فهرست مطالب مسعود امینی

One of the main causes of death from cardiovascular diseases is obesity. Bariatric surgery is very common for the treatment of obesity. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between physical activity and selected food consumption patterns on the morphological and functional indicators of the heart in morbidly obese females after bariatric surgery.

 The present study was semi-experimental; So that the studied sample was 10 women with morbid obesity; who in 2021 intended to undergo bariatric surgery at Hafez Hospital and Shiraz Mother and Child Hospital. These people were included in the study in an accessible and purposeful way. Patients with mean ± standard deviation of age (34.58 ± 14.46 years), height (165.42 ± 9.876 cm), weight (pre-test: 112.58 ± 22.31 kg and post-test : 78.08±17.26 kg) and body mass index (pre-test: 40.9±5.59 and post-test: 28.47±5.44 kg/m2) were selected. Before and 12 weeks after bariatric surgery, some morphological and functional indicators of the heart were examined by echocardiography. The physical activity program based on the rules of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the diet plan based on the textbook of the Bariatric Surgery Society (ASMBS) for a period of 12 weeks were provided to the patients by the surgeon. Considering the normality of the data through the Shapiro-Wilk test, to determine the difference between the two pre-test-post-test times, using the t-paired test and to determine the degree of correlation using the Pearson correlation test, and in the section of non-parametric statistics (qualitative data) using Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation test were used. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the data, and after examining the results of the said test, the distribution of the data was not normal. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered.

 Between physical activity and selected food consumption pattern with the variables of interventricular wall thickness (r=0.825, p<0.05), posterior heart wall thickness (r=0.704, p<0.05), dimensions of the left atrium of the heart ( A significant negative correlation was seen with the level of physical activity along with diet.  Also, there was a significant decrease in the thickness of the wall between the two ventricles, the thickness of the posterior wall of the heart, and the diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in the post-test compared to the pre-test, and no significant difference was observed in the rest of the research variables between these times.

 Bariatric surgery with modification of diet and moderate-intensity physical activity based on ACSM can have a positive effect on some morphological and functional variables of the heart  and protect people from cardiovascular risks caused by obesity.

 

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sleeve-gastrectomy procedure on weight loss, glucose and insulin blood levels in overweight dogs.

In the current study, 5 overweight dogs (31.6±3.03kg) were selected for sleeve-gastrectomy procedure. Insulin and glucose levels were measured from the blood samples that were taken before the surgery and weekly 1.5 month post-operatively. The weight of the dogs was also measured at the same time. The surgery was performed according to the technique described by Gagner 2009, and the dogs received special diet during the recovery period to end of the study.

One dog died due to dehiscence and leakage 48 hours post-operatively. Decrease in mean weight was 6.25±0.44 in the first week after surgery and the weight loss process continued to end of the study. Changes in insulin and glucose blood levels demonstrated to have pulsatile patterns. Insulin levels decreased for the first week, but its level increased in the second week period. Again, insulin levels demonstrated to have decreasing pattern in the following 4 weeks. On the other hand, the glucose levels changed each week and did not show any certain pattern.

Post-operative weight loss was observed in all cases but it was not statistically significant. It could be due to limited number of the samples. The glucose and insulin changes were attributed to hormonal changes particularly gut hormones that were affected by sleeve-gastrectomy procedure but further detailed studies on hormonal effect are required.

In order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and the secondary factor was the size of corm (less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 g). The interaction effect of irrigation cycle and pistachio size on flower-related traits was insignificant and on female pistachio-related traits was significant. In mother corms less than 4 g and 4 to 8 g, irrigation cycle had no effect on the dry weight of daughter corms produced per square meter. Irrigation of mother corms 8 to 12 g and 12 to 18 g every two weeks, respectively, produced 3689 g and 4230 g of female corm per square meter, which increased by 7.5 and 9, respectively, compared to the four-week irrigation cycle. / 4% of this adjective. In mother corms less than 4 g, the two-week irrigation cycle increased the number of female corms per square by 7.5% compared to the four-week irrigation period and decreased the diameter of female corms by 9.5%, but in other sizes of mother corms There was no difference between irrigation cycles in terms of number of female corms per square meter and diameter of female corms.

In order to evaluate the efficiency of non-chemical and chemical methods and their simultaneous use to control of weeds (Echinochloa Crus-galli, Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis) in maize, a split plot experiment was conducted in the randomized complete block design in three replications and implemented at Varamin-Iran. The main factor (A) was non-chemical treatments consisted of three levels: AM: Irrigation before sowing (agronomic), AC: cultivator (mechanical) and A0 (without agronomic or mechanical operations). Sub-factor was (H) of chemical treatments include three levels of HFS (Foramsulfuron (at a rate of two liters per hectare, HNS (nicosulfuron at a rate of 1.5 liters per hectare), HA + G (atrazine and Gazaprim) and H0 (manual weeding by hand), respectively. The number of Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds (compared to the control) decreased by about 90% with the irrigation before sowing (Am) or cultivator (AC), and the increase in yield (compared to the control) was about 55-60%. While the non-chemical treatments (agro-mechanical) had no effect on reducing the number of Echinochloa Crus-galli weed. Nicosulfuron herbicide, similar to hand weeding (H0), controlled more than 90% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds, but only 70% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds. There was no significant difference in terms of corn grain yield (8000-8500 kg / ha) between hand weeding (H0) and nicosulforn herbicide (HNS) in plots in with agro-mechanical operations. However, in plots where agro-mechanical operations (A0) were not performed, hand weeding (H0) had 12.5% ​​higher corn grain yield compared to Nicosoluren herbicide application (HNS). Therefore, for Echinochloa Crus-galli, a combination of Irrigation-nicosulfuron and cultivator-nicosulfuron treatments is proposed.

Examining the course of changes in predictive indicators of future diabetes, such as blood sugar in high-risk individuals including pre-diabetic patients, can provide valuable information about the incidence of diabetes in these individuals. This study aimed to classify people at risk (pre-diabetes) based on the course of changes in their blood sugar and blood lipid and to investigate the incidence of diabetes in these classes on a sample of patients who were referred to the Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center of Isfahan.

This cohort study was performed based on the information of the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Plan (IDPs). This project was implemented from April 2004 to March 2018 in the clinics of the Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center of Isfahan. The subjects in this study include 1228 pre-diabetic patients who participated in this project. Demographic and clinical variables of patients including blood sugar and lipid-blood variables were obtained using a questionnaire and laboratory measurements. Also in this study, the number of clinical variables was recorded 3 times. Data analysis was performed using the latent class growth trees model in R software version v4. (R v4.1.0)

The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 44 (6.86) years. Subjects were classified into two classes of low-risk impaired blood sugar (n=1165) and high-risk impaired blood sugar (n=63) based on the trend of changes in blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels were reported in the first class (104.28) and the second class (132.41).

In the present study, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between the incidence of diabetes and the different classes formed based on the course of changes in blood sugar of at-risk individuals. Therefore, by classifying people at risk, the incidence of this disease can be predicted and thus prevented. Also,measures such as managing the blood sugar and lifestyle variables of pre-diabetic patients through nutrition counseling classes and regular periodic tests can be used to reduce the incidence of diabetes in the future is used in people with pre-diabetes who are at high risk for the disease.

Previous studies have not investigated the association of concomitant changes in obesity indicators with diabetes in prediabetic patients. This study aimed to identify the patterns of changes in the abdominal obesity indices over time in prediabetic patients and to predict high-risk individuals for the future risk of diabetes development.

This prospective 16-year cohort study was conducted among 1228 prediabetic individuals during 2003-2019. The subjects were followed-up over time, and changes in their abdominal obesity indices were evaluated. The hidden Markov model (LMM) was used for data analysis.

The LMM identified three hidden states, depending on changes in the abdominal obesity indices: low risk of diabetes development; moderate risk of diabetes development; and high risk of diabetes development (19%, 45%, and 36%, respectively). The probability of progression from moderate to low- and high-risk groups was 0.34 and 0.02, respectively, and the probability of staying in high- and moderate-risk groups was 0.98 and 0.78, respectively.

Based on our long-term evaluation of patterns of changes in the abdominal indices, we classified prediabetic individuals into high, moderate, and low risk groups of diabetes development in the future. Due to the low probability of transition from the high risk to the low risk group in prediabetic patients, it is necessary to consider weight control as an important preventive factor in diabetes progression.

The resin secretions of Cannabis sativa are called Hashish, which has medicinal and psychological properties. The most important psychoactive compound of this plant is THC (Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol), which can stimulate cannabinoid receptors in the body. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa on cell survival and osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. In this experimental study, mesenchymal stem cells derived from fat tissue of human abdominal were treated with 100 ng/ml concentration of hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR techniques were used for detection of cells. The cytotoxic effect of Cannabis sativa extract and osteoblastic differentiation of cells were investigated using MTT method and Alizarin-Red staining, respectively. The karyotype analysis was performed with the preparation of extended metaphase chromosomes. The identity of the fat mesenchymal stem cells was confirmed by the expression of non-hematopoietic mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD44 and CD73) and the lack of expression of the hematopoietic marker (CD34 and CD45). The Alizarin-Red showed that the treatment with Cannabis sativa has no effect on the osteoblastic differentiation of human fat mesenchymal stem cells, and the treated cells were differentiated into bone cells same as control group. Also, Cannabis sativa extract has no effect on the structure, morphological status and number of chromosomes of these cells. This study showed that human fat mesenchymal cells in the presence of a hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa maintain the ability of osteoblastic differentiation. Also, this extract has no effect on the chromosomal karyotype of the cells.

Millions of people consume psychoactives such as marijuana. Mesenchyme cells, which are derived from bone marrow stem cells, have multiple applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of marijuana on differentiation power of bone marrow stem cells of adult male rats in adipose tissues. In this experimental study, the bone marrow stem cells of adult male rats were segregated with flushing method. Then, their mesenchymal identity was confirmed with a morphological study, PCR-RT method, and surface markers of CD45 and CD34 along with the related genes of CD90 and CD73. For analyzing the viability and differentiation power of the cells in adipose tissues in terms of marijuana usage, cell samples were exposed to different dosages of marijuana, such as 30 and 6000 ng/ml and cell survival was evaluated by MTT.The adipogenic differentiation potential of the treated cells were analyzed based on oil red staining. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Schaffe tests. Findings:The results indicated that the extracted cells are non-adherent in flasks and, in moving from passage one to the next passage, their duplication speed increased. In passage three, they changed into fusiform cells. Based on RT-PCR, it was revealed that CD90 and CD73 were existent, but CD34 and CD45 are nonexistent. Marijuana treatment caused no change in the form of stem cells. 10days after exposure to adipogenic circumstances, in addition to increase of survival, their cytoplasm was repleted with adipose. The results of this study revealed that marijuana has positive effects on mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells in differentiating the adipocyte

Considering the high increase in individual's weight and its complications in different societies, as well as the progression of bariatric surgery techniques, psychological interventions are needed to reduce postoperative complications and to increase their positive outcomes for these patients. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of Information-Motivation-Behavioral (IMB) model on improving weight and body size in women undergoing bariatric surgery.
The design of present semi- experimental study was pre-test, post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all obese women that undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy surgery in Shiraz Ghadir Mother & Child Multi Super Specialty Hospital, during second half of 2016. The 30 of them were selected by using available sampling method and they randomly were assigned to 2 groups, experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). The Balance with ruler, Tape measure& demographic information questionnaire was used to collect data for each 2 groups in two steps (pre-test and post-test). IMB model was implemented for the experimental group in four weeks (each week a 1/5 hour session) in Hospital Obesity Clinic. SPSS19 software was used and data were analyzed by using MANCOVA method and the significance level was P The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that IMB model has had a significant effect on improving weight and body size in obese women undergoing bariatric surgery (p The results of this research showed that Information Motivation Behavioral model can be effective to improve weight and body size in women undergoing bariatric surgery.

The relationship between metabolic disorders and renal functions in kidney transplant recipients has been reported. Considering the identification of many advantages of regular physical activities in maintaining health, for chronic kidney patients, the researchers tried to study the effect of aerobic activities on renal function and metabolic syndrome in kidney transplant athletes.
Twenty female kidney transplant athletes were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups of experimental (mean of age =24.5±2.7 years, height=161±4.2 cm and weight= 57.9±1.8 kg) and control (mean of age =24.9±2.3 years, height=162±2.4 cm and weight= 59.5±4.02 kg). The experimental group carried out an exercise for eight weeks (three sessions per week). At the end of eighth week, the renal function was assessed based on glomerular filtration rate and metabolic syndrome indices. Paired-samples t-test was used to compare the data before and after physical exercise and independent-samples t-test was used to compare the two groups with the significance level of p The results indicated that physical exercise can be considered as a good way of changing glomerular filtration rate and controling fasting blood sugar in athletes undergoing kidney transplant.

WHO requires governments to train and utilize the services of non-physician personnel, especially nurses in managing chronic diseases including diabetes. This study aimed to develop a postgraduate diabetes nursing curriculum in line with the accountable education package.
This study was conducted in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2014 -15 based on Kern’s curriculum planning model steps in two stages: needs assessment (the first step of Kern’s curriculum planning) and curriculum development (the second to sixth steps of Kern’s curriculum planning). Needs assessment was performed using a modified Delphi technique and curriculum development was conducted in cooperation with curriculum specialists and faculty members in the field of diabetes teaching and treatment through holding multiple specialized panels and individual consultations in several stages. For data analysis, qualitative content analysis was used in the first Delphi round and descriptive statistics was used in the second and third rounds.
From the participants’ viewpoints, tasks and roles of diabetes nurse were classified into 6 categories, 9 subcategories and 81 tasks in domains of knowledge and awareness, education, caring and treatment, management and social accountability. Curriculum development for postgraduate diabetes nursing program was achieved according to the decisions of Supreme Council for Medical Education and Ministry of Health and Medical Education and postgraduate statute in four chapters including “curriculum general characteristics, curriculum detailed characteristics, courses characteristics and curriculum evaluation”.
The proposed curriculum was introduced to Specialized Council for Medical Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education for establishing a new academic major.

IntroductionSalvia leriifolia Benth. (Nowruzak) is a herbal plant from Lamiaceae family, which is exclusively native of Iran and Afghanistan. Existence of this species is reported in Khorasan and Semnan provinces of Iran. As extreme pressure of grazing and harvesting the nature has put this species at risk of extinction, and on the other hand this plant has numerous herbal values and its cultivation can produce the market needs as well as preserve it from extinction. Therefore its domestication is now a priority and optimized nutrition for cultivated plants is one of the important factors in quality and quantity enhancement of the product. The aim of this research was to study the effect of three main nutrient: nitrogen, Phosphor, and potassium (NPK) on growth of Nowruzak and measure its morphological reactions to these elements in the poor soil of its habitat.
Materials and methodsTo study the effect of different nutritious elements on quantitative properties of Nowruzak, a factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Gonabad in March 2014. In this experiment, nitrogen fertilizers in three levels (N1= control, N2=100 kg.ha-1 and N3=200 kg.ha-1 based on net nitrogen), Phosphor in three levels (0, 50 and100 kg.ha-1 based on P2O5) and potassium fertilizers in two levels (0- and 50 kg.ha-1 based on K2O) were applied of farm to specify the effect of each elements and their reactions on quantitative growth properties of Nowruzak.
Results and discussionResults show that the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on plant height, harvest index, cover crown diameter and number of fertile branches are significant at 1% level. In a way that levels of nitrogen fertilizer are placed in first, second and third group of Duncan multiple range test, respectively. The highest plant height with average of 41.97 cm is assigned to 200 kg net nitrogen . Moreover, application of 200 kg.ha-1 of net nitrogen led to highest cover crown diameter with average of 92.07 cm and led to increase the number of fertile branches with average of 31.75 per plant. The same trend as nitrogen observed for different levels of phosphorous. Application of 100 kg Phosphor resulted highest number of leaves with average of 140 leaf/plant. The highest plant height is also assigned to the group of 100 kg Phosphor fertilizer with average of 41.97 cm. Moreover application of this amount of fertilizer led to highest cover crown diameter (94.06 cm) which also resulted in increase of the number of fertile branches (average: 33.21 branches per plant).
The results of analysis of variance regarding potassium fertilizer show that its application has significant effect on all the measured parameters at 1% level. Application of 50 kg of potassium fertilizer, in comparison with no application, results in increase of the number of leaves (average: 122 per plant), plant height (average: 37.06 cm), cover crown diameter (average 78.13 cm) and the number of fertile branches (average 26.55). The obtained results show that Bajestan ecotype of Nowruzak showed an acceptable adaptability to fertilizer application in Gonabad city which indicated the poorness of the soil.
ConclusionAs chemical fertilizers are among the main factors of soil fertilization, Nowruzak medicinal plant showed a normal response to highest amount of applied fertilizers, therefore it is justified to apply chemical fertilizers in cultivation of this plant in the field to increase the plant size which is the economically valuable trait

this study was aimed at investigating of the neuropsychological performance (memory and concentration) in patients with diabetes type 2. Diabetes Disease has an influence on the Cognitive performance of these patients. The investigation of this affect and the methods of prevention can be valueable to improve the health of elderly people of society. This study was in a series of Discriptive-Analytic and in the group of causal-Comparitive (Ex post Facto) reasearchs. The Statistical society involved all of the patients with Diabtes type 2 that going to center of researchs of glands and metabolism Sedighe Tahere and and all of the personals of the laboratories in Isfahan province in summer 1392. In the form of simple randomly sampling vicinity, a group involved patients with Diabetes type 2 (n=30) had been selected and became similar with the healthy cases(n=31) with regard to age, sex and education. Have been used The Wechsler memory scale and Stroop test. T-TEST and Pierson Corrolation by the help of software spss-19 were used to analyze the data. findings shows that the patients of Diabetes type 2 are different in terms of attention and Concentration (the spent time in Stroop test and executed more omission errors) with healthy cases, also these two groups have significant difference in logical Memory. Other findings shown that there is not any singnificant difference between Blood Sugar and Memory. It can be said that physical diseases can affect the development of disorder in neuropsychological performances of the patients. Diabetes disease can disturb memory and concentration system in the patients. They lose their cogniyive ability on longtime.

No study has yet been conducted evaluate the factors influencing the growth of patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH), in Iran. The high prevalence of this disease in Iran, particularly in Isfahan, made it necessary to investigate biomedical diagnostic and early treatment factors potentially affecting growth status among patients with CH. In this prospective cohort study, 760 CH neonates (born 2002-2010), diagnosed and followed up (minimum 1, maximum 5 years) during the CH screening program in Isfahan were enrolled. Height, weight and head circumferences of the patients, during follow up and in subsequent periods, were measured. Diagnostic and therapeutic factors included serum T4 and TSH concentration at diagnosis and after treatment initiation, age at onset of therapy, initial dosage of levothyroxine and age at first normalization of T4 and TSH. Quantile regression for longitudinal data was used for investigating the effects of main factors determining growth development. R free software was used for analyzing data. Longitudinal growth in height and weight was significantly correlated with age at onset of therapy and initial dosage of treatment (p<0.01), while head circumference was associated only with initial dosage (P<0.05). Increase in weight and head circumference were affected by serum TSH concentration at diagnosis (p<0.05), and age of T4 normalization also had significant impact, on some of the proposed quantiles, i.e. weight (p<0.05), height (p<0.01) and head circumference (p<0.001). Among the factors studied, initial dosage of treatment and age at onset of therapy seem to be more important factors for growth development, suggesting that more optimal outcomes are possible through earlier treatment and appropriate levothyroxine dosage.

Repeated events in cohort studies can be terminated by loss to follow-up, end-of-study, or a major failure event such as death or stable disease. In this regard, the major failure event can be correlated with recurrent events, thus the usual assumption (no-informative censoring of the recurrent event process by death) required by most statistical analyses, can be violated. Joint modeling as an appropriate way of analysis for this kind of data, can investigating two processes, simultaneously and leads to unbiased and efficient parameter estimations. In the present study, joint frailty model with maximum penalized likelihood method is introduced and used for analyzing real clinical data of cohort study was included first-degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetes patients who attending to Isfahan endocrine and metabolism research center. The R-software (version 2.15.2) was used to fit the models. The hazard ratios adjusted by energy intake showed that pre-diabetes recurrent rate is 3.48 times higher in Individual with carbohydrate greater than 65 percent energy intake, than Individual with lower than 40 percent energy intake. The hazards for terminal events as diabetes adjusted by energy intake indicated that the rate of diabetes 0.19 times higher in individual with protein 12-15 percent energy intake than individuals with protein lower than 12 percent energy intake and 0.19 times higher in individuals with protein greater than 15 percent energy intake than individual with protein lower than 12 percent energy intake. Adjusting life style through the nutritional status and anthropometric measure adjustments can effect on the prevalence of diabetes between FDRs who have genetics risk factors.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which its subsequent complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, ulcers, disability, and amputation increase the burden of the disease. Patient-knowledge-improving programs are employed to prevent disease progression and to improve the patients’ quality of life. In this way, we need to characterize the groups of patients with urgent need for more and rich in content programs. In the present study, we used Piecewise regression to evaluate the trends in diabetic nephropathy prevalence among patients registered in Sedigheh-Tahereh Research Center and also identify patients needing more attention. This retrospective study was conducted on 1935 registered patients in the center during 1992-2010.Piecewise regression was fitted using Joinpoint program 3.5.3 to identify change points. The results showed an upward trend with 2 change points in females (p-value= 0.06). There was 1 change point with an increased trend in recent years in elderly patients, older than 70 years (p-value=0.038).The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was in rise without any change point among patients with academic education. In addition, patients with family history of diabetes showed the decreased trend with 2 change points (p-value= 0.040). Hypertensive patients experienced a fall in the trend up to 1997 and then this reminded stable. Evaluating of a disease trend and its complications can lead to developing new theory and innovation. However, this is suggested to conduct further studies to exploring other subgroups and discovering the reasons for increased trend of disease in some subgroups.

We consider Gabor systems generated by a Gaussian function and prove certain classical results of Paley and Wiener on nonharmonic Fourier series of complex exponentials for the Gabor expansion. In particular، we prove a version of Plancherel-Po lya theorem for entire functions with finite order of growth and use the Hadamard factorization theorem to study regularity، exactness and deficiency of Gabor systems.

Significant changes in thyroid hormones occur during the first weeks after birth. We assessed the degree of changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and total thyroxin (T4) concentrations in neonates screened seven days after the first high serum TSH levels، just before starting treatment. This prospective study was carried out on newborns referred for their high TSH concentrations on heel blood spot in hypothyroidism screening tests (5-20 miu/ml)، between December 2009 and December 2010. First، serum TSH and T4 were assessed by radioimmunoassay. One week later، in neonates with the first serum TSH≥10، serum TSH and T4 were rechecked before starting treatment. Any definite decision to continue treatment was based on the second test results. The results showed a significant decrease in serum TSH level after one week (p<0. 01). Serum T4 level increased significantly in neonates with the first serum TSH≥40 (p<0. 05)، while no significant difference was observed in other infants with the first serum TSH<40. Incidence rate of Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) reduced from 1/329 to 1/851، during the study. It may be appropriate to repeat serum T4 and TSH concentrations after 2 and 4 weeks in neonates with normal serum T4 but elevated TSH. In the case of persistent TSH elevation، the infant should be treated as this can prevent unnecessary treatments، family stress and iatrogenic hyperthyroidism in these patients.

Obesity and Diabetes are two metabolic diseases that are dependent on genetic and various environmental factors. Today، obesity and type 2 diabetes cannot just be attributed to genome changes، bad eating habits، or physical activity reduction. Gut microflora is another effective factor that has an important role in health. Recently، numerous experiments have been done to investigate the relation between metabolic diseases and bacterial populations in the gut. The purpose of this study is to assess the bifidobacteria of the intestinal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes and compare with healthy persons. In this study، 40 male and female adults، 20 of whom were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes، were studied. For this study، age، gender، and body-mass index (BMI) are matched in diabetic and healthy persons. After fecal sample collection from diabetic and healthy persons، and extraction of DNA from samples، culture and extraction of DNA from standard bifidobacteria were done as a positive control. After that، cloning in PTZ57 R/T plasmid and extraction cloning plasmid was done. For quantitative investigation of bifidobacteria، Real-time PCR molecular technique was done by using special primer of bifidobacterium and standard curve. To study the number of bifidobacteria in people with type 2 diabetes and compare with healthy persons، statistical analysis was done. Average number of bacteria in people with type 2 diabetes is more than in healthy persons، but Student’s independent t-test) P = 0. 09) and Mann-Whitney test (P = 0. 1) indicate that there are no meaningful differences between them. Quantitative calculation with Real-time PCR indicates that the number of bifidobacteria is not effective in Iranian type 2 diabetes patients.

Self-management education is the key component of diabetes care. Furthermore، high levels of patient non-compliance or non-adherence to the treatment regimen suggest that patient education for self-management is faced with some shortcomings. This study aimed to identify barriers to effective diabetes self-management education. This is a traditional review of published studies during 1990-2010 on barriers to diabetes self-management and control. Electronic search through Iranian and international databases was done. Barriers to effective diabetes self-management education were put in two main categories including patient-related barriers and caregiver-related barriers. The most common patient-related barriers are demographic barriers (such as age، sex، education، and health literacy)، financial problems، lack of attention to the disease، psychological problems، and insufficient knowledge. Patient-caregiver relationship، inadequate knowledge، and high workload were caregiver-related barriers. The results of this review introduced a variety of factors that can affect the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education. Patients and caregivers are facing serious challenges due to these barriers. Understanding and attemping to overcome these barriers may help us to empower patients to achieve self-management.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for diabetes، pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with type 2 diabetes. In a cross-sectional study between 2003 and 2005، 3228 of first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes (841 men and 2387 women) from Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center outpatient clinics، Iran، were examined. All subjects underwent a standard 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)، impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes were diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association and metabolic syndrome، according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program adult treatment panel (NCEP-ATP III). The Prevalence of metabolic syndrome، type 2 diabetes، IGT and IFG were 35. 8، 10. 3، 19. 5، and 17. 3 percent، respectively. IGT (OR: 0. 66; 95% CI: 0. 51-0. 87) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0. 72; 95% CI: 0. 61-0. 85) were more common among women، whereas IFG (OR: 1. 41; 95% CI: 1. 10-1. 80) was higher in men. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and obesity or abdominal obesity were significantly associated with diabetes، IGT and IFG. IGT، IFG and lower HDL were associated with metabolic syndrome. First-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of IGT، type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This risk increases with age and obesity. These findings may provide evidence for necessity of screening program in identifying a special subset of the population at particular risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is high in Isfahan (Iran). Considering the high rate of parental consanguinity and the role of dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene in transient and permanent CH due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis، the aim of this research was to investigate the R434X mutation in DUOX2 gene in patients with transient and permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis. In this descriptive prospective study، patients diagnosed with transient and permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis (n = 25 and 33، respectively) during CH screening program were selected. Moreover، 30 children were included as the control group. Venous blood samples were obtained to determine the frequency of R434X mutation in DUOX2 gene using real time polymerase chain reaction based on high-resolution melting analysis by specific primers and sequencing method. We did not find any case of the mentioned R434X mutation in DUOX2 gene. Further studies using other methods and on other gene mutations such as pendrin، sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroglobulin are required for more accurate results.

Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide with many subsequent medical complications. An important complication of diabetes is microalbuminuria which is an important indication for development of diabetic nephropathy. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes has been estimated to be 47%. Since the disorder initiates with microalbuminuria, early detection and prevention are of vital importance. Helicobacter pylori infection is more prevalent in diabetic patients due to their low immune tolerance. The cagA positive genotype is reported to be effective in microalbuminuria development in type 2 diabetic patients. In this study, we investigated the relation of H. pylori cagA virulence factor with microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This study included 88 patients with type 2 diabetes. Microalbuminuria was present in 60 subjects and absent in the other 28. Stool samples were collected from all patients and DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. In order to detect H. pylori infection, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed and all H. pylori positive samples were genotyped for cagA positivity.

Overall, 16 patients (18.2%) were detected to be H. pylori positive out of whom 12 had microalbuminuria (75%) and 4 (25%) did not. CagA positivity was detected in 3 subjects who belonged to the group with microalbuminuria.

In the population studied and the sample size used, no correlation was found between cagA gene and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF2) or forkhead box E1 (FOXE1) is a polyalanine domain protein with an important role in the morphogenesis and development of thyroid gland. Mutations of TTF2 gene have been identified in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis. In this study, the mutations of TTF2 gene were studied among these patients. In this study, the entire TTF2 gene of 50 neonates with congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid dysgenesis who referred to Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center (Isfahan, Iran) was studied by direct DNA sequencing. The mutations were assessed after amplification of TTF2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Mutations of each exon of TTF2 gene were evaluated by the adjacent primers of the whole encoding region. We did not find any mutation in TTF2 gene. There was a serotonin polymorphism among 74% of studied patients. The length of TTF2 polyalanine tract was 14 amino acids in most patients. The findings of this study indicated the possible correlation between TTF2 polyalanine tract length polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to thyroid dysgenesis among patients with congenital hypothyroidism.