کرمانشاه

Creating sustainable income, enhancing economic perspectives, optimizing and managing costs, and generating revenue in the health system—especially in hospitals, which are primary providers of medical services—are critically important. These have become priority, vital policies. This study was conducted to compare the recorded costs in patient files with the approved global tariffs for surgeries at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Khomeini Educational and Therapeutic Hospital in Kermanshah in 2022. The research population included financial records for surgeries under the global tariff, covering the last six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2021. Data were collected from the Hospital Information System (HIS) and analyzed using SPSS-22 software.

Among 357 cases involving 13 types of surgeries reviewed in this study, tonsillectomy, pterygium, and appendectomy surgeries resulted in losses, while other surgeries were profitable. Considering the average actual cost of each surgery, in 14% of the surgeries, the global tariff was lower than the average actual cost, while in 86% of cases, the global tariff proved beneficial to the hospital.

Although most centers that apply the global surgery tariff are financially unprofitable, implementing operational plans based on essential resources and designing corrective actions to reduce global costs—particularly by managing patient length of stay—can improve efficiency and productivity.

Cardiac angiography is one of the diagnostic and therapeutic methods that impose a remarkable dose of X-rays and it can create risks for patients. It is very important to the cardiologist to control the patient's radiation exposure during the angiography. In order to optimize the use of ionization radiation, it is essential to know the average dose received by patients in the angiography department. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of x-rays received in diagnostic and interventional cardiac angiography methods in patients referred to Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah.

This was a cross-sectional and prospective study. 260 patients who were candidates for angiography tests during a period of 6 months were examined. The demographic information of the patients was obtained and they were divided into two diagnostic and interventional groups. A comparison was performed in terms of the amount of radiation received by patients and the consumption of contrast material in two groups. Moreover, the comparison was done between different physicians.

There was a significant difference in absorbed dose, DAP and volume of contrast agent between diagnostic angiography and interventional angiography (p<0.05). However, there was not any significant difference in absorbed dose, DAP and volume of contrast agent in diagnostic angiography and interventional angiography for different physicians (p>0.05).

This study generally indicated that absorbed dose, DAP, and the volume of contrast agent in diagnostic angiography was significantly lower than interventional angiography. However, there was not any significant relationship between different physicians in measuring parameters.

 Animal bites are a public health problem with economic, social, and psychological consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and geographical status of animal bites in Kermanshah province.

 The existing animal bite registration documents of health care centers and the disease prevention department of the University of Medical Sciences during the years 2011-2022 were studied in a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional manner. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean, variance, and standard deviation), chi-square, and the Arc GIS software for mapping the geographical distribution. Ethical considerations were taken into account at all stages of the study implementation.

 A total of 52,816 animal bites were reported across the province. An increasing trend of animal bite cases was noticed over the studied 12 years. There were no reports of fatalities. Dogs were reported as the most common chasing animal, accounting for 87% of cases, and anatomically, the highest prevalence of injuries had been occurred in the lower limbs (50.42%). Rural residents and those living on the margins were the most affected groups, representing 33.53%. Males constituted 68.75% and females 31.25%. The age group with the highest incidence of injuries in the overall studied population was between 7 and 30 years old, making up 27%. The highest number of bites were reported in summer and spring, while the lowest were in autumn and winter.

 Considering the relative prevalence of animal bites in Kermanshah province, examining the spatiotemporal patterns of animal bites and identifying endemic areas, providing targeted educational plans, andintervention programs are necessary to prevent and reduce animal bites, especially in summer and spring, with emphasis on increasing people's awareness and immunizing dogs.

Monitoring alcohol consumption in population is very important for planning public health and evaluation of the efficiency of intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to use wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate alcohol consumption in a Kermanshah City and calculate risk assessment using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach.

Raw composite wastewater samples (5 hours) were collected form the entrance of Kermanshah wastewater plant over a 30 days’ period. Ethyl sulfate metabolite was used to measure the alcohol content of the samples, which is excreted in the urine after consuming alcohol by humans and enters into the wastewater collection network. After centrifugation and filtration, the samples were directly injected into the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS for analysis. After calculation of alcohol consumption rate with back-calculation method, the results were used for risk assessment by MOE.

In general, the average amount of alcohol consumption during sampling in the society was 0.332 ml per person of equal age and over 15 years of age (adult) per day, which was equal to 0.121 liters of pure alcohol per person per year. We found no significant difference in the amount of alcohol consumption between the weekend and working days of the week, and also between  sampling days in Ramadan and ordinary  days. In 90% of the samples taken, the risk associated with alcohol consumption was higher than MOE=100 and only in 3 samples the MOE value was in the "risk" category.

The results of this study showed that wastewater-based epidemiology can provide appropriate timely and transisional  information on alcohol use and its associated exposure risks in the community. Also, the amount of alcohol consumption in the population in our study was much lower than those in the European and American countries.

One of the issues that causes insecurity in the society is carrying and keeping firearms. Kermanshah province is one of the areas where carrying and keeping firearms is significant. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors affecting the carrying and storage of firearms in Kermanshah province, Iran in 2019.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the method of carrying out a survey, and it was carried out with the correlation method. The statistical population of the research includes police officers of Kermanshah province. The sample size is 230 people who were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS software and regression tests. Cronbach's alpha test was used for its reliability.

The research findings indicate that between: 1- cultural factors (traditional beliefs, ethnicity, customs and traditions) 2- social factors (social capital, social support, lifestyle, employment) 3- economic factors (poverty, Unemployment) 4- Feeling of insecurity by keeping firearms in Kermanshah province. There is a relationship.

The results of the research show that cultural and economic poverty, feeling of insecurity among the people, lack of employment and lack of social capital are the factors of carrying and keeping illegal firearms in Kermanshah province. Therefore, improving the cultural level of people through counseling and education, reducing poverty and unemployment and creating employment, increasing the level of social security and changing lifestyles and developing social capital is effective in preventing the crime of carrying and keeping illegal firearms.

Keeping pets can expose their owners to various infections, including zoonotic parasites. This study was conducted for the first time in Iran to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to parasitic diseases among pet owners in Hamadan and Kermanshah, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the participation of 200 pet owners in Hamadan and Kermanshah, western Iran. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire containing 62 questions, the reliability and validity of which were evaluated and confirmed. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through descriptive statistics (mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney test).

Most of the participants were female, had university degrees, and kept dogs. There was a statistically significant difference among the participants of both cities in terms of knowledge about parasitic diseases (it was more in Kermanshah, P<0.01); however, no statistical difference was observed in terms of attitude. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed that in Hamadan and Kermanshah, there is a direct and significant relationship between the knowledge score and performance (Hamadan: r=0.489 and P<0.001; Kermanshah: r=0.655 and P<0.001). In general, the level of knowledge and performance of pet owners is at an unfavorable level, and their attitude is at a favorable level.

This study, which was conducted for the first time in Iran, suggests that pet owners need necessary training to increase their level of knowledge about parasites and parasitic diseases of their animals, which will lead to improving their attitude and performance.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hydatid cyst disease in patients admitted to Imam Reza, Imam Hossein, and Bisotoon hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, from 2014 to 2018. 

In this descriptive study, we studied and analyzed the medical records of 350 patients with hydatid cysts who were hospitalized and underwent surgical treatment in Kermanshah hospitals from 2014 to 2018. Also, the demographic characteristics of patients, including gender, age, occupation, place of residence, and affected organs, were extracted and recorded.

The Ethics Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1398.366).

In total, 350 patients with a Mean±SD age of 43.2±19.7 in women and 43.3±20.7 in men were admitted with a diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The highest and lowest prevalence of hydatid cysts were in the age groups of 41-50 (16.5%) years and 1-10 (4.8%) years, respectively. The prevalence was 181 (51.7%) in women and 169 (48.2%) in men. The organs mostly infected with hydatid cysts were the liver, lung, and brain, with 241 cases (68.8%), 55 (15.7%), and 24 (6.8%), respectively. 

This study shows that hydatid cyst disease is an important disease, especially in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Muscular dystrophy is a common genetic condition that causes progressive loss of physical function. This study seeks to explore the lived experiences of boys with muscular dystrophy in Kermanshah.

The research methodology used in this study is phenomenological. The sample size consists of ten boys diagnosed with muscular dystrophy in Kermanshah. The sampling method was purposive, and data was collected through in-depth interviews.

Based on the data analysis, there are two main themes that emerged. The first theme is the Continuation of External Quality, with sub-themes including Broken Individual Communication, Corrupted Identity, Endless Everyday Life, Social Isolation, and Bio-fragility. The second theme is Feelings and Concerns, with sub-themes such as Feeling Anxiety, False Hope, No Surrender, and Shame and Fear of Losing Parents.

The study reveals that individuals with muscular dystrophy face unfavorable social and individual status. Therfore, it is important to enhance public spaces and urban transportation, ensure the implementation of laws that facilitate their employment, introduce social and cultural policies to change people's attitudes towards them, plan their capabilities through national media, review existing laws, and provide support packages to improve their situation. Additionally, the participation of NGOs should be facilitated to help reduce harm.

Increasing the productivity of surface water, the unsustainable development of agriculture in the boundaries of rivers, and human sewage have reduced the quality of these water resources. Therefore, investigating the amount of pollution and its sources is very necessary for regional planning. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Golin River using WQI and Liou indexes.

 Sampling of Golin river water was performed to check water quality based on (WQI) and (Liou) indices in Najjar village station for one year from April 2019 to March 2020.

 Water quality, according to the Liou index, during the research period in the sampling station in September and March, was in a good category and other months were slightly polluted. According to the results of the WQI index, water quality in September and March were in the excellent descriptive category, with values of 47.82 and 49.74, respectively, but in other months it was in a good category. In September and March, water quality improved compared to other months because of lower BOD5 due to reduced agricultural activities, and both indicators showed these quality changes well.

Due to the lack of stable conditions in water quality affected by seasonal changes and its departure from the category of high-quality water according to the results of the WQI index and also a little water pollution according to the Liou index, the direct use of Golin River water for drinking purposes is recommended and for this purpose, regular purification should be done and accurate and continuous evaluations of water quality in Golin River are necessary.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hydatid cyst disease in patients admitted to Imam Reza, Imam Hossein, and Bisotoon hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, from 2014 to 2018. 

In this descriptive study, we studied and analyzed the medical records of 350 patients with hydatid cysts who were hospitalized and underwent surgical treatment in Kermanshah hospitals from 2014 to 2018. Also, the demographic characteristics of patients, including gender, age, occupation, place of residence, and affected organs, were extracted and recorded.

The Ethics Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1398.366).

In total, 350 patients with a Mean±SD age of 43.2±19.7 in women and 43.3±20.7 in men were admitted with a diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The highest and lowest prevalence of hydatid cysts were in the age groups of 41-50 (16.5%) years and 1-10 (4.8%) years, respectively. The prevalence was 181 (51.7%) in women and 169 (48.2%) in men. The organs mostly infected with hydatid cysts were the liver, lung, and brain, with 241 cases (68.8%), 55 (15.7%), and 24 (6.8%), respectively. 

This study shows that hydatid cyst disease is an important disease, especially in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Problem-solving is one of the most important issues in the field of psychology. It seems that solving social problems as an external variable has an important role in the acceptance of information technology. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between social problem solving and the use and acceptance of web-based resources in educational-research activities based on acceptance and technology model.

The present study is an applied research that adopted a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of medical sciences of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University. The data collection tools were two social problem-solving questionnaires and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the TAM. The data analysis was based on multiple regression and SPSS 22 software.

The findings of the present study indicated that the social problem-solving variable as the external variable of the TAM had an effect on the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use web resources. Also, all the structures of the TAM were able to explain the actual use of Web resources.

Overall, results showed that social problem solving has a direct relationship with the use of web resources to meet the educational and research information needs of medical students. As such, these students use the social problem-solving style when they face problems.

Inadequate nutritional status is one of the most common problems in hemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality in these patients. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah in 2019.

This descriptive study was performed on 114 hemodialysis patients. Demographic information form and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were used for data collection. The questionnaires were applied in one stage in hemodialysis ward of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and chi-square tests.

Out of 114 patients undergoing hemodialysis, 65 (57.02%) were male and 49 (42.98%) were female. Mean and standard deviation of patients’ age were 58.05± 13.98 years. The median consumption of bread and cereals, meat and beans, fruits and vegetables, fat and oil, and dairy products decreased with the increase of patients’ age (p˂0.001). Patients who underwent dialysis three times a week consumed more bread and cereals, meat and legumes, dairy products, and fruits and vegetables (p<0.001), but consumed less pickles and condiments than patients who underwent dialysis twice a week (p˂0.001).

The results of this study showed that in hemodialysis patients the consumption of bread and cereals and fruits and vegetables is less than the standard amount, but the consumption of dairy products, pickles, and condiments is more than the standard amount, which can be considered by policy makers and experts in this field.

Due to the prevalence of coronavirus, the role of media, especially social media, to inform about and increase health literacy is very important. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of factors effective in the use of social media on the level of e-health literacy of citizens in crisis.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 384 patients in Kermanshah province were selected using Morgan table. For this purpose, a two-part researcher-made questionnaire was used which included a demographic section and a specific section (using 5 variables) with 40 questions. The items in this questionnaire were scored using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

The findings revealed that 43.1% of the participants believed Corona had a great impact on their job and more than 40% of the participants also stated they obtained health information through the Internet. The results also showed that the relationship between the variables was significant (P <0.05).

The highest correlation was observed between accessibility and popularity variables. This suggests that increasing access to social media will enhance the popularity of these media. The information obtained in this study demonstrated that up-to-dateness of media, accessibility, trust in social media, perceived value, and popularity are among the factors effective in the impact of social media on e-health literacy.

On 12 November 2017, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Kermanshah Province. Explaining the challenges and needs of the victims in such circumstances can be an important source of information for future planning and better management of such conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explain the challenges and needs of the earthquake victims.

This study was a qualitative study. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers, policymakers, and health and emergency relief providers in earthquake areas, and 10 focused group discussions were held with earthquake victims from December to February 2016. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.

The needs and challenges in Kermanshah earthquake were classified into three periods after the earthquake: 1. Challenges and needs in the first few days with three sub-categories including management, rescue services, and urgent care, 2- Challenges and needs in the first few weeks  after the earthquake with three sub-categories including housing and emergency assistance, public health services, and access to health care; and 3. Needs and challenges in several months after the earthquake with four sub-categories including economic, social, infrastructural and health service needs.

Lack of unity of command was the main challenge in this earthquake. Another point was the health needs of victim earthquakes over time. Therefore, dispatching of aid forces to the affected areas during natural disasters should be based on planning and needs.

The present study aimed at investigating English for specific purposes (ESP) instructors' expectations and attitudes towards teaching ESP to students of nursing in medical universities. As a survey study, the participants were 57 ESP instructors teaching at medical universities of Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and Ilam. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather the data. The reliability coefficient of the researcher-made questionnaire equaled 0.74. The findings of the study revealed that the participating instructors expected the comprehension of reading passages to be the main goal of ESP courses at medical universities and that learning English grammar to be of the least degree of importance. Moreover, the participants' pointed to the dearth of attention to communicative skills in such courses. Additionally, the instructors argued that crowded ESP classes do not guarantee accountability in teaching. Furthermore, the instructors complained about the lack of facilities like language labs and language learning softwares in ESP courses. To conclude, paying due attention to communicative and interactive skills besides a concern for reading comprehension and vocabulary building, is of utmost priority in ESP courses. Hence, it seems incumbent upon ESP curriculum developers and course designers to evaluate ESP courses profoundly and take advantage of new theories in the realm of ESP.

The management of healthcare wastes is receiving greater attention because of the risks to both human health and the environment caused by inadequate waste management practices. In that context, the objective of this study was to investigate the hospital solid waste management in Kermanshah city, Kermanshah province, Iran based on Ministry of Health and Medical Education checklist which is related to environmental health of hospitals.

This study (qualitative-quantitative) was performed in two interval time in two consecutive years through a valid checklist of waste management process of Iranian Ministry of Health which include all steps of medical waste management. The quantity of hospital waste produced was measured during one week in autumn session during study interval. 

The results of this study showed that the total averages of desirability in waste management compared to health standards in Kermanshah city hospitals were 70.38 ± 15.5 and 74.3 ± 14.8 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The average desirability of waste management in governmental, military, private and social hospitals improved from 61 to 65.14, 75 to 79, 87 to 90 and 84.5 to 86%, respectively in two years of study interval. The average (weighted mean) of total hospital wastes generation rate (in Kermanshah city) was 4.06 kg/bed-day and for governmental, military, private and social hospitals were 4.69, 3.26, 2.7 and 1.62 kg/bed-day, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between hospital active bed and medical wastes production.

From the results of this study, the score of waste management practices in Kermanshah hospitals are evaluated as moderate. Therefore, more efforts, monitoring and control should be implied to achieve the desired state of hospital waste management

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disability in young adults. This study aimed at reporting MS registry in Kermanshah province, Iran 2018.

In this cross-sectional study, demographic and clinical characteristics of 353 patients were recorded in MS registry. Data analysis was done in SPSS V25.

Patients aged 18-62 years, including 80% females (mean age: 36.1 years) and 20% males (mean age: 37.9 years). Almost 45% were born between 1981 and 1991. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) was seen in 72%. Visual symptoms were initial signs of the disease in 37% of the patients. The mean age of onset of the disease was found to be high in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) and low in those with progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS). Among the patients, 87% were able to walk at least 100 meters.

The epidemiological situation of MS in Kermanshah province is similar to other parts of Iran. Planning according to national programs are suggested for the management and control of this disease in Kermanshah province.

Academic performance as the most important structure in the field of education has a decisive role in the fate of learners. However, the academic performance of female students in the second year of high school is poorly reported. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between students' personal values and their academic performance by mediating attitudes toward school.

The present study was a descriptive analysis of the path. Based on this, 420 female students from Kermanshah who were studying in the secondary school in the academic year of 1996-97 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed the McQueen and Seagle SAAS-R School Questionnaire (EAST) and the Schwartz Value Scale (SVS). SPSS version 22 and Amos software version 24 were used to analyze the data.

The results of path analysis showed that the indirect effect of values of benevolence, conformity, strength, stimulation and pleasure on academic performance through school attitudes is significant.

The personal values of female high school students affect their academic performance by weakening or strengthening their attitude towards school. The student will have a positive attitude when he / she considers the school environment to be in line with his / her personal values. Accordingly, it is better for the school management model to be such that, regardless of the type of value that students pursue, it provides the ground for their attraction and interest in school.

One of the most effective treatments in the case of curing the patients with advanced renal failure is kidney transplantation. Decades have passed since kidney transplants have begun in Iran and Kermanshah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of Kermanshah province in comparison with other provinces and the whole country in the field of kidney transplantation.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, survival rate of patients after the transplantation and the transplanted kidney survival were investigated based on Iranian valid sources of information such as SID, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex and internationally validated databases such as PubMed, ISI and Science Direct from 2000 to 2019 surveyed. Keywords of kidney transplantation, survival rate, transplant survival rate, Kermanshah, Iran, and a combination of them were used and analyzed by Random Effects Model.

In 33 studies, 21113 samples were evaluated. Survival rate of 1, 3 and 5 years in patients undergoing renal transplantation in Kermanshah province during the period of 2000-2019 is lower than in other provinces. Also, in Kermanshah province, 1, 3, 5 and 10 years survival rate of all kidney transplants was lower than other provinces.

In Kermanshah, Survival rate of patients and transplant survival in patients is lower than other regions of Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to effective factors in increasing survival of transplant recipients and transplant kidneys as well as increasing renal transplantation studies.