reza mohammadzadeh

This study aimed to modeling the relationship between political culture and political trust in partnership with the mediation of social capital has been done. The research method is descriptive and correlational structural equation modeling. The target population included all university students researcher Ardabil Using simple random sampling, 200 samples were selected. The main tool for data collection was a questionnaire. For data analysis Pearson correlation test was used to study together with each other and the relationships between variables was significant. Continue to assess the generalizability of the structural model study, significant research model (model t) is also provided. Based on these results, the political culture has a direct impact on social capital, social capital also has a direct impact on political participation. Social capital has a direct impact on political trust. The social capital of trust and political participation, political culture through its indirect impact. Political culture, social capital, participation and political trust among students is lower than expected Therefore, it is suggested that the university authorities to take necessary measures in order to increase these variables at work

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of self-differentiation and the reality therapy training on the intimacy and adaptation of the married women .The research method was semi-experimental using a pre-test,post-test and follow up design with a control group.The community of society was all married women whose terms of marriage were under 5 years and their age were between 20 and 40 years in Tabriz city.A sample of 45 married women was selected available method and randomly assigned to two groups of experiments, a group for the treatment of reality therapy and a group for self-differentiation training (each group was 15) and a control group (15 people). To collect the data the pre-test and post-test stages, Marital intimacy questionnaire (Bagarozzi, 2001) and adaptation questionnaire (Spanier,1976) were used. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The result showed that the self-differentiation and the reality therapy training is effective on the intimacy and adaptation of the married women . Also, based on the result, there is no significant difference between the efficacy of self-differentiation and the reality therapy on the intimacy and adaptation of the married women. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that for those who have little intimacy and compatibility, use self-differentiation and reality therapy as a treatment.

Today, one of the most important challenges of organizations, especially defense organizations, is to create capable employees in order to create organizational success and use them efficiently. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of knowledge management on organizational competency in AJA cadet universities. The research method is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population of the study consisted of academic elites, commanders and executive directors of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army which were classified using random sampling and were studied using Cochran's formula of 97 tons. The data collection method was field and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires, which was obtained for the variables of knowledge management and empowerment processes (0.92 and 0.84), respectively, and its validity was confirmed by content and convergent validity (AVE). Data were analyzed by structural equations using Smart PLS software. Findings indicate that structural equation estimation, i.e. factor load and t-statistics, knowledge management on organizational empowerment in university.

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is one of the immunosuppressive drugs that has a strong immunosuppressive effect and one of the factors that inhibits mTOR. The drug rapamycin is used in the prevention of kidney transplant rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Sirolimus is not only an inhibitor of the target of rapamycin, but also a substrate for cytochrome P450 enzyme subfamilies and for multidrug efflux pumps. The results of recent studies have shown that peroxisomal proliferation activating receptors, as a group of nuclear receptors, have multiple cellular effects and their genetic polymorphisms in connection with other genes play an important role in creating human immune system responses. The aim of this study was to determine the peroxisome proliferator alpha gene polymorphism in kidney transplant recipients treated with rapamycin and healthy controls in West Azerbaijan province (Iran) and compare them with each other.

In this case-control study, 40 kidney transplant recipients treated with rapamycin one mg(as case group) and 63 healthy controls as control group were evaluated. Samplings were done in the kidney transplant clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital (Urmia) under the supervision of a kidney specialist. The salting out method was used to genomic DNA isolation. PCR products were analyzed after enzymatic cleavage with Taq® enzyme. Data were obtained by direct counting of observed alleles and genotypes as well as the total number of samples. Then chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the results in the 2x2 table. The significant difference between the two groups was considered equal to 0.05.

The frequency of homozygous G/G PPARα rs4253778 genotype and heterozygous G/C PPARα rs4253778 genotype observed in the healthy control group of the present study was 40 (63.49%) and 23 (36.51%) respectively. The homozygous C/C PPARα rs4253778 genotype was not observed in the healthy control group. The frequency of homozygous genotype G/G, heterozygous genotype G/C and homozygous genotype C/C in PPAR α rs4253778 Biomarker in the patient group was 29 (72.5%), 9 (22.5%) and 2 (5%) respectively. Comparison of the desired frequencies in the two groups showed that there is no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). The frequency of G and C alleles in the patient group is 0.84 and 0.16, respectively; and in healthy control it is equal to 0.81 and 0.19 respectively.

In the present study, we concluded that there was no significant relationship between PPARα rs4253778 G>C polymorphism and the use of low concentration of rapamycin. Further study with more samples related to the topic is recommended.

The current study scrutinizes the structural relations between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and attention deficit-hyperactivity, conduct and oppositional defiant disorders among primary school children. The sample of the study included of 533 elementary school students (aged 9-11) of Tabriz city, whom were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. Children and their parents participated in the study by filling out Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ-K-P) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), respectively. Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results showed significant relationships between some (not all) of emotion regulation strategies with attention deficit-hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorders. Some of strategies were related with one or two of these problems, however “blaming others” and “positive reappraisal” were common strategies for the cognitive regulation of emotion in all three disorders. Significant negative and positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation about externalizing disorders, as well as pathological and therapeutic implications of these findings, and the role of these strategies in explaining attention deficit-hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorders have been discussed in the article.

The inquiry is seeking the effect of the innovation by the organizational function of an organization that is represented in the military industry, and the statistical society includes the basis of this equipment, from where the statistical community is research infinite, a statistical sample based on a total of only three hundred and ninety nine. It is also based on an unapproachable paradigm system, and in an accidental statement from the authoritative manner in which the teachers, the connoisseurs, and the connoisseurs have been circulated through the International Statute of Secrecy. Then based on the use of the ELM 'S MAP to grasp the meaning of the' 95 percent of the appraisal paradigm ' and the Atbash treatment of the new operating system that has contained new and vital results of guesswork, that is to say, a certain level of innovation, and a certain level of corporate commitment to the activity of a military industrial enterprise.It's also the impact of organizational efficiency with an organizational institute in view of interacting our promotional role.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of Islamic ethics in the work environment on organizational commitment through the mediating variable of job motivation. This research is considered an applied research in terms of its applied nature, the type of survey research based on correlation and research method.

The research method, from the point of view of the goal, is an application that has been collected using the field method of data using the standard questionnaire of Mohammad and Rana (2020). The statistical community of this research is made up by the employees of Payor headquarters in Nazaja. The analysis methods were carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics based on structural equation method with Lisrel software.

In order to check the significance of the proposed hypotheses, the T statistic is used, considering that the T statistic is not in the range of (1/96; -1/96) in all hypotheses, so it can be concluded that this hypothesis in The error level of 0.05 is significant.

The results of the structural equation test showed that at the 95% confidence level, Islamic ethics in the work environment has a significant effect on job motivation. Also, Islamic ethics in the work environment has a significant effect on organizational commitment and job motivation has a significant effect on organizational commitment. In general, the results of the structural equation test showed that Islamic ethics in the work environment has a significant effect on organizational commitment with the role of the mediating variable of job motivation.

Due to the increasing demand for recombinant proteins free from animal products, plant cells are considered as a suitable platform for the production of these proteins. Plant cells have advantages such as low maintenance cost, ease of separation and purification of the produced products, and independent cultivation from weather conditions, soil quality, seasons, day length, and weather conditions. In this study, BY-2 plant cells were used as a platform for producing recombinant proteins. BY-2 cells have a high cell division rate, which is an important feature of these cells. To optimize the transfer and expression of genes in BY-2 cells, the gus reporter gene was transferred to these cells. Expression of this gene leads to a measurable phenotype. To confirm the presence of the gus gene in BY-2 cells, the expected 521bp fragment was observed using PCR. Additionally, to further confirm the biochemical expression of GUS in BY-2 cells, cell blue staining was observed. To express the beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme, the intron containing bgnI gene from the T. virens fungal strain was transferred to BY-2 cells using the pBI121GUS- dual vector. The expression of the protein in BY-2 cells was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. The activity of the beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme (BgnI) was determined using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method to measure the amount of reducing sugars produced by the enzyme. The results showed that the transgenic BY-2 cells were capable of expressing active beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ethical reasoning in predicting the general decision-making style of managers; Mediated by professional ethics. This research was conducted by descriptive-correlation method and structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all school principals in Urmia, from which 196 people were selected using random sampling. The research instruments included Kadozir (2000) Professional Ethics Questionnaire, Pourypour Ethical Reasoning Questionnaire (2011) and Scott and Bruce (1995) General Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation method and Spss software version 26 and Smart-PLS software. The results showed that ethical reasoning has a direct and positive effect on the general style of decision making. Also, the direct effect of professional ethics on general decision-making style and ethical reasoning on professional ethics was statistically significant. In addition, professional ethics was able to enter the model as a mediating role in the relationship between ethical reasoning and general decision-making style. Finally, the structural model of the research after modification had a favorable fit with the experimental data of the research.

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of self-differentiation and reality therapy training on the intimacy and assertiveness of married women. The research method was semi-experimental using a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The research population was all married women whose terms of marriage were under 5 years and their ages were between 20 and 40 years in Tabriz city. A sample of 45 married women was selected by using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups, a group for training reality therapy and a group for self-differentiation training (each group was 15), and a control group (15 people). To collect data, the pre-test, and post-test stages, the Marital intimacy questionnaire (Bagarozzi, 2001), and the assertiveness questionnaire (Gambbridge & Richie, 1975) were used. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The result showed that the self-differentiation and reality therapy training was effective in the intimacy and assertiveness of married women. Also, based on the result, there was no significant difference between the efficacy of self-differentiation and reality therapy on the intimacy and assertiveness of married women. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that those who have little intimacy and self-expression, use self-differentiation and reality therapy as a treatment.

The aim of collection will be to share knowledge, which is to promote the value of more knowledge in the organization.

it most of the organizations and companies that move in the fast line of corporate science can't get the top without doing the basic work of directing knowledge in the EFQM model. Substantiative: It was used for use of partial and practical inquiry, and analysed analysis had been taken on two levels of statistics, using the soft instruments of the spss and the pls. The research findings show that strategy, leadership, and least of all to the highest and lowest effect on the welfare of the organization, and that of acquiring knowledge does not affect the most and the least possible effect on the development of knowledge.

Exploring also shows that the key to the development of organized science has a significant effect on the management of knowledge.

Antibacterial properties of restorative materials are of great advantage as they control the progression of tooth decay. The use of self-adhesive composite materials has some benefits such as easier application and reduced treatment time. Because the antibacterial properties of restorative materials can play an important role in preventing secondary decay, especially in cervical restorations, this study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of self-adhesive flowable composite against Streptococcus mutans.

An in vitro study was performed using 9 discs for each composite and glass ionomer group. The discs were prepared in three groups: micro-hybrid flowable composite samples, self-adhesive flowable composite samples, and self-curing glass ionomer samples. Direct contact test was used to compare the antibacterial properties of the discs. Data collection was done by direct contact test and visual counting of grown bacterial colonies. Data were recorded in a checklist developed according to the objectives of the study and analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Independent T-test in SPSS V22.

Findings showed that the antibacterial effect of glass ionomer was greater than that of flowable micro-hybrid composite and self-adhesive flowable composite. Also, a significant difference was observed between the antimicrobial activity of flowable microhybrid composite and self-adhesive flowable composite against Streptococcus mutans (P<0.05).

Glass ionomer and self-adhesive composite have a higher antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans, so they can be used as alternatives to treat tooth decay

The The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying the components and model of innovation and value creation in defense policies to promote participation. In terms of design and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive (survey) and in terms of purpose, it is applied and developmental, and in terms of method, it is quantitative and qualitative and has been done using fuzzy Delphi method.The statistical population of this research is the commanders, managers and experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, and by using the snowball sampling method, 16 people (6 academic experts and 10 commanders) were selected from people with experience and opinions in the field of defense policies. The tools of data collection in the qualitative part were library studies and semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire.Further, by categorizing and categorizing the final criteria, the number of 46 components and 5 dimensions was obtained. In the final step, by implementing the fuzzy Delphi technique in 2 rounds, the criteria were screened and validated,Substantiative: so that in the first round, 6 criteria were removed, and in the second round, no criteria were removed, which was a sign of the end of the Delphi rounds.Therefore, the findings of the research showed that the model of innovation and value creation in defense policies based on the promotion of employee participation has 40 components and 5 dimensions.

Many studies have shown that siRNAs can silent the genes involved in growth and invasion of cancer cells. However, the exact effect of siRNAs is not entirely clear on the expression of CXCR4 gene in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the expression of CXCR4 gene after silencing the siRNA in metastatic breast cancer cells. In this experimental-laboratory study, MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells were transfected by the specific siRNA of the snail1 gene. The expression levels of CXCR4 gene were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by trypan blue test. Data was analyzed using t-test. Snail1 knockdown by siRNA significantly reduced the expression level of CXCR4 in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the transfection of breast cancer cells by the specific siRNA of snail1 gene can reduce the expression level of CXCR4 and thus reduce the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells.

The basic issue of politics is power, and the waiting for the reappearance of Imam Mahdi is the issue that the era of Islamic power is waiting for. The current research aims to explain the transcendent power in the Mahdavi political system, focusing on views of the prominent Mahdavi scholar, the late Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani. In this regard, using the triangular theoretical framework of the internal system, the effective system and the ultimate system, which was one of the initiatives of one of the Muslim thinkers, the sources of power as the internal system, the agents of power as the effective system, and the goals of power as the ultimate system have been examined. This issue has been explained based on the method of implication that is presented in principles of jurisprudence (Usul Fiqh). Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani divides the power into two parts, permissive and inherent, and classifies it into five categories, and considers the power of Hazrat Waliasr (Imam Mahdi) as permissive and from God. The findings of the study suggest that he has analyzed the Mahdavi political system from the birth to the reappearance of Imam Mahdi and as well as formation of the Mahdavi political system with an approach to power, and considers the Mahdavi political system to be the manifestation of all the Divine Names.

The decrease of energy resources in the world and the increase of its demand has led Human to extract oil and gas even in the depths of the seas; Therefore, paying attention to environmental management of energy consumption is an undeniable necessity. The study area is the South Pars gas field, which is located on the joint border line between Iran and Qatar. The first step in implementing risk management is to identify the risk. The present study used the results of risk assessments of previous years, HAZOP reports and through interviews with some experts in the field of oil and gas extraction from the sea. Contaminants were extracted and the required information for each agent, including the probability of risk occurrence, the severity of the risk effect and the degree of risk control were determined. Then a risk map was prepared and finally the risk rating was done. The results showed that 6 factors have the highest intensity of risk impact, which are also in the group of risks with an emergency nature. These factors include Low Pressure Flaring, Operation of wells, Operation of the platform, Supply and transmission, Crane activity on the platform and Helicopter activity on the platform. In the results of the present study, it was found that Low Pressure Flaring has the highest intensity of risk impact, which is also one of the emergency risks. The Flaring process can produce sulfur compounds that will have detrimental effects on human health, the environment and air quality.

With the advent of new technologies, especially the Internet in organizations, the scope of employee interactions with the Internet has become much wider. Despite the many advantages of this technology, it has also had negative consequences, one of which is the negative consequences of evasion on the virtual. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of professional ethics in predicting the level of virtual evasion; It is mediated by organizational identity.

This study was performed by descriptive-correlation method and by structural equation modeling (SEM) modeling test. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, of which 196 people were selected using random sampling method. The research instruments included the Cadozir Professional Ethics Questionnaire (2000), the Van Doorn Cyber-loafing Questionnaire (2011) and the Cheney Organizational Identity Questionnaire (1983). The data were analyzed using structural equation method using Spss 25 and Smart-PLS software.

Ethical Considerations:

 In compiling this study, preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the objectives of the research.

The results showed that each of the variables of professional ethics and organizational identity have a reversible and significant effect on virtual evasion. Also, the direct effect of professional ethics on organizational identity with a value of t higher than 1.96 and p-value less than 0.005 was statistically significant. In addition, organizational identity was able to enter the model as a mediating role in the relationship between professional ethics and employee avoidance. Finally, the structural model of the research after correction had the desired fit with the experimental data of the research.

Considering the role of organizational identity on Cyber-loafing, it is necessary to make more efforts in organizations to promote organizational identity and identify the destructive and negative effects of professional ethics and teach them to correct it.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a malignancy of myeloid cells that are associated with resistance to apoptosis and differentiation arrest in promyelocytes in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Origanum vulgare aqueous extract on apoptosis induction in an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60).

 The viability of HL-60 cells under treatment with various doses of Origanum vulgare extract was assessed by using a cell cytotoxic assay. Then, IC50 values​​ were determined after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The expression of Caspase8, Caspase9, Bax, Bcl2, and Nrf2 genes were measured by real-time PCR assay and different stages of apoptosis and necrosis in HL-60 cells were investigated using acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining. Finally, data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

The results showed that Origanum vulgare extract decreased HL-60 cell survival and Caspase9, Caspase8, Bax, Bcl2, and Nrf2 gene expressions were changed after 72 hours of treatment with 1/5 of IC50 of Origanum vulgare extract. Also, morphological changes in the nucleus indicated apoptosis induction in HL-60 cells.

It seems that the aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare leaves can induce apoptosis in an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) under experimental conditions.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a lymphoid malignancy affected by oncogenic transformation of immature T-cell progenitors. Recently, it has been reported that microRNAs play a role in various leukemias including T-ALL. The aberrant expression of these microRNAs in proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis has been reported through targeting signaling pathways. miR-34a is a tumor suppressor in many cancers, including T-ALL.

In this experimental study, Jurkat T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells were maintained in RPMI 1640. miR-34a mimic was transfected using jetPEI in vitro DNA transfection reagent. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed after 24 h. Expression of miR-34a and BACH1, PTEN and SIRT1 genes were examined using qRT-PCR.

qRT-PCR analyses showed that in Jurkat cells after transfection with miR-34a mimic the expression of BACH1 and SIRT1 genes were reduced and the expression of PTEN was increased.

Low expression level of miR-34a in associated with metastasis and tumor invasion in different cancers. In current study, our results showed that the expression levels of BACH1 and SIRT1 genes which are oncogenes reduced and the expression levels of PTEN which is tumor suppressor increased after the transfection with miR-34a. 

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections, and several studies have reported the prevalence of UTI caused by ESBL-producing E.coli strains in different cities of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistant UTI factors in outpatients and determine the prevalence of ctx-m gene in ESBL-producing E. coli strains of Bonab (East Azerbaijan, Iran).

In 2015, 266 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from clinical laboratories in Bonab. Phenotypic screening and confirmation tests for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were carried out using disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer) method. All of the ESBL producing isolates were tested by PCR using specific primers. A total of 10 PCR products were randomly selected and purified and subsequently sent for sequencing.

 The maximum resistance was seen regarding ampicillin (67.3 %) and the maximum sensitivity was seen regarding imipenem (92.5%). In this study, 45 % of isolates were multidrug resistance, which showed at least resistance for three antibiotics. Out of 154 isolates, 58 (37.7%) isolates were ESBL producers which 94.8% of isolates contained ctx-m gene. The prevalence of the ctx-m gene, as in other parts of Iran and the world, is high in Bonab. For the treatment of infections suspected to be an ESBL producer, appropriate antibiotics should be selected, and strains that have decreased their sensitivity to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefetoxin should be considered for ESBL genes.

The present study was conducted to identify factors affecting the educational justice in Islamic Azad University. The method of study is applied in terms of objective and it is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, and quantitative in terms of data type. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect the initial information. Population of this study included professors of Islamic Azad University, which 40 of them were selected as sample of study using convenient sampling method. Delphi technique based university professors’ view was used to identify the variables affecting educational justice, and factor analysis was used to analyze the data for extracting the indices of questionnaire. Investigations revealed that the impact of each of the factors affecting the educational justice in Islamic Azad University is not equal, so the level of impact of these factors should be assessed and these factors should be ranked accordingly. Identification of the factors affecting educational justice in the university by means of three-branched model allows managers to identify harms in each of the structural, underlying, and behavioral factors in order to implement the educational justice properly. Twenty and six important factors to implement educational justice were identified in the university using a questionnaire and Delphi technique. After identification of the factors, they were classified in three classes. The considered model had appropriate fit, as RMSEA was obtained 0.085 and the ratio of Chi square to degree of freedom (χ2 / df) was obtained 3.7. Based on the model obtained from confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL software, 26 indices of the questionnaire were classified in three factors, including structural, behavioral factors, and underlying factors.

In this paper، I have tried primarily according to an argument، to illustrate the quality of a relation between Dahr world and natural universe. The conclusion shows the subjective duality and Objective unity of Dahr and material natures. two interpretations of this duality would be offered which could be seen as complementary. In the former interpretation this unity، and the duality assumed are explained on the ground of different intellectual cognition of immaterial and material creatures. pointing out deficits of such interpretation، a later interpretation would be offered on the ground of the role and the contribution of concept manifestation on this problem: the real unity of Dahr''s natures and those of material universe would be explained. Thereto according to later interpretation، the role of preparing causes and substantial motion of natures which were assumed as two factors for realization of material motions by philosophers، are incorporated such that، yields functional explanation of material natures which is just like the role of soul in animals life and devising concrete body.

Non epistemic agents which influence human knowledge have been discussed by thinkers and philosophers among the history of rational thoughts in west and east. Nowadays this problem is alive and posed by many. This Idea is based on the assumption that existence of knowledge is not confined on humans will alone but follows many factors one of which is immaterial and celestial realities. Moslem philosophers such as Mollasadra, Ibn Sina and Sohravardi, believe that not only the human knowledge but all the errors originate in immaterials too. According to MollaSadra, some agents above which is Satan, thorough a certain process, affect the estimative faculty of human being. This paper shows analytically and descriptively the very process in Sadras view and emphasizes Satans impression (non-physical existence) on human soul which leads to errors.

Badā is an important concept in Imamite Shiism. The Sunnis, in their narrated theological works, disapprove of Badā as heretical. Imamite Shiism is of this belief that Badā’s appropriate delineation can pave the way for its acceptance by all Muslims especially the Sunnis. That is why it has made considerable efforts to achieve this aim. The present article first discusses in brief the beliefs of famous Sunni scholars regarding Badā and then continues with the discussion of the Shiites’ major rational and narrative discussions on Badā.

The present article intends to explain, the epistemological function of factual and external propositions in demonstration figure in the shade of studying the logical conditions and rules of these propositions. About factual and external propositions various viewpoints have investigated, but the outlook in the present article is based on the difference of these propositions in the relation between the confirmation of the subject and the confirmation of the predicate. This relation in the factual proposition is essential but in the external proposition is accidental. This article urges the belief that the conditions of argument propositions are clearly found in the factual proposition. So only the factual proposition can be used in islamic logical method of scientific thought.