فهرست مطالب محمد قلی نادعلیان

The outbreak of calf pneumonia in herds occurs due to different pathogens. Vitamin D3 displays a regulatory effect on different cells, especially its pro-differential biological function and stimulates antimicrobial peptides. In the present study, the effects of vitamin D3 on the expression of antimicrobial peptides in experimental pasteurellosis in calves were assessed. Ten Holstein calves (2-4 months old) were randomly divided into two groups. Prepared Pasteurella multocida (3×109 CFU/mL) was inoculated in the trachea of all calves and Vitamin D3 was injected only in the treatment group following confirmation of pneumonia. Blood samples and broncho-alveolar lavage fluids were obtained from both groups at different time intervals and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated to evaluate the antimicrobial peptides gene expression. The expression of CD4, Cathelicidin, and Defensins genes was measured in vitro conditions following the addition of 10-6, 10-7 and 10-8 molar of vitamin D3. Defensins and CD4 gene expressions revealed a significant difference in the two groups, at the 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the challenge time, while the Cathelicidin gene was not expressed in both experimental groups. Surprisingly, increased expression of Cathelicidin, Defensins, and CD4 was observed at a concentration of 10-6 M of vitamin D3. According to the results of this study, vitamin D3 had positive effects on the immune system which was observed as significant improvement in the clinical symptoms of treated calves. The expression of lung-related Defensins and CD4 in vivo and in vitro approved the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3 but the gene expression of Cathelicidin is probably related to prescribing higher doses of vitamin D3.

Despite rapid advances in technology and diagnostic facilities, contemporary mankind still faces the old and serious challenge of zoonoses and their emerging and re-emerging status further complicates the problems and sometimes the health system of the country faces a dilemma. Out of the 1,415 known human diseases, about 868 (60%) have multiplicative hosts, which occur between different species. In the recent three decades, approximately 75% of the newly emerging human infections have been zoonotic. In this article, using library studies and electronic searches, list of the most important bacterial zoonoses with a special vision towards emerging and re-emerging diseases, the status of the most important zoonoses in Islamic Republic of Iran and the world is presented, based on the published national and international documents, and the weaknesses and strengths of the responsible organizations have been discussed and corrective strategies and prospects for the future offered.

Hypokalemia in sheep causes cardiac arrhythmia and electrocardiographic changes such as changing the shape of QRS,complex and T wave and the distance between waves. In this study, 20 rams with the age of 12-15 months were divided into two groups. Electrocardiography was used to check the heart rhythm. After recording ECG and sampling, in order to create hypokalemia Isoflupredon acetat at a dose of 4mg was used intramuscularly in oll 10 treatment. All P waves in the control and the experimental group was recorded as positive and their monophasic or diphasic state was also studied. Between days 0 to 4, 30 cases of monophasic and 20 cases of diphasic P wave was recorded is the control group. In the treatment group, these figures were 21 and 29 cases respectively.
Different shapes of QRS waves were seen  in both treatment groups .In the control group they were recorded as QRS in 10 cases, qrs in 15 cases and qRs in 25 cases with in the treatment  group it was QRS in 31 cases, Qrs in 1 case, qrs in 4 cases and qRs in 14 cases. By examining the ECG in the control group on days zero to 4th day, sinus arrhythmia and atrioventricular block was observed in 7 and 2 cases respectively and in the treatment group sinus arrhythmia, atrioventricular block, atrial premature contraction and sinus tachycardia was recorded in 14, 12, 3 and 5 cases respectively. The results indicated that various arrhythmias can be observed due to hypokalemia. As physiologic arrhythmias can lead to pathologic arrhythmias, the animals should be treated with anti-arrhythmia drugs.

Salmonellosis is a very important infectious disease of animal species including the calves. Economic losses due to disease can be considerable. It is also one of the most important zoonotic diseases and it can be public health threatening for human. In this study, the prevalence and clinical features of Salmonellosis in 420 calves in 18 dairy farms of Kermanshah province have been evaluated. During a period of 1 year and in each season, fecal samples from calves with diarrhea (in priority) and other calves not clinically in good condition were taken and examined. The Vital status and clinical symptoms of all calves were also recorded. Samples were transported to the microbiology laboratory of the faculty of veterinary medicine of Razi University in enriched media and complete microbiological tests have been performed on them. Out of the 420 samples, only 2 cases (0.47 percent) were positive for Salmonella. Due to early detection and appropriate treatment, both cases went healthy very soon. The age of these calves that were detected in winter was around 1.5 month. Other isolated bacteria were included: E.coli in 348 cases, Proteus in 204 cases, Citrobacter in 106 cases, Yersinia in 60 cases and Enterobacter in 48 cases.

The current definition of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is based on the pH of the ruminal fluid in dairy cattle and ration physically effective fiber could be used as a non-invasive method for prediction of ruminal pH. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between ration physically effective fiber, measured using old and modified Penn-state particle separator and ruminal pH. METHODES: The physically effective fiber measured in the ration of 17 rational group (7 fresh and 10 mid lactation cow groups). Ruminal fluid obtiained by rumenocentesis and SARA affected cows were detected. The physically effective fiber measured by modifed Penn-state particle separator had a correlation with mean ruminal pH of cows (r= 0.595, p= 0.012) and the ratio of subacute ruminal acidosis affected cows in rational groups (r= -0.533, p= 0.027). The ration of SARA affected mid lactation groups had less physically effective fiber than non affected groups (p= 0.041). According to our results, the physically effective fiber measured by modifed Penn-state particle separator had more correlation with ruminal pH in dairy cattle and can be used as a predictive index for ruminal pH.

This study was done to investigate the relation between fat and protein milk with rumen pH changes and subacute ruminal acidosis in some dairy herds. For this purpose 7 dairy herds in Alborz and Tehran provinces of Iran were selected. In each herd 12 cows between 60-150 days of lactation were randomly selected. Milk samples were collected. Rumen fluid were collected by rumenocentesis and ruminal fluid pH was measured with portable pH meter. Data were statistically analysed for correlation. The results showed that there were no significant correlation between milk fat and ruminal pH. The correlation between milk protein and ruminal pH were statistically significant. The level of significance was showed with p< 0.05. The results show that the reduction in rumen pH and milk fat arise in situations where a high-concentrate ration with low fiber (nonbalanced ration) and it should be stated that SARA may develop in the same situations where low milk fat is likely to develop. It should be consider because of the short duration and severity of the diseases and short duration of rumen pH below cut off point in some instance (chronic SARA) which does not in accordance with clinical signs. In formulation of the ration all of the factors should be consider which include type of feed, method of feed process, feed additives, fibre and starch digestibility. These result in minimum changes in milk and protein and rumen pH should be in optimum producing of milk in the herd.

Electrocardiographic study of 50 healthy Markhoz goats ranging from less than 1 to more than 3 years in age was carried out. The heart rate varied from 99 to 123 beats/min with a mean of 110 beats/min. There was a significant difference between the heart rate of goats in 3 age groups (PT waves and QT interval in base apex lead، QRS wave in lead I، P-R and PQ interval in aVF lead were higher and duration of QRS and T waves in aVR lead، P wave in lead III، PQ and P-R intervals in lead II and QT interval in aVR lead were lower than those in the other leads. The mean duration of QT interval had significant changes with age (P<0. 05).

Pregnancy toxemia in ewes is a metabolic disease initiated by negative energy balance and result in excessive lipid metabolism, ketosis and subsequent hepatic lipidosis. On the other hand,” Ceruloplasmin” is a major protein that circulate in the blood and functions as the copper transporter that is able to transport 95% of copper in serum. Ceruloplasmin is an acute phase protein with antioxidant activity. It is synthesized by liver in response to the tissue damage, inflammation and stress. This study has accomplished due to evaluate the effect of induction of subclinical pregnancy toxemia in ewes on serum ceruloplasmin concentrations. The experiment was performed on five pregnant Fashandi crossbred ewes aged 3-4 years. The body condition score (BCS) of the selected animals were between 3.5-4 and the pregnancy of these ewes were confirmed with ultrasound examination. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein into the tubes before the induction of subclinical pregnancy toxemia by food deprivation and after that. Feed cessation with access to water started and continued until serum β hydroxybutyrate concentration reached levels greater than 0.8mmol/L). Serum ceruloplasmin concentrations of ewes after the induction of subclinical pregnancy toxemia were significantly higher than before the induction time (P

Subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cattle is decrease in plasma calcium to less than 7.5 mg / dl with no clinical signs. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of post-partum subclinical hypocalcemia and it’s correlation with negative energy balance in suburban of Urmia, Iran. In this study blood sampling was done from 99 multi-parous cows (2 to 5 calving) during the first 48 hours after parturition (to evaluate serum calcium) and second week after parturition (to determine the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)).198 blood samples were taken from 99 dairy cattle from 498 cattle population. The incidence rate of subclinical hypocalcaemia in this study was 18.2%. NEFA mean in cows with subclinical hypocalcaemia was significantly (p 0.7mmol / L) in cows with subclinical hypocalcaemia was six times higher than cows with normal serum calcium levels. The results showed the bad state of energy balance in dairy cows with subclinical hypocalcemia and probability of negative energy balance induced diseases such as ketosis. Subclinical hypocalcemia increases the sensitivity of dairy cows to mastitis, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, dystocia and ketosis. With attention to limited available information about this disease, further studies are required.

The objectives of this study were to identify the aerobic bacterial flora of conjunctival sac in healthy horses and to determine the seasonal variations of these flora as well as antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. Forty-two swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of 21 normal horses (10 stallions and 11 mares)، in October، January، April، and July. The samples were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar، and examined for aerobic bacteria. A total of 10 different bacterial species (3 Gram-positive، 7 Gram-negative) were recovered. Gram-positive aerobes were most commonly cultured (59. 04% of all isolates). The first five predominant organisms were Bacillus cereus، Staphylococcus epidermidis، Klebsiella oxytoca، beta-hemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coli. According to the statistical analysis، the isolation frequency of B. cereus in spring، E. coli in summer and S. epidermidis in autumn were significantly more than the other seasons (p<0. 05). In winter، there was no significant difference between the frequency of the isolates (p>0. 05). In the stallions، the isolation frequency of K. oxytoca in spring was significantly higher than the other isolates and in the mares، the frequency of S. epidermidis was significantly higher in summer (p<0. 05). On the basis of susceptibility testing، ceftiofor and florfenicol were effective on all bacterial species examined. Gentamicin was effective on all Gram-negative aerobes. The isolated bacterial species were comparable with the studies performed in horses of other countries.

Tuberculosis is a zoonotic infection disease caused by Mycobacterium bacteria. The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which is the causative agent of human tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants especially cattle and goats throughout the world and Iran. A part from humans and ruminants, tuberculosis also infects companion and wild animals; therefore its control is difficult. Dogs and cats are susceptible to human, bovine and avian tuberculosis bacteria and transmission of disease from dogs and cats to humans and livestock is easily accomplished. Domestic birds like the canary are also susceptible to the aforementioned bacteria and therefore have an important role in the hygienic control of humans and livestock. A part from the role of livestock and companion animals in the transmission of tuberculosis, the spread of immunosuppressive diseases like AIDS which is increasing rapidly in our country, have a major role in the outbreak of human tuberculosis. The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) is an important source of infection and disease transmission to humans therefore the control and eradication of tuberculosis in bovine population has always been out of the priorities of the relevant tuberculosis like the Veterinary organization of our country.

On the base on published reports by parasitologists، clinicians and executive and health authorities، parasitic infections of ruminants of Iran were divided to four groups including: high، medium، low and very low significant based on pathogenesis، prevalence rate and portability. Results showed that totally 27 infections including: 16 helminthes، 8 protozoa and 3 acarins were reported in ruminants of Iran. Moreover، 9 helminthes، 4 protozoa and 3 acarins of them was zoonotic. Accurate and rapid diagnosis، establishment of specific laboratories for important infections، using GPS for faster information about infected centers، use of rapid response plan، strategic control and treatment of parasitic infections، use of new generation vaccines، tracking method of animal''s resistance against anti parasitic drugs، their bio control and implementation of the relevant international guidelines are necessitate for foresight control of above-mentioned parasites.

Endocarditis of cattle can develop as valvular, mural or concurrent involvement of the valvular and mural endocardium. Given the importance of endocarditis among the diseases of the cardiovascular system in cattle, 568 dairy cows were studied through complete clinical examination, looking particularly for special signs of heart involvement. The cows suspected of having a heart problem were labeled following the identification. Additional measures including blood sampling, carcass examination, and lesion sampling for histopathology were carried out in the abattoir, and endocarditis was diagnosed in 2.81% of the cases. The mean age of the cows with endocarditis was 5.4 years. The body temperature was higher than 39°C in 56.2% of the cases. Almost 70% of the cows had more than 84 heart beats per minute. A cardiac systolic murmur was found in 56.2% of the cows. Fewer than 5,500 white blood cells per microliter and neutrophilia with more than 40% neutrophils was diagnosed in 75% and 50% of the cases, respectively. Given these results, it was concluded that despite the absence of audible systolic murmur using a stethoscope, it is probable to see valvular endocarditis, particularly in industrial mid-aged dairy cows with a focal active infective involvement showing mild fever, persistent high or at least relatively high heart beat rate and intensity, marginal leucopenia, and relatively increased neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore it may be suitable to conduct echocardiography due to its very applicable findings

In this study, the effect of chamomile extract on the ability of neonatal calves to absorb immunoglobulin G (IgG) was evaluated. An ethanolic extract of chamomile was obtained with the concentration of 111 mg/ml. Calves were randomly divided into four groups, each receiving one of four chamomile treatments; 1: low dose (LC; 5.5 mg/kg body weight; 2: moderate dose (MC; 11 mg/kg); 3: high dose (HC; 22 mg/kg); 4: a control (CO; normal saline). Chamomile extract was injected intravenously into the jugular vein 1 h after birth and before colostrum intake. There was no significant difference in concentration of serum IgG between LC and CO calves (P = 0.792). MC calves had a significantly higher serum IgG concentration at 48 h compared with LC and CO calves (P = 0.002, P = 0.003, respectively). There was no statistical difference between MC and HC calves at 48 h (P = 0.264). These results show that chamomile extract could promote colostral IgG absorption in neonatal calves if a suitable dose is given immediately after birth.

Cardiac arrhythmias, caused by disorders in the generation and transmission of cardiac impulses, is included among the heart disorders that cause inefficient blood circulation. The most commonly-used method for diagnosing this disorder is electrocardiography. In this study, we aimed to identify and diagnose different types of arrhythmia prevalent among the seemingly-healthy horses of Sanandaj City, with particular regard to breeds specific to this region. The researcher took electrocardiograms of 50 horses in Base-Apex, including Kurdish purebreds (n = 4), Arab purebreds (n = 20), and hybrid horses (n = 26; 35 male and 15 female overall). The results of the electrocardiograms showed arrhythmias in 16 (32%) out of all the horses in this study. Of these, 23% of the stallions, 10% of mares, 40% of the Kurdish purebreds, 8% of the Arab purebreds, and 26% of hybrid horses suffered from arrhythmias. Different types of arrhythmia diagnosed included sinus arrhythmia (10%), sinus tachycardia (8%), wandering pacemaker (8%), and first degree atrioventricular block (6%). The frequencies of arrhythmia in horses found in this study were similar to the results of other researchers. It is important to distinguish between physiological and pathological arrhythmias in horses after diagnosis, since arrhythmias can have a great impact on exercise performance.

Peptic ulcer is a very common disorder in horse race and foals. In the present research possible relationship between gastric ulcer and the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia were studied in two different horse race. In this respect, 13 Caspian miniature horses and 8 Arab horses were studied. Gastric ulcers and cardiac arrhythmias were diagnosed in 13 horses (62%) and 12 (57%) out of 211 horses, respectively. The observed cardiac arrhythmias were sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, second degree AV block and SA block. There was no significant relationship between gastric ulcer and cardiac arrhythmia in general and between gastric ulcer and each kind of arrhythmia (p>0.005). Serum calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorous concentrations were measured in the horses. No significant correlation was seen between serum electrolyte and gastric ulcer or cardiac arrhythmia. Despite lack of significant correlation between cardiac arrhythmia and gastric ulcer, more occarence for some kinds of arrhythmia in affected horses with gastric ulcer was very interesting and need to be further investigated in future.

Considering the very important role of zinc in structural and physiological functions of livestock body and the paucity of research in the regions, the objective of this study was to investigate zinc deficiency in cows suspected of deficiency in industrial dairy farms of Urmia and its relationship with diet of the animals. In this study, blood samples were taken from cows suspected of deficiency including animals that had anorexia, decrease in production and most importantly infertility problems. Samples were also taken from the animals diets. Sampling was conducted on a seasonal basis and 25 serum samples were collected in each season. Measurement was performed using atomic absorption method and serumic levels were calculated in micromoles. The results of this study indicated that in the animals suspected of zinc deficiency, there was no significant difference between different seasons but zinc levels were below normal in winter, spring and autumn. It is probable that dietary zinc deficiency especially low zinc levels in concentrate diets in the main cause of low zinc values in this study.

Echocardiography has been frequently used in veterinary in horses and cows since 40 years ago but there is no information about camel echocardiography. In this study، 10 male and 10 female clinically healthy one-year-old camels (camelus dromedarius) wereexamined. Echocardiography was performed by B. K. Medical machine (mini focus model) and 2-4MHZ multi frequency phased array transducer. Camels were examined clinically andelectrocardiographically and those found healthy were studied for echocardiography. The third through the fifth intercostal space (midway) between point of shoulder (POS) and point of elbow (POE) were shaved in both side and covered by copulated gel. Toobtain image of right parasternal long axis four chamber view، transducer was placed parallel to ribs in 5th intercostal space midway between point of shoulder and point of elbow، then transducer was placed slightly cranially to image left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Transducer was placed in LVOTlocation but in the 4th intercostal space and slightly craniodorsally to image right ventricular out flow tract (RVOT). To image left ventricle short axis views، transducer with 90-100 degree clockwise rotation، was placed vertically to the ribs direction in 5th intercostals space. Slightly fanning transducer to dorsal was necessary to image mitral valve. To image aortic valve، transducer with 30 degree clockwise rotation was placed in the same location for mitral valve location. Cardiac structures in left parasternal long axis views in three viewswere seen. Transducer in the 3rd intercostal space in heart location parallel to ribs was placed. To image LVOT، transducer was placed in 4th intercostal space slightly craniodorsally. Then for viewing mitral valve it was placed in 5th intercostals space parallel to ribs direction without rotation. Camel heart is located more caudally than horse and cow and this helps to better imaging in its echocardiography. The quality of the images varied. This variation was due to a variety of factors، including body condition، the widthof the intercostal space and the demeanor of the camels. Low heart rate in camel makes careful evaluation of anatomy and movement of cardiac structures possible in real time echocardiography.

Theileriosis is an important protozoal disease of domestic ruminants especially cattle, sheep and goats which is transmitted by various species of Theileria infected ticks. Anemia, electrolytic disorders and vasculitis are amongst the cardiovascular complications of theileriosis. In this study, 90 cows with theileriosis were evaluated by clinical examination, parasitologic tests and electrocardiography. In Theileria infected cattle, after 30 minutes of rest and any treatment, a 30 second ECG was recorded in lead I to determine the types of arrhythmias present. Based on electrocardiographic findings frequently observed arrhythmias included 62 cases of sinus tachycardia, 15 cases of sinus arrhythmia, 6 cases of first degree atrio-ventricular block, 1 case of ventricular extra systole and 1 case of atrial fibrillation. According to the type of arrhythmias, it can be concluded that arrhythmias in cows with theileriosis are functional and nonpathologic.

Gastric endoscopy was performed in the 24 Persian Arab horses from several race training in Tehran and Tabriz for detection of gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcer was evident in 14 Persian Arab horses (58.3%). Ten out of 14 ulcers were in nonglandular region of the stomach. The horses with the history of long term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had high prevalence of the gastric ulcer in the glandular mucosa. In this study the prevalence of gastric ulceration was higher in horses with active training program than others. Twelve out of 14 (71%) horses with gastric ulcers had a history of active training. The difference of two groups in respect to training was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The number of monocytes was significantly lower and concentrations of potassium were significantly higher in horses with gastric ulcer (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the frequency of gastric ulceration in the training Persian Arab horses was relatively high. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical importance of ulcer in these horses.

To estimate the prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows, a total of 196 ruminal fluid samples were drawn by rumenocentesis from 10 dairy herds of Khorasan Razavi province, northeast of Iran. Two groups of 12 cows, early lactation and mid-lactation cows were sampled in each dairy herd and ruminal pH was determined immediately using a portable pH-meter. A total of 54 cows (27.6%) were found to be experiencing SARA. No significant differences were found between SARA affected and non-affected cows in ruminal contractions, faecal quality and fat and protein components of milk.

Rabies is a dangerous infections disease which is highly fatal and zoonotic. The disease occurs in many countries of the world and in Iran, rabies is endemic and a major public health Problem. Most warm blooded animals are susceptible to rabies. It is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal to humans and other animals. The saliva of the sufferers is a rich source of rabies virus. Rabies is not seen in countries such as Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand which is related to their geographical situation and being surrounded by water. But in countries like the United States of America, Canada, Europe and Iran the rabies is endemic. Dogs, wild carnivores especially wolves and foxes are the main transmitters of the disease. Rabies has been known approximately from the year 2300 BC with the dog considered as the main vector. Scientists like Avicenna and Sayyed Esmail Jorjani have described rabies. Louis Pasteur presented antirabies treatment and vaccinations in 1885. The Pasteur institute of Iran opened in 1920 and today there are more than 300 antirabies treatment centers in the country involved with the treatment rabies. More than 100000 persons each year in Iran are treated for rabies due to being bitten by animals especially dogs suspected of having rabies. According to the report of the Pasteur institute of Iran, 421 Positive cases of rabies of which 3 were human cases where recorded in the year 2001. These figures for 2002 to 2004 were 356 positive cases with 6 human cases, 314 positive cares with 10 human cases and 325 positive cases with 5 human cases respectively. On average, 6 human cases of rabies were recorded each year with all leading to death. Considering the increasing trend of animal bites and the number of animals and humans affected by rabies the responsible authorities including the National Veterinary Organization, Ministry of health, municipalities, Ministry of Interior and … must present effective and practical measures for vaccination of dogs, destruction of stray dogs and control and vaccination of susceptible wild animals to rabies and they should take the matter seriously to minimize this zoonotic disease and public health and economic problem.

Towelve calves of 4-10 months old with clinical signs suspected to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection were selected for this study. Histopathologic sections were performed on formalin fixed paraffin-embded ear notch biopsies, mounted on poly-L-lysine coated slides and stained for BVDV by Anti-BVDV monoclonal antibody labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Stained sections were examined by fluorescent microscopy for detection of green fluorescent evidence within the cytoplasm of keratinocytes, other dermal cells and chondrocytes. Detection of BVDV antigen in buffy coat cells was performed by using a commercially available antigen-capture ELISA kit, and RT-PCR, using a universal primers set, specific for all pestiviruses. Based on 11 positive cases detected by RT-PCR, immunofluorescent staining and antigen-capture ELISA could detect 8 cases (72.72%) and one case (9%) respectively. Results of this study suggest immunofluorescent test on ear notch biopsies has a relatively high sensitivity, and can be used as a reliable and feasible method for detection of calves with acute infection with BVDV.

A total of 400 bovine diarrhoeic fecal specimens were obtained and conventional microbial culture, immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR were simultaneously carried out on samples. For detection of Salmonella at genus level, inv-A universal primer was selected. In order to identifiing of Salmonella typhimurium, specific primers of Rfbj, Fljb and Flic related to gene sequence of O4, H2:1,2 and H1: i were used, respectively. Results showed, 33(8.5%)were culture positive for Salmonella serotypes. However, Salmonella typhimurium with(66.7%), Salmonella dublin(9.1%), Salmonella virchow(6.1%), Salmonella gloucester(6.1%), Salmonella enteritidis(3%), Salmonella georgia(3%), Salmonella augustenborg(3%)and Salmonella lindenburg(3%), were the most common isolated serovars, respectively. In the IMS+Multiplex PCR four amplified products(663,526,284 and 183 bp) were found in all specimens which had typhimurium serovar(1,4,5,12:i:1,2)from rfbj,fljb,inv-A and flic genes, respectively. Results showed that detection and identification of Salmonella typhimurium using specific primers of O4, H2:1,2 and H1: i antigens can be useful.

Gastric endoscopy was performed in 24 Arabian horses for the detection of gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcer was evident in 62/5% horses. Of which 73.33% of ulcers were in nonglandular region of the stomach and 26.67% were in the glandular region. There was a significant difference between glandular and nonglandular stomach regions with regard to ulcer (p