded and compared with related control groups (the same animals that had received saline 1 day before). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to represent a significant difference. In fully kindled animals who had received minocycline (50 and 25 mg/kg), ADD decreased significantly. When minocycline was delivered, S5D decreased 38.3% (p < 0.001), 34% (p<0.05), and 100% (p<0.001) in 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg group animals, respectively. S4L and SD parameters respectively increased and decreased significantly only in group 50 mg/kg. According to the obtained results, it may be concluded that in fully kindled rats, application of minocycline has anticonvulsant effect on kindling model of epilepsy.

Ecotourism is a major tourist activity around the world nowadays. Wetlands, birds, and beautiful viewssceneries are examples of natural attractions for ecotourism. When implemented within the capabilities of natural systems which are evaluated based on natural and socio-economic factors, ecotourism can simultaneously lead to regional prosperity and environmental protection. We chose Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge in the south of the Caspian Sea. We used self filled questionnaires for collecting public opinion. In doing so, experts chose 14 suitable recreational activities for the area. We asked visitors to rank the recreational activities on a range of 1 to 14. A formula was suggested for analyzing the collected data. The results indicated that the weights of the selected recreational activities are as follows: bird watching (91), swimming (89), photography and filming of nature (84.7), viewing scenery (83.6), horse riding (83), boating (81.6), fishing (77.3), resting (76.6), research (75.6), camping (59.5), viewing cultural locations (75.5), picnicking (74.8), biking (74.8), and hunting (74.2).

BackgroundBrucella mellitensis, the most invasive strain of brucella, is the predominant Strain of genus brucella in Iran. It causes variety of hematological abnormalities some of which are frequent and causes difficulties in diagnosis.ObjectiveTo find hematological abnormalities of brucellosis in hospitalized patients in an endemic area. Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of patient's medical records who were admitted to four university and general hospitals during 8 years was done. Age, sex, clinical findings, laboratory tests including CBC, platelet count, Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein, wright test were assessed. Confirmation of brucellosis was made by wright agglutination test at a titer; ≥1/160. Data were analyzed by Spss16 and Pvalue <0.05 was taken as significant for differences.ResultsOut of 238patients diagnosed as brucellosis, hematologic evaluation had been performed for 208patients.Anemia was detected in (55/119)46%of male and (35/89) 39.3% of female patients (Pvaule0.383). Leukopenia (WBC < 4300/mm3) was present in (18/208) 8.5%, thrombocytopenia (Platelet < 150.000/ mm3) in (24/200) 12% and pancytopenia in (3/200) 1.5%of patients.ConclusionBrucellosis should be considered in differential diagnosis of any patient with disturbances of hematologic findings in endemic areas.

Osteomyelitis is a progressive infection of bone that results in inflammatory destruction of the bone. The aim of this study was to detemine etiological agents of osteomylitis and management of it in Iraqi Patients admitted in an Iranian Hospital. This study carried out by Doctors without Borders (MSF group) in Imam Hussein Hospital of Mehran with cooperation of Milad Hospital. Surgical debridement, bone graft, fixation and antibiotic therapy were the major management programe and. The most prevalent organisms isolated from patients included Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and Klebseilla pneumonia. The majority of these microorganisms were resistant to third generation of cephalosporins. Colistin was the sole antibiotic which most of gram-negative rods were susceptible to it. Nearly 34 % isolates of S.aureus were resistant to methicillin. All isolates of S.aureus were susceptible to vancomycin.

The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Salvia leriaefolia (labiatae) afforded 5-hydroxy-4´, 6, 7-trimethoxy flavone (Salvigenin) and (5,4´-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavone (Genkwanin). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1 and 2 D-NMR, IR, UV and MS.

Given the importance of bacteria in the development of periradicular lesions, the eradication of the root canal infection is paramount in endodontic treatment. The use of chemical irrigants during chemomechanical canal preparation is important for disinfection and cleaning of the canal system. The aim of this in vitro study was the evaluation of effectiveness of 1% and 2% essential oil of Zataria multiflora as an irrigant in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the infected root canals.The antibacterial effects of the irrigants in vitro were examined after 15 min, in freshly extracted human teeth with single roots, the canals of which were infected by E.faecalis.1. 2ml of 2.5% NaOCl2. 2ml of 1% Zataria multiflora3. 2ml of 2% Zataria multiflora4. 2ml of sterile normal saline(as control) Paper points used to sample bacteria from the root canals were transferred to tubes containing 5ml of brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The tubes were incubated and the appearance of broth turbidity was indicative of bacteria remaining in the root canal. The data obtained were analyzed statistically for differences using the chi-squared test, comparing pairs of groups) p < 0.05(.There was no statistically significant differences between the experimental groups (p >0.05). However, the experimental irrigants were significantly more effective than the saline solution (control group) in disinfesting the root canal.It seems that essential oil of Zataria multiflora was effective at killing E.faecalis. Application of this plant essential oil as root canal irrigants may be recommended following extensive ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The findings recommend further studies of the properties of Zataria multiflora such as toxicity, tissue solving ability, and biocompatibility to be applied for clinical use.

There is considerable controversy in scientific literature regarding the need to monitor the complete blood count of patients undergoing radiation therapy. While some advocate weekly examination of the peripheral blood, others deem it unnecessary. Since reduction in the number of blood cells has considerable effect on the treatment outcome, this study evaluates the effect of pelvic radiation therapy on the number of blood cells.Methods and Materials: This study designed as a cohort study of pre- and post-treatment evaluation. After excluding patients who didn’t complete treatment or had problem in first blood count, 51 patients who had received radiation therapy in pelvis area selected, evaluated by taking a blood sample before and 24-48 hours after completion of the radiation course, thus comparing the mean count of the circulating blood cells before and after therapy. The average of hemoglobin and white blood cell count compared by t-test and after stratified patients according to dose and volume to “low”, “moderate” and “high” groups, averages compared by ANOVA. Fifty-one patients included 25 male and 26 female evaluated. The mean of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets decreased. However, a significant difference in white and red blood cells was found. In despite of significance difference between means of red and white blood cells, there is no need for blood transfusion or increase risk of infection due to this reduction, so this reduction isn’t clinically significant. It is recommended that weekly monitoring of CBC in patients with normal CBC before radiotherapy is not necessary.

The role of adenosine AI receptors of the nucleus accumbens on amygdala kindled seizures was investigated. All animals were implanted with a triplolar (stimulating and recording) electrode in the amygdala and tow guide cannula in the nucleus accumbens. Animals were kindled by daily electrical stimulating of the amygdala. In the full kindled animals, N6 - cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; 1,5, 10 M), an adenosine AI receptor agonist, was injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. Obtained results showed that CHA at the concentration of 10M reduces the amygdale afterdischarge duration (A-ADD), at 5, 15, 60 and 120 min post drug injection. It also decreased the stage 5 duration (S5D), but reduced the accumbens afterdischarge duration (Acc-ADD), at 15 min post drug injection, and increased the latency of the stage 4 seizure (S4L) at 5 and 15min post drug infusion. In addition, at the concentration of 5 M, the S4L was increased and the SsD was decreased at 5 and 15 min post drug injection. The bilateral injection of 8- cyclopenthyl-l, 3- dimethylxanthine (CPT), an adenosine AI receptor antagonist, at the concentration of 5 M into the nucleus accumbens did not alter the seizure parameters. The intra- nucleus aecubens infusion of CPT (5 M), 5 min before CHA (10 M) blocked the anticonvulsant effects of CHA. These results suggest that the nucleus accumbens has a role in the seizure propagation from the amygdala and it's adenosine AI receptors activity has anticonvulsant effects in amygdala kindled rats.