abbas ali gaeini

Rosa damascena (Damask rose) has long been esteemed in traditional medicine for its neurocalming, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Recent scientific interest highlights its potential to address exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress by modulating the neuroimmune axis. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical, clinical, and ethnobotanical evidence regarding R. damascena’s effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and post-exercise recovery. It aims to elucidate mechanistic pathways, assess translational applications, and propose evidence-based strategies for incorporation into sports medicine and athlete recovery protocols. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across biomedical databases up to May 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, and human research examining the physiological effects of R. damascena or its constituents in the context of neuropsychology, inflammation, oxidative damage, and exercise recovery. R. damascena exhibits multi-modal effects, including down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuation of oxidative biomarkers, enhancement of parasympathetic activity, and modulation of serotonergic and GABAergic systems. Evidence supports its role in improving sleep quality, mood regulation, and cognitive function factors critical to athlete performance and resilience. Both preclinical and early-phase human studies indicate potential benefits in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), accelerating recovery, and supporting autonomic balance. A translational framework is proposed to guide future applications and clinical trials. With its unique blend of neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and adaptogenic properties, R. damascena presents a promising phytotherapeutic agent for exercise recovery. Bridging ancient medical traditions and modern sports science, it warrants further interdisciplinary investigation to validate its efficacy, determine optimal formulations, and ensure safety in diverse athletic populations.

 The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of an association between resistance training and Spirulina supplementation on metabolic and inflammatory profile in older individuals.

This study is based on searching the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. The eligible criteria were RCT studies, which assessed the effects of resistance training and Spirulina in combination on glycemia, lipid profiles, blood pressure (BP) and inflammatory factors in older subjects.

The outcomes revealed that Spirulina with resistance training resulted in significant decrease of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile (LDL and Triglyceride) and inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6). Moreover, this intervention also conferred benefits in terms of reducing blood pressure and enhancing quality of life in older adults. Such effects may be attributed to the regulation of biological pathways, such as increased insulin sensitivity, decline in oxidative stress and attenuation of inflammatory responses by both Spirulina supplementation and resistance training.

Resistance training combined with Spirulina supplementation appears to be an effective non-pharmacological intervention in promoting metabolic health and ameliorating inflammation in older adults. Further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up would be needed to assess the sustainability of these effects.

Type 3 diabetes is a model of cerebral diabetes that results in insulin resistance in the brain due to reduced insulin delivery to nerve cells, which is associated with an increase in Alzheimer's pathological symptoms and impaired cognitive function. p53 protein in the apoptosis pathway and SIRT1 in the upstream pathway of p53 have a protective role in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Also, activity in an enriched environment is an effective way to prevent and treat diseases, so the aim of this study was the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of SIRT1 and p53 proteins in the hippocampus of type 3 diabetic rats. 20 Wistar rats were divided into 4 healthy control, sham,diabetes 3 and diabetes3+voluntary exercise in enriched cage. type3 diabetic was induced by intraventricular injection of Streptozocin and the model was tested with a behavioral test. The voluntary exercise protocol in the enriched cage was implemented 5 days a week for eight weeks.After the program, the behavioral test was conducted again.Tukey was analyzed (P<0.05). The results showed that voluntary exercise in the rich environment led to a significant decrease in p53 protein and a significant increase in SIRT1 in the hippocampal tissue (P<0.05). Also voluntary exercise group had better cognitive performance in behavioral test.According to the results, it seems that voluntary exercise in a rich environment has been effective in improving cognitive function and reducing pathological symptoms in type 3 diabetic rats by changing expression of SIRT1 and p53 proteins.

Elite soccer players face significant physical pressures during training and competition to achieve their optimal performance level. These pressures consist of internal and external loads, each of which can contribute to injuries and a decrease in the athlete's performance. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the possibility of predicting injuries in elite football players associated with internal and external training loads and competition.

This study is a prospective, descriptive cohort study. Data related to 41 players active in the Iranian Premier League in the 1400-1401 season were gathered in a targeted and accessible manner. Data on internal load were collected using the perceived pressure scale, and data on external load were collected by registering GPS data. Logistic regression was used to predict the occurrence of injuries using statistical methods.

The results showed that the variables of maximum speed, total distance, duration, acceleration zone 3, deceleration in zone 1, and work rate intervals can predict injury (p<0.05). However, variables such as average speed, deceleration in zone 3, repeated sprints, sprint maximum acceleration, and RPE cannot predict injury (p>0.05).

According to the results, it can be concluded that predicting injuries in football players should not rely on a single factor. Instead, various aspects of injury occurrences should be considered, such as maximum speed, total distance, acceleration increase and decrease, and workload volume during training and competition.

Following our previous studies on the anti-obesity and cardioprotective effects of 17-beta estradiol (E2), this study was designed to determine the effects of Resisted swimming (RSW) training and E2 (alone and in combination) on cardiometabolic risk factors in an obese postmenopausal rat model. Female ovariectomized rats (OVX) were given a standard diet (SD) or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks and were divided into two groups:  SD and HFD. The rats were divided into ten groups to assess the effects of 8 weeks of E2 (1 mg/kg, IP) administration and RSW (5 days a week) on cardiometabolic risk factors. Parameters including body weight, BMI, visceral fat, blood glucose (BG), and cardiac oxidative stress were assessed 72 hr after the last swimming session. HFD increased body weight, BMI, visceral fat, and BG levels in OVX rats. Additionally, it negatively affected the lipid profile and cardiac oxidative stress, but both E2 and RSW reduced these parameters in HFD-fed OVX rats. Although RSW and E2 equally prevented these changes, swimming was more effective than estrogen in increasing HDL levels in the SD group. The combination of E2 and RSW had a more significant effect on modulating glucose, TAC, TG, and HDL indices than the individual treatments.   Overall, RSW ameliorates cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal conditions caused by obesity, probably by modulating cardiac oxidative stress. It is also an effective non-pharmacological treatment for E2 substitution.

IL-1β and β-catenin are key regulators of cardiac myocyte inflammation and function. This experimental study examined the combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these inflammatory markers in cardiac tissue of middle-aged male Wistar rats. Twenty-two 12-month-old rats (250-300g) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) control, 2) vitamin D alone (500 IU/kg via gavage 3×/week), 3) HIIT alone (4 days/week for 3 weeks), and 4) HIIT+vitamin D. Cardiac tissue analysis revealed that the combined intervention significantly decreased IL-1β gene expression while increasing β-catenin levels (p<0.05). Additionally, maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) significantly improved in the combined treatment group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that concurrent vitamin D supplementation and HIIT may reduce cardiac inflammation through IL-1β suppression while promoting beneficial cardiac remodeling via β-catenin upregulation, potentially enhancing cardiovascular stability and function.

The increase of diabetes in the world and the positive results of excercise and physical activity on the factors related to this disease have been considered. Resistin is a factor secreted from adipose tissue that is related to type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effect of aerobic exercises on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics.

The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic review of English and Farsi articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Sid and Magiran databases was conducted until September 2024. Mean difference and 95 درصد confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the (I2) test, and publication bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. A total of 14 studies with (15 interventions) and 456 type 2 diabetic subjects were meta-analyzed.

The results showed that aerobic training caused a significant decrease in resistin [SMD=-1.087 (-0.059 to -2.114), P=0.038] and insulin resistance [SMD=-0.875 (-0.282 to -1.467), P=0.004] compared to the control group in type 2 diabetics.

The results showed that aerobic exercises in type 2 diabetics who are overweight and obese cause a decrease in resistin and insulin resistance in a way that causes a decrease in their weight and body fat percentage. Therefore, aerobic exercises can be suggested to these people as a practical and non-pharmacological solution to reduce type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity cause sexual dysfunction in men by reducing vascular function and erectile dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and interactive effect of 12 weeks of combined training and saffron supplementation on serum levels of nitric oxide and erectile function in obese men with type 2 diabetes. In this quasi-experimental study, 60 obese men with type 2 diabetes (age: 39.51±5.02) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) combined training 2) saffron 3) combined training + saffron 4) control. The subjects of the first and third groups performed a combined training protocol (resistance + aerobics) for 12 weeks. Also, the subjects of the second and third groups received one pill of 100 mg of saffron daily and the first group received the same amount of placebo. Blood samples and related questionnaire were collected in two stages of pre-and post-test to measure the biochemical values and erectile function. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of less than 0.05.5).

As survival rates among breast cancer patients improve, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of long-term morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal survivors. This epidemiological transition from oncologic risk to cardiometabolic vulnerability reveals a critical yet underexplored dimension of survivorship care. Structured exercise training represents a promising intervention, and this narrative review-grounded in a systematic literature search investigates the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training modalities on cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. The review synthesizes evidence across physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and implementation challenges to provide a comprehensive perspective on exercise oncology in this underserved population.

A systematic search of reputable international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar as well as Persian databases SID and Magiran was conducted to identify relevant human studies, clinical trials, and randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 and April 2025. Screening, selection, and synthesis of the studies were performed in Iran between October 2024 and January 2025.

Accumulating evidence supports that structured exercise especially combined aerobic and resistance training exerts substantial cardioprotective effects through multiple mechanisms, including reductions in systemic inflammation, improvements in body composition, regulation of blood pressure, enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness, and improved left ventricular function. Combined interventions consistently outperformed single-modality programs, underscoring the importance of integrative approaches in oncologic rehabilitation. Despite this promise, persistent barriers such as limited access to trained personnel, lack of individualized protocols, and weak institutional support impede translation into routine practice. Notably, few existing reviews have bridged mechanistic, clinical, and operational domains in this population, highlighting a significant gap in the literature.

Exercise training is not merely an adjunct to care it is a clinically potent, physiologically grounded, and policy-relevant strategy for mitigating cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Given the increasing burden of CVD in this group, integrating personalized, evidence-based exercise into oncologic care pathways is both urgent and essential for advancing survivorship standards and informing future clinical guidelines.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major public concern and one of the primary types of dementia characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline. Although the properties of exercise training and cannabidiol (CBD) treatments for improving AD have recently been revealed, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study highlights the interactive impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and CBD administration on improving cognitive impairment in a rat model of amyloid beta (Aꞵ)-induced AD through modulating the expression of apolipoprotein E (APOE), presenilin-1, and glutamate proteins. 

After acclimatization, the animals were randomly assigned into seven subgroups: control (CNT), Sham, Alzheimer (AL), Alzheimer + HIIT (AL + HIIT), Alzheimer + cannabidiol (AL + CBD), Alzheimer + CBD + HIIT (AL + CBD + HIIT), and model (sacrificed ten days after surgery to confirm the induction of AD) groups. To induce AD, rats received an intrahippocampal injection of Aꞵ. The animals in exercise groups performed the HIIT protocol, and the rats in CBD groups were administered 20 mg/kg CBD suspended in sesame oil for six weeks. Following the experimental protocol, serum and hippocampus tissue were collected for histopathological and western blot analysis. 

Our findings indicated that both HIIT and CBD treatments were efficacious in ameliorating Aꞵ deposition and modulating biomarkers of AD, including APOE, presenilin-1, and glutamate. However, the interactive effect of HIIT and CBD supplementation was more effective. 

Our findings demonstrated the positive therapeutic effect of HIIT and CBD interventions, particularly HIIT combined with CBD, on alleviating AD.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. It is classified into five types (from type 0 to 4) based on the age of onset of symptoms and maximum motor function. This autosomal recessive mutation results in progressive weakness and atrophy of the proximal muscles. Due to the high cost of treatment, the critical timing of intervention, and the varied responses of patients, many individuals do not sufficiently benefit from current therapeutic methods. This study evaluates the impact of resistance training on the quality of life and fatigue in patients with SMA type III, considering the potential benefits of such training.

The present study was developmental and semi-experimental. Fourteen ambulatory patients with SMA type III were randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The exercise group engaged in lower limb resistance training at an intensity of 6 to 8 on an adult resistance exercise scale for 10 weeks (25 sessions). During this period, the control group maintained their usual daily activities. Patients in the exercise group did not engage in any exercise activity other than the protocol of the present study. Patients' quality of life was measured with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, and fatigue severity was measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), both evaluated pre- and post-intervention. The assessments and exercises were conducted in the occupational therapy department of Shariati Hospital, Tehran, from July 2023 to September 2023.

Analysis of the results showed significant improvements (P<0.05) in the exercise group compared to the control group in the subscales of physical functioning and fatigue within the quality of life assessment. Additionally, notable differences were found between the groups on the fatigue intensity scale. However, No significant difference was observed in the patients' Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements.

Progressive resistance training of the lower limbs enhances the quality of life and reduces fatigue in patients with SMA type III.

Childhood obesity has become one of the most pressing health concerns in both developed and developing countries, often influenced by parental overweight or obesity status. Addressing this epidemic requires multifaceted interventions, including physical activity and nutritional control. Among these, aerobic exercise stands out as an important and effective method to combat obesity. Aerobic activities encompass all forms of physical movement—such as play, work, and exercise—that primarily rely on the aerobic energy system. Play, in particular, is an inseparable and natural part of children’s lives, so much so that its presence is often taken for granted. Beyond childhood, play continues to have a significant impact on adults by alleviating fatigue caused by daily routines and work. For children, play is as vital as breathing and is considered essential for healthy growth and development. This study aims to investigate which training method—traditional aerobic exercise or game-based activities grounded in aerobic principles—is more effective in improving the lipid profile of overweight children.

The research was conducted as an applied, semi-experimental study using a pre-test/post-test design with a control group. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to assess the normality of data distribution. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to compare mean values across groups, while paired t-tests evaluated pre-test and post-test differences within groups.The statistical sample comprised 15 overweight male students from Tehran province, with an average age of 9.53 ± 0.92 years, average height of 137 ± 8.37 cm, weight of 48.6 ± 6.37 kg, and body mass index (BMI) of 25.9 ± 1.10 kg/m². Participants were selected through voluntary and purposive sampling based oninclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned into three groups of five individuals each: a control group, an aerobic exercise group, and a sports game group based on aerobic exercise principles.Both the aerobic exercise group and the game-based group participated in three weekly sessions, with each session covering approximately 2000 meters per participant. The intensity of the aerobic training and the game-based activities was monitored using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, which ranges from 6 (very light activity) to 20 (maximum exertion). Participants self-reported exertion levels, which ranged from 12 to 16, indicating moderate to vigorous intensity.Blood samples were collected from all participants after a 12-hour fast prior to the first training session and again 24 hours after the final session (following 12 total sessions) to evaluate changes in lipid profiles.

The study’s results revealed significant intra-group changes in lipid profiles from pre-test to post-test. Specifically, there was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (p < 0.05). Both traditional aerobic exercise and game-based aerobic activities induced meaningful improvements in the lipid profiles of overweight male children over the four-week intervention period.Comparative analysis showed that reductions in cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as increases in HDL, were more pronounced in the traditional aerobic exercise group compared to the game-based group. Conversely, the game-based group experienced a greater reduction in LDL levels than the traditional exercise group.Given that play is widely recognized as an effective strategy to combat childhood obesity—and considering that obese children are two to three times more likely to become obese adults compared to their non-obese peers—these findings support the integration of sports games into children’s daily lives. Such integration not only helps prevent obesity, hypertension, and other complications associated with physical inactivity in adulthood but also provides numerous benefits during childhood, including enhanced physical health, improved mental well-being, increased self-esteem, and the fulfillment of essential developmental needs.It is important to emphasize that play should not be viewed solely through a physiological lens focused on fat reduction. Swiss psychologist Karl Groos posited that children’s play serves as preparation for the challenges of adult life, ensuring that the seriousness of future responsibilities does not overwhelm them prematurely. Thus, engaging children in various forms of play is critical for their present and future health.

Aerobic physical activities utilize fats as a primary energy source, leading to the reduction of excess body fat and weight. Continued participation in aerobic exercises gradually improves cardiovascular and respiratory system efficiency. Research consistently shows that aerobic exercise induces beneficial changes in lipid profiles, even among individuals with initially normal lipid levels, including reductions in triglycerides and increases in HDL levels. It is well established that regular physical activity reduces triglycerides, LDL, and cholesterol while increasing HDL, thereby contributing to improved cardiovascular health.The present study confirms that both traditional aerobic exercises and game-based aerobic activities effectively improve the lipid profiles of overweight children. However, considering the holistic developmental advantages of play, game-based aerobic training emerges as a sustainable, engaging, and child-appropriate method for addressing childhood obesity and promoting overall health and well-being.

Due to the increasing development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the heart is one of the most important tissues that are damaged by this disease. Also, long-term oxidative stress in the heart tissue causes changes in the expression of various genes, including mitochondrial biogenesis genes. The effect of exercise in different phases of the circadian cycle on the protection of heart tissue in diabetes is unknown. The aim of this study was the effect of endurance training in the light and dark phase on some indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. In this study, 30 NMRI mice with an average age of 8 to 10 weeks were randomly divided into 6 groups: dark phase healthy control, light phase healthy control, dark phase diabetic control, light phase diabetic control, dark phase diabetic exercise, and exercise. Diabetics were placed in the light phase. Then they became diabetic by feeding with high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The endurance training protocol (Vmax 50-60%) was 5 days a week for 8 weeks. After anesthesia, blood and heart tissue were removed. The data were evaluated by ANOVA method at a significance level of p < 0.05. 8 weeks of endurance training significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, Atf2, AMPK genes (P˂ 0.05) in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. The changes in the two phases of light and darkness in different groups did not show any significant difference (P˂ 0.05). Endurance training can lead to better performance by increasing the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in the heart tissue of subjects with diabetes. Endurance activity in two phases of light and dark has no significant difference in the desired factors and more research is needed.

Alzheimer’s is a neuroendocrine disease related to insulin signaling, due to the association of Alzheimer’s disease with the reduction of insulin production and resistance, the term type III or cerebral diabetes has become popular in this regard. Accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs increase the accumulation of amyloid oligomers in the brain causing neurotoxicity. The beneficial effect of physical activity on the brain has been established, but the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment had been less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of 8 weeks of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of AGEs protein, Amyloid beta, and cell death rate in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats with type III diabetes.

Methods and Materials: 

Twenty 10-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups including healthy control, sham, type III diabetes, and type III diabetes group+ voluntary exercise in an enriched environment. The intervention group trained in the cage two hours a day for eight weeks. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Voluntary exercise in the enriched environment caused a significant decrease in AGEs protein expression and amyloid beta accumulation in the hippocampus (p=0.0001). Also, the rate of cell death in the voluntary exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the control of diabetes type III (p=0.0001).

It seems that the activity in the enriched environment probably changes of AGEs and Amyloid beta by improving insulin resistance and increasing insulin production, and has favorable effects in reducing the signs of dead cells and improving cognitive function in type III diabetes.

In middle-aged women, the postmenopausal period is associated with increased oxidative, inflammatory, and psychological stress. We intend to investigate the effect of home-based aerobic exercise (HAE) on serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-C) and the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in leukocytes of postmenopausal women.

A total of 20 sedentary postmenopausal women who had at least 12 months passed since their last menstruation participated in the study voluntarily. Their Mean±SD age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were respectively 52.4±3.8 years, 161.4±3.7 cm, 74.4±6.8 kg, and 28.6±3.4 kg/m2. They were randomly divided into two groups: Home-based aerobic exercise (HAE, n=10) and inactive control (CON, n=10). HAE group undertook 4 weeks of home-based aerobic exercise (4 d/wk, intensity: 70%-80% maximal heart rate) with online supervision. Participants’ weight and fasting blood samples (12-h fasting state) were measured and taken before and 48 hours after the intervention. TERT expression in blood leukocytes and serum levels of 8-OHDG were assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using mixed (2×2) repeated measure ANOVA and independent samples t-test in SPSS software. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered for all tests.

The findings showed that 4 weeks of HAE increased TERT expression significantly compared to the CON (ES=0.40, P<0.05). Although 8-OHDG serum level in the HAE group increased following training compared to pre-training (P<0.05), no significant difference was observed between the CON and HAE groups (P>0.05). Also, the interaction effect on 8-OHDG was not significant (ES=0.11, P>0.05). In addition, after 4 weeks of HAE, body weight and BMI significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control (P<0.05).

According to these findings, HEA effectively reduces telomere erosion and improves weight control in postmenopausal women.

The present study aimed to assess and compare the effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on oxidative stress-related markers in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle in healthy male rats.

Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 50-70 days, were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control group (CON), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). After determining the maximum speed of VO2max, the training program of HIIT (six 2-min periods with 85%-90% VO2max and five 2-min with 50%-60% VO2max intensity) and MICT (same distance of running as HIIT with 70% VO2max intensity) groups were performed for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention session, the animals were anesthetized, and their heart tissue was removed and stored at -80°C. Then, the expression rates of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were measured by real-time PCR, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in left ventricular tissue of heart was measured by colorimetry method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis at the significance level of P<0.05.

There were significant differences between the groups’ expression rates of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD (P<0.05). The expression rates of AMPK and PGC-1α were higher in the MICT group than in the CON group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between HIIT and MICT groups regarding AMPK and PGC-1α (P>0.05). SOD expression was significantly higher in the HIIT group than CON and MICT groups (P<0.05). SOD expression was also higher in the MICT group compared to the CON group (P<0.05). MDA concentration was not significantly different between the studied groups (P>0.05).

HIIT and MICT induce positive adaptations in the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD in the heart tissue of healthy male rats. However, HIIT stimulates SOD gene expression more than MICT.

Both exercise and vitamin D can affect oxidative stress indicators. However, their interaction at the level of kidney tissue has been less investigated. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic training on oxidative stress markers in the kidney tissue of middle-aged male rats.

To conduct this study, 20 Wistar male rats )14–12 months and 350–400 grams (were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), aerobic training (EXE), vitamin D (VD), and aerobic training + vitamin D (EXE + VD). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic training (5 days/week). The VD and EXE + VD groups received vitamin D (500 units/kg) daily. Olive oil was also used as a placebo, and 48 hours after the last intervention session, animal tissues were removed. The gene expression of oxidative stress biomarkers, including catalase (CAT), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and xanthine oxidase (XO) was measured by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance test at the significance level of P < 0.05.

The results showed that the EXE + VD increased the gene expression of Mn-SOD, CAT, and GPx (P < 0.05) and decreased the expression of XO (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VD alone had no effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes or XO (P > 0.05). Moreover, EXE increased CAT and Mn-SOD expression compared to the CON (P < 0.05) and decreased XO expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, CAT values in EXE were significantly higher than those in VD (P < 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it seems that the VD + EXE can increase antioxidant defense and reduce oxidative stress in kidney tissue.

Atherosclerosis is a mechanism of cardiovascular disease which characterized by endothelial dysfunction related with flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of this study was investigation of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma levels of vaspin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and relation with FMD in T2D. 48 patients with T2D were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT (n= 16), MICT (n= 16) and control (n=16). The HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals at 85-90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 2 min at 55-60% HRmax. The MICT group intervention was performed on ergometer cycle for 42 min of exercise at 70% HRmax for 3 sessions per week during 12. The blood sample was collected 48-h before and 48-h after last sessions of exercise training. The vaspin was measured by ELISA, and NOx messured by Griess assay. FMD was assessed by ultrasound in baseline and follow-up 12- weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed- liner ANOVA with SPPS version 18. The results showed that plasma levels of vaspin and NOx and FMD percent after 12-weeks intervention (HIIT and MICT) were significantly increased compared to control group. There is no significantly different between HIIT and MICT in plasma levels of vaspin. While, there are significantly increased in plasma levels of NOx and FMD percent between HIIT and MICT (P< 0.05). Additionally, result indicated that there is a positive correlation with vaspin and NOx with FMD in HIIT group (P= 0.001) and vaspin (p=0.037) and NOx (P=0.026) in MICT group (P= 0.037). It seems that intensity via increase of vaspin and NOx plasma levels led to improves of FMD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aerobic exercises expand the capillary network in the heart and skeletal muscle, but its shape and type remain unknown; thereforeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin (ES) in male rats with coronary artery disease. The experimental subjects were 30 healthy male Wistar rats that 2-month olds who were divided into 3 groups included discontinuous aerobic exercise group with coronary artery disease, control group with coronary artery disease and healthy control group. After rupturing 20 of the rats by isoproterenol, 10 rats in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on treadmill, and both the control group with coronary artery disease (n = 10) and healthy control group (n = 10) did noting.72 hours after the last training session, serum VEGF and ES indices were measured and one-way ANOVA with scheffe posthoc tests was used to compare the mean of variables among the studied groups. The results showed that discontinuous aerobic exercise could increase the blood VEGF in rats with coronary artery disease (p=0.01), while there was no difference in the level of endostatin in experimental group compared with control groups (p>0.05).

Health-related physical fitness is one of the important issues in exercise physiology that is related to people's physical health and disease prevention. The purpose of this study was to developing and updating the physical fitness norm for women aged 18-60 years old of Tehran city. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 365 women aged 18-60 years old with a mean age of 33.04 ± 9.57 years, height 163.09 ± 6.05 cm, weight 67.17± 11.57 kg from different regions of Tehran were recruited by cluster and random sampling. In this study, body mass index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (caliper), cardio-respiratory fitness (Rockport 1mile walking/Running), Flexibility (sit & Reach), endurance of abdominal muscles (curl up), Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (modified push up) and strength of hands (hand grip) measured in subjects. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and point percentages were used to construction of norms. The findings of this study showed that the mean cardio respiratory fitness (38.46 ± 7.78 ml / kg.min-1), body fat percentage (38.85± 6.65), BMI (25.40± 4.20 kg/m2) Flexibility (31.50± 8.10 cm), Endurance of abdominal muscles (37.36 ± 14.74), WHR (0.84 ± 0.50), WC (78.65 ± 10.70cm) Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (18.90 ± 11.94), strength of hand muscles (23.32 ± 4.88 kg).

The decrease of GLT-1 is associated with the activation and increased expression of the glutamate receptor subunit, NR1, which causes neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) by increasing basal cell activity. This study aimed to compare the effect of four weeks of swimming and living in an enriched environment on GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS, a marker of neuronal activity, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study of MS.

forty female C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: EAE, control, swimming exercise, and enriched environment. The healthy control group received a saline injection, other groups were induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55). After the induction of EAE, the swimming group performed swimming for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for four weeks, and the environmental enrichment group lived in an enriched environment for four weeks. On day 30 post-induction, the mice were sacrificed, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry.

The findings showed that living in an enriched environment and swimming exercise both significantly increased GLT-1 levels and significantly decreased NR1 and c-FOS levels compared to the EAE group. Although, living in an enriched environment compared to swimming exercise, showed that the first was a more effective method.

Exercise, in addition to reducing disease severity, can reduce pain sensitivity in the EAE mice and increase their quality of life by increasing GLT-1, and decreasing NR1 and c-FOS in the spinal dorsal horn.

The present study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin D and calcium, and High-Intensity Circuit Training (HICT) on BDNF and fat percentage of overweight elderly.

Thirty-two healthy older women were randomly divided into four Training + Supplementation, Training + Placebo, Supplementation, and Control groups. The training protocol performed three sessions per week for eight weeks. The Supplementation groups consumed 1,000 mg of calcium-effervescent tablet daily and 50,000 IU of vitamin D per week.

The results showed that the body fat percentage in the Training + Supplementation group decreased significantly compared with Supplementation (p = 0.001), Control (p = 0.001), and Training + Placebo (p = 0.045) groups. Moreover, the fat percentage in the Training + Placebo group decreased significantly compared with the Control group (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the Training + Placebo and Supplementation groups in body fat percentage. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in fat percentage in the Supplementation group compared with the Control group (p = 0.047). BDNF in the Training + Supplementation group had a significant increase compared with the Supplementation (p = 0.002) and Control (p = 0.001) groups but had no significant difference compared with the Training + Placebo (p = 0.085) group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in BDNF in the Training + Placebo group compared with Control (p = 0.003) and Supplementation (p = 0.01) groups. In contrast, no significant difference was observed between Supplementation and Control (p = 0.985) groups.  

Overall, the interaction of training and supplementation showed a significant decrease in the body fat percentage and a significant increase in BDNF in overweight elderly.

Exercise training and vitamin D supplementation play an important role in cardiovascular health. However, the effects of combining these two strategies and their molecular role in cardiac adaptations are less known. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercise on oxidative stress markers and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) levels in the myocardial tissue of middle-aged male rats.

Forty male rats (12-14 months, 350-400 g) after two weeks of familiarization and maximal aerobic speed test, were randomly divided into four groups: control (Con), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D (Vit-D) and aerobic exercise + vitamin D (AT+Vit_D) were divided. The training consisted of eight weeks of incremental training (5 days per week). Vit_D and AT+Vit-D groups received 500 units of vitamin D along with 0.3 ml of olive oil (kg/body weight). Olive oil was also used as a placebo. 48 hours after the last intervention session, the heart tissue of the animals was removed. The activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SIRT-1 protein were measured. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test at P < 0.05 level.

The findings showed that the SIRT-1 was significantly higher in the AT than in the Con group (P < 0.05). Also, the MDA levels in the AT were lower than in the Con group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in MDA and SIRT-1 among other groups (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the ‌ GPx, SOD and H2O2 between the groups (P > 0.05).

In general, the findings of the present study showed that regular aerobic exercise is beneficial for reducing oxidative damage to the heart tissue in middle age. Also, aerobic training in middle age leads to an increase in SIRT-1 protein. Considering the important role of SIRT-1 in preventing heart diseases and strengthening the antioxidant defense system, aerobic exercise seems to be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular diseases associated with aging. In addition, the findings of the present study showed that vitamin D supplementation along with aerobic exercise does not produce synergistic effects in improving oxidative stress markers or SIRT-1. However, due to the small amount of studies in this regard and also some limitations of the current research, it is suggested to conduct more studies in this regard.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Pdis and QTdis are simple and useful electrocardiographic markers that may be used in the prediction of the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in PCOS patients. The main purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MICT) on Pdis and QTdis as biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

30 females with PCOS aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly dividedinto an eight- week MICT anda control group. The MICT program included eight weekly sessions (three sessions a week). Electrocardiography was performed the day before the intervenion, and 48 hours after the last exercise session. A cardiologist evaluated all parameter measurementsst. Statistical analysis was conductedby tes t-test using SPSS software (version 23). P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After the eight- week intervention, a significant reduction in QTdis, QTcdis, weight, and BMI was observed in the MICT group (p˂0.01) but not in the control group (P>0.05). Regarding Pdis, no significant changewas observed before and after intervention in both groups (P>0.05).

These findings demonstrated that eight weeks of MICT in PCOS patients could be prescribed to prevent adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

The aim of the present study is to compare two types of aerobic exercise on stem cell mobilization, WBC, and admission durationbefore autologous transplantation. Cancer is a malignancythat causes an uncontrollable growth in the cellreplication. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is required for the treatment of many malignant and non- malignant blood diseases. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patients' hematopoietic cells are removed and replaced with stem cells. The success of the transplantation depends largely on the amountof stem cells. The higher the number of cells, the sooner recovery happens.

In a quasi- experimental applied study, 60 patients in the age range of 22-69 years admitted to Taleghani Hospital were randomly selected and assigned into 3 groups of 20 members (continuous aerobic, discontinuous aerobic, and control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 7 consecutive days of mobilization period including walking on a treadmill (according to the patient's ability) continuously and discontinuously for 30 minutes in the morning and afternoon, taking into account the perceived effort. Blood samples were taken in the mornings before and after mobilization, and the CD34-MNC and WBC levels were counted as absolute. Days of admission were counted after discharge. Chi-square test, analysis of covariance (ANCOA), and multiple comparison test were used for statistical analysis. The p-value of 0 ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Moderate- intensity continuous and discontinuous aerobic activity increases the number of CD34- MNC and WBC countin all 3 groups and decreases the days of admission in the continuous group. . Moreover,the amount of CD34 and MNC cells in the continuous aerobic activity group was significantly higher than in the discontinuous aerobic activity group. (This case has been published in an article in English that is mentioned in the references). However, WBC count was not significantly different between the continuous and discontinuous groups. Finally, the days of admission in continous group were less than the discontinuos group (P≤0.05).

Moderate- intensity continuous and discontinuous aerobic exercise significantly increases hematopoietic stem cells. The admission period in thecontinous group was less than the discontinuos group. However, the increasing rate of cell count and the decreasing rate of admission period in the continuous group were higher than the discontinuous group. Due to the role of these cells in the transplantation our findings could contribute to a higher rate of success.