aliasghar chalmeh

Transition period begins from 3 weeks before and proceeds until 3 weeks after parturition, and dairy cows suffer from negative energy balance in this period. Metabolic syndrome generally occurs during transition period in dairy cows and it is related to several physiologic and pathologic processes. Insulin resistance is one of the consequences of this condition that characterized by a decrease in the entry of glucose into the cell. Researchers have suggested various approaches to resolve insulin resistance such as using dietary and parenteral supplements; and the present paper discusses about some of them.

Equine metabolic syndrome is an endocrinopathy that affects different breeds of horses and ponies. This metabolic disorder is a multifactorial syndrome and it is primarily linked to obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.

The present study was performed to evaluate insulin resistance in Darehshori horses with regards to age, sex, season and obesity.

Twelve adult stallions and 14 non-pregnant Darehshori breed mares were selected between January and November 2015. Fourteen horses were under and others were above 10 years old. Body condition scores of the animals were estimated based on Hennekes’ 1 to 9 scoring system, thus, 1 is poor and 9 is extremely fat horse. Body condition score of 12 horses was under 5 and the others above 5. The horses were studied during a period of one year, every 45 days and blood sampling and body condition scoring were performed at each time. Insulin resistance was assessed based on screening test. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and leptin were determined.

This study comprehensively used multiple detailed parameters to scan thoroughly the concept of insulin resistance in Darehshori horses on a long term basis. The levels of insulin, glucose and leptin in aged and obese stallions in warmer months were significantly higher than the others and reference range (P<0.05), hence, insulin resistance was detected in these groups of studied animals.

These findings represented insulin resistance phenomenon in a specific breed in Iran. The physiologic characteristics of this breed may be different from other ones and the conditions in Iran such as climate are different from other countries. Hence, it should be considered that Darehshori horses have unique characteristics compared with other breeds. The study may be used as a guideline for evaluating the insulin resistance in Darehshori horses.

Soil and plant contamination in copper exposure causes chronic copper poisoning (CCP) in animals following the consumption of plants in these soils. The present study was carried out on 10 clinically affected copper poisoned cases (in each season) from autumn 2015 to the end of summer 2016, in four seasons in Kerman province to evaluate the seasonal effects of CCP in sheep. All samples were taken from clinically affected cases of copper poisoning that were then necropsied and the poisoning was confirmed by pathognomic pathological findings and serum copper concentration. Samples from liver, lung, kidney, heart and spleen were collected immediately after death and their copper concentration was measured. The highest levels of copper in lung, heart, spleen and kidney were observed in the summer. Liver had the highest amounts of copper in spring and the levels of copper in wool and serum were detected in winter. The copper levels of liver and kidney were positively correlated in autumn, but the copper levels in these tissues were negatively correlated in both spring and winter. Severity of the copper toxicity (judged by the liver copper concentration) is season-dependent in sheep and seasonal variations affect this toxicity. Environmental climate and stressors may be the main causes of copper contents of different tissues and the liver is the main organ to reserve copper in poisoned sheep.

Different breeds of horses have distinct and specific metabolic profiles which reflect the health status of horses. The present study was performed to determine the circulating metabolic biomarkers and their correlations in Darehshori horses. Blood samples were taken from 56 Darehshori horses (5 to 7 years old). They were divided into 2 groups containing 26 non-pregnant and non-lactating mares and 30 stallions. Sera were separated and assayed for glucose, insulin, beta-hydroxybutiric acid, non-esterified fatty acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low density lipoproteins. Serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutiric acid in stallions was significantly higher than in mares. The remaining metabolic biomarkers showed no significant differences between the two studied groups. There were negative and non- significant correlations between insulin and glucose in both sexes. Insulin was negatively correlated with cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low density lipoproteins in studied groups. The negative relationships were seen among glucose and cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low density lipoproteins in mares and stallions. In both groups, non-esterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutiric acid were negatively correlated with serum lipid profile. The results of the present study provided a general pattern for normal values of metabolic profile biomarkers in non-pregnant mares and stallions of Darehshori horses. These values also help veterinarians to diagnose metabolic abnormalities of this breed. However, season, age, management, nutritional and different physiological states may alter the values of these biomarkers and in interpreting the changes, these conditions should be considered

Primary chronic forms of copper poisoning have been reported to occur in goats around the copper industries in Kerman province. The survey was carried out from autumn 2015 to the end of summer 2016, in Kerman province, Iran. Based on clinical signs, confirmed by necropsy and copper concentration of serum and different tissues, ten live chronic copper poisoned (CCP) goats were used in the study in each season. Blood samples were then taken. Samples from hair, liver, lung, kidney, heart and spleen were collected and copper was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery. The highest levels of copper in lung, heart, liver, kidney and hair were observed in winter. Spleen had the highest concentration of copper in the summer. The lowest concentration of copper in serum, kidney, liver, heart, lung and hair was detected in spring. The lowest level of copper in the spleen was seen in winter. In spring, copper contents of liver had significant and positive relationships with copper level of lung, heart and spleen (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between various tissues in different seasons. The highest and lowest serum concentration of molybdenum was observed in spring and winter, respectively (p<0.05). Serum ceruluplasmin significantly decreased in all seasons (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current research showed that the level of copper in CCP goats is season-dependent. Significant correlations were also observed between different tissues in certain seasons in CCP goats. Ceruloplasmin decreased in CCP goats as a result of liver damage.

Information regarding metabolic profile in different physiological periods of ewes can assist veterinarians to monitor the herd health and productive performance. Furthermore, the relationships among the metabolic parameters can be used to detect the effect of each parameter on another one. Five clinically healthy adult Ghezel ewes were selected at 4 weeks before parturition and evaluated at 4 and 2 weeks before, 2 and 4 weeks and 2, 3 and 4 months after parturition. Blood samplings were performed from each animal at the above mentioned periods, in the meantime, serum concentrations of glucose, BHBA, NEFA, cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, insulin, T3, T4, prolactin, cortisol and IGF-1 were measured in all specimens. In all studied periods, glucose was negatively correlated with Insulin, BHBA, and NEFA. The positive significant correlation was detected between glucose and cortisol. BHBA had a positive and significant correlation with NEFA in all ewes. BHBA and NEFA were significantly correlated, negatively and positively, with insulin and cortisol, respectively. Cortisol had both significant and positive relationships with TG, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. Insulin had significant negative and positive correlations with cortisol and both IGF-1 and prolactin, respectively.  Moreover, there was a negative significant correlation between cortisol, IGF-1 and prolactin in all ewes. Significant positively relationship was detected between IGF-1, and prolactin at all groups. T3 and T4 were significantly positive related together. Information regarding the correlations among circulating metabolic parameters can be used to estimate the changing patterns of each metabolic parameter via evaluating the others.

Glucocorticoids have been used in large animal medicine for treating several disorders. But besides their therapeutic advantages, they have different side effects. Metabolic disturbances may be considered important following the administration of glucocorticoids because of their disadvantage in large animal medicine. Ten clinically healthy Holstein calves (6-8 months old) were assigned into 2 equal groups. Dexamethasone and isoflupredone were administered in each group separately at 1 mg/kg, on two consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at days 0 (1st drug administration), 1 (2nd drug administration), 2, 3, 5 and 7, from all studied animals. Glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acid, cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low density lipoprotein concentrations were detected in separated sera. All studied metabolic biomarkers significantly increased after both drugs administrations (P

In order to evaluate the effects of intravenous polymyxin B on clinical signs, serum haptoglobin and glucose concentrations’ following experimental endotoxemia in sheep the present study was performed. 20 clinically healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep were randomly divided to 4 equal groups containing ploymyxin B 6000 and 12000 U/kg, positive and negative controls. Endotoxemia was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 at 0.5 µg/kg, intravenously. Blood sampling and clinical evaluation were performed prior and 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 24 and 48 hours after endotoxemia induction. Polymyxin B in both treatment groups was intravenously infused along with 2.5 liter of dextrose 5% plus to sodium chloride 0.45% at 20 mL/kgBW/hour. Positive control group received endotoxin and 2.5 liter intravenous fluids, subsequently, and fluid therapy was only performed in negative control one. Serum glucose and haptoglubin were assessed and haptoglubin in polymyxin B received groups was significantly lower than positive control one from hour 3 to 48 after endotoxemia induction (P

Dairy cows undergo physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation and cardiovascular system may alter during these periods.
Understanding the physiological effects of production periods of dairy cows on heart electrical activities can aid to better monitoring the cardiovascular system in these animals.
Five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were studied from their early lactation to close-up dry periods. Electrocardiogram recordings and blood samplings were performed from each cow at their different productive states. Sera were separated and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated in all specimens.
There were no significant changing patterns in P, Q, S and T amplitude from early lactation to close-up dry periods (P>0.05); However, the R amplitude was significantly increased from early to late lactation and then decreased to close-up dry period, subsequently (P0.05) but RR interval in dry periods was significantly longer than lactating ones. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased significantly from lactating cows to non-lactating ones (P The heart electrical activities of dairy cows at each production period were different from another one. The differences among serum electrolyte levels may affect the electrocardiographic findings at each production period which may alter the production and conduction of cardiac electrical impulses. Furthermore, the cardiac activities in different production periods could have a significant impact on the levels of circulating cardiac enzymes.

Glucocorticoids are the steroidal drugs which are very widely used in large animal medicine. These agents have advantages in large animals but they have been also associated with many potential adverse effects especially at high doses or prolonged use.
The present experimental study was designed to clarify the effects of dexamethasone (DEXA) and isoflupredone (ISO), as the most common glucocorticoids in large animal medicine, on bovine thyroid hormones.
Ten clinically healthy Holstein calves (6-8 months old) were assigned into 2 equal groups. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and isoflupredone (1 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly in DEXA and ISO groups, respectively, for two consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at days 0 (before the 1st dose), 1 (before the 2nd dose), 2, 3, 5 and 7, from all studied animals and serum concentrations of T3, T4, fT3 and fT4 were determined in all specimens.
Levels of T3 and T4 were decreased significantly after both drugs administrations. The concentrations of T3 and T4 in Iso group were significantly lower than DEXA one (P Pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and isoflupredone have suppressive actions on the circulating levels of thyroid hormones in Holstein calves possibly via inhibition of TSH production at hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid level.

Information regarding the metabolic hormones in different metabolic states of high producing dairy cows can aid high producing herds to manage and resolve the metabolic and production problems. Furthermore, it can be considered as a tool to evaluate metabolic status of dairy cows. Herd managers can also evaluate the energy input-output relationships by assessing the metabolic profile to prevent and control negative energy balance, metabolic disorders and nutritional insufficiencies.
The present study was performed to clarify the metabolic hormone profile in each metabolic state of high producing Holstein dairy cows. The results of this research can reveal the normal metabolic state of these animals.
25 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided to 5 equal groups containing early, mid and late lactations, far-off and close-up dry periods. Blood samples were collected from all cows and sera were analyzed for concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4), cortisol and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
Serum T3 concentration in early lactation group was significantly higher than other ones (p Metabolic hormones change in different metabolic states of high producing Holstein dairy cows. The presented metabolic hormone profile can be considered as criteria to monitor the metabolic status of dairy cows at different metabolic states.

Glucocorticoids have several benefits in large animal medicine but apart from their benefits, there are several disadvantages attributed to the use of these drugs. Among the disadvantages, disturbance in protein metabolism is one of the side effects of glucocorticoids which has been investigated in human and laboratory animals. There are no information regarding the effects of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism in large animals. Hence, the present experimental study was performed to evaluate the protein metabolism following glucocorticoids administration in Holstein calves. Ten clinically healthy Holstein calves (6 to 8 months old) were assigned into 2 equal groups (n=5), containing Dexa and Iso. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, intramuscularly) and isoflupredone(1 mg/kg, intramuscularly) were administered in Dexa and Iso groups, respectively, on two consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at days 0 (1st drug administration), 1 (2nd drug dministration), 2, 3, 5 and 7, from all studied animals. Sera were assayed for total protein, albumin, globulin, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. Serum amyloid A and haptoglobinexperience significant increase after administration of both drugs. Isoflupredone induced the synthesis of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin more than dexamethasone (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin experienced significant decrease after infusion of dexamethasone and isoflupredone (p<0.05). Circulating levels of these proteins in Iso group were lower than Dexa one, significantly. Isoflupredone and dexamethasone can induce the protein catabolism. Furthermore, the concentrations of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, as oxidative stress biomarkers, increased following both drugs administrations due to their oxidation effects on proteins. Finally, the effects of isoflupredone on the metabolism of proteins are significantly higher than dexamethasone in Holstein calves.

Metabolic profiles have been used in efforts to predict pre parturient problems and fertility, to diagnose metabolic diseases, and to assess nutritional status in dairy cows. These profiles may help to confirm the diagnosis of sub clinical diseases, to be aware of possible causes of infertility in the herds, or to monitor improvement in herd animals. This study investigated changes in the metabolic profile of high producing Holstein dairy cows from early lactation to close-up dry periods. The results of the current research can provide useful guidelines for management strategies during different physiological phases of high producing Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-five multiparous high producing Holstein dairy cows were selected from a high producing industrial dairy farm. Cattle were divided into 5 equal groups of early, mid and late lactation and far-off and close-up dry cows. Blood samples were collected from all cows and sera were separated to evaluate glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high, low and very low density lipoproteins (HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol). The highest levels of insulin were detected in mid lactation and close-up dry periods. The changing patterns of BHBA and NEFA were significant and the highest levels of these biomarkers were detected in the early lactation group. The decreasing pattern of BHBA and NEFA were seen from early lactation to far-off dry cows. Significant elevations were seen in these biomarkers from far-off to close-up dry cows. The results of the present study show that metabolic biomarkers change in high producing Holstein dairy cows, under different physiological states. These changes are induced commonly by negative energy balance, lactogenesis and fetal growth in each state.

The acute phase response is beneficial to the animal in restoring homeostasis, and measuring the circulating acute phase proteins, cytokines, and enzymes can be used to evaluate the innate immune system's responses to invader agents such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Measurement of these parameters has shown to be useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers in animal endotoxemia.

The aim of the present experimental study was expression of the acute phase response following the induction of endotoxemia by Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 in sheep and the relationships among the acute phase response parameters during endotoxemia and their changing patterns.

Five clinically healthy 1-year-old Iranian fattailed ewes (25±1.5 kg, bodyweight) were randomly selected and lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 was infused at 20 μg/kg intravenously to each animal. Fluid therapy was performed in all ewes over 120 minutes after lipopolysaccharide injection and continued for 180 minutes. Blood samples were collected from all ewes prior and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection and sera were separated. Serum concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were assayed.

The rapid and significant elevation of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma were seen after endotoxemia induction. Serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased after intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion. The results of the present experimental study showed that haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma at all hours studied after endotoxemia induction were positively correlated together. These parameters were negatively correlated with superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase at all hours after lipopolysaccharide infusion.

The results of the present experiment can provide evidence for associations among acute phase proteins, cytokines, and enzymes and their changes during endotoxemia in sheep.

Analyzing the synovial fluid is one of the common methods to diagnose the articular problems to detect the stage and express the prognosis. Such gross، cytological، and biochemical analysis of synovial fluids can aid in the diagnosis of various joint diseases. Normal values for synovial fluid in the camels have been described previously; however، there are no reports regarding concentr-ation of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in camelids synovial fluid. Hence، the present study tried to compare the synovial fluid inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in clinically healthy and arthritic tarsal joints of dromedary camels. 46 male dromedary camels، 5 to 10 years old، were used in this study. 33 camels did not have any clinical articular abnormalities while 13 camels had gross articular problems such as lameness and swollen tarsal joints. Collecting the synovial fluids was extracted from the healthy and arthritic tarsal joints immediately after slaughter. Then، the concentration of haptoglobin، serum amyloid A، tumor necrosis factor-alpha، and interferon-gamma were measured in samples. Concentration of all measured parameters in arthritic joints were significantly higher than clinically healthy joints (p<0. 05). The synovial fluid concentration of serum amyloid A، haptoglobin، tumor necrosis factor-alpha، and interferon-gamma were 5. 379، 4. 285، 25. 503، and 1. 904 times higher in arthritic joints than normal joints، respectively. The articular inflammatory processes can increase the synovial fluid concentration of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Information about the normal values of these parameters and their changing patterns may help camel rearing systems during arthrititis by assessing the health status of joints in the camels; in addition، the information about normal values can be diagnostically valuable when considering diseased animals.

Information regarding serum biochemical profile can reflect cardiovascular performance in animals. Although studies have evaluated the inter-relationship among cardiovascular biomarkers in animals and human beings, there are no reports of such a probable relationship in camelids. The aim of the present study was to provide data on the correlations among cardiovascular biomarkers in different ages of clinically healthy male dromedary camels to provide a basis for assessing cardiac muscle healthiness in this species. Thirty clinically healthy dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) were selected and divided into four age groups including 1-3 (n=7), 4-6 (n=7), 7-9 (n=8), and above 10 (n=8) years old. Blood samples were collected and sera were separated. Serum concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-myocardial specific isoenzymes (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were evaluated. The results of the present study showed that there were significant correlations among cTnI and CK-MB (r=-0.853; p=0.015) and Hcy (r=0.916; p=0.004) in the 4 to 6-years-old group of clinically healthy male dromedary camels. LDH was significantly correlated with CK-MB in the 7 to 9-year-old group (r=-0.710; p=0.045). There were no significant correlations among different factors of 1-3 and above 10-year-old groups (p>0.05). The data provided here is the first report on cardiac health assessment parameters in dromedary camels. Moreover, the data is valuable in camel racing clubs, when an overall cardiac health and fitness is to be assessed. The correlation reported here might also be helpful for easier analysis of cardiac health status in dromedary camels. The data may be useful for assessing suspected cases of myocardial diseases and its changes maybe of prognostic value.