jalil babapour

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of debriefing intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic childbirth.

This was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 70 postpartum women who experienced traumatic childbirth and referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran. The participants were assigned into two groups of counselling and control (n=35 per group) using block randomization. The intervention group joined a counselling session with critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) approach 3-5 days after childbirth. Post-traumatic Stress Checklist (PCL-5) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were completed by the subjects before the intervention session, and 4-6 weeks after childbirth. ANCOVA was used for data analysis.

The mean score of PTSD symptoms showed significant decrease in the intervention group compared to the control group (adjusted mean difference [AMD] =-5.72, 95% CI: -10.47 to -0.96, P=0.01).

It is recommended to compare the effectiveness of structured and unstructured debriefing in future studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the self-silencing model in reducing depression and increasing self-expression of depressed women. The self-silencing model is influenced by cognitive, attachment, and gestalt theories, and the role of social and cultural factors is emphasized in it, and these factors lead to depression in women by creating obstacles in expressing their wishes, opinions, and desires.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and with random replacement. In this study, using the study of treatment protocols, as well as receiving guidance from the theorists of this model and their colleagues, intervention programs based on it were prepared. The sample of this study included 30 femle teachers from 20 to 40 years old with bachelor's degrees who had depressive symptoms based on the results of The Beck questionnaire and clinical interview. Thus, the research sample included the self-silencing group and the control group, which were obtained from each pre-test and post-test group using the self-expression questionnaire and The Beck questionnaire. Between pre-test and post-test, experimental group received an intervention program. Finally, the scores obtained from pre-test and post-test were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software.

The results of data analysis showed that the intervention based on self-silencing is effective in reducing the depression of the experimental group. Likewise, this intervention method increased self-expression in the experimental group. No significant change was observed in the control group.

According to the findings of this research, it can be said that using the self-silencing model can be an efficient method in reducing women's depression symptoms and increasing self-expression in them.

Psychotherapists can use the self-silencing model as one of the effective methods to reduce the symptoms of depression.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive Training (CT) and Mind- Body Therapy (MBT) on different types of attention in children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. 30 children were selected with aged 7-12 years who were diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder according to DSM-5 criteria from counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tabriz in 2019- 2020, and were randomly divided into two experimental groups. Demographic information questionnaire, Raven IQ test for children, CSI-4, IVA test, Captain’s Log cognitive training program, and Mind-Body Therapy training package were the tools of this study.IVA test was performed as a pre-test after sample selection and random placement of individuals in experimental groups. Each group received intervention methods separately and then performed a post-test (IVA) to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention methods. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of statistical analysis showed that the two educational-therapeutic methods have different and significant effects on the improvement of different types of attention (except alternating attention) because the calculated F (7.37) is significant at the level of P≥ 0/05. Analyzes showed that the difference between the two educational-therapeutic methods is able to explain 76% of the variance of the dependent variable (E2 = 0.76) with full power (0.99).

The aim of this study was to predict the aggression of police command staff based on job stress and executive functions. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all employees of the East Azarbaijan police command staff. According to the status of staff in the organization and the coronary pandemic limitations, 210 employees of the provincial police command were selected by available sampling method. Then, by referring to the police centers and police stations of the province, the relevant questionnaires were provided to the staff. After explaining how to answer, the staff completed the questionnaires . SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of research data.The results showed that there is a significant relationship between job stress and executive functions with the aggression of East Azerbaijan police command staff and these variables can significantly predict the aggression of East Azerbaijan police command staff.

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction and marital dissatisfaction is higher in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in the general population. However, the correlation between sexual dysfunction and marital dissatisfaction in diabetic women is debated. The present study investigated the correlation between sexual dysfunction and sexual dissatisfaction in diabetic women.

In this cross-sectional study, 126 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, referring to Sanandaj Diabetes Center, Sanandaj, Iran, were compared to 126 randomly selected non-diabetic women referring to Health Centers of Sanandaj, Iran. Women’s sexual function was appraised through the female sexual function index (FSFI), and their marital satisfaction was compared using ENRICH (Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness) Marital Satisfaction Scale.

There was a positive significant relationship between sexual function and marital satisfaction ( P < 0.01, r = 0.675) in diabetic women. In other words, marital satisfaction improved sexual function increases.

Marital satisfaction in diabetic women with sexual dysfunction is more unfavorable than in healthy women. Therefore, maximum attention should be paid to the role of sexual dysfunction in the marital relationship of people with diabetes mellitus.

growing studies indicates the role of emotional regulation on functional- physical disorders then addressing therapeutic intervention focused on this structure has great importance on the severity of clinical symptoms and negative emotional schemes of the patients.

The current study aims to determine the efficacy of treatment based on Emotional Schema Therapy of patients with functional neurological symptom disorder.

A non-congruent multiple baseline experimental single case studies was used as the method of this study. For this purpose, three women with functional neurological symptom disorder referred to the neurologist were selected through structured diagnostic interview and clinical interviews using purposive sampling. Structured clinical interview (SCID-5-RV), demographic characteristics interview, symptoms of somatic symptom disorders’ screening scale (SOMS-7), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) and EST treatment guide were used as research tools.

Obtained results were addressed suing, visual inspection, Reliable & change index (RCI), improvement percentage formula, significant clinical improvement and operational assessment.

Results obtained from the study indicated that emotional schema therapy with amending emotional structural processes and improvement of non-adaptive strategies of people against emotions leads to decrease in the severity of clinical symptoms and negative emotional schemes in patients with functional neurological symptom disorder.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders among men and women, which is associated with cognitive, emotional, behavioral and physiologic symptoms. This disorder is relatively chronic and a significant percentage of people who suffer from this disorder experience frequent recurrence. Research about the impact of lifestyle on both the physical and mental illnesses, particularly chronic illnesses, has been considered in the contemporary age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle training on cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms in people who suffer from major depression. In order to this, an experimental and single case study with multiple baselines with three patients with major depressive disorder who were selected by using purposive method was implemented. The sample of study was chosen from people with major depression who refer to the counseling and psychological services centers in Tehran. Visuals inspection, improvement percentage and effect size showed that lifestyle training is clinically efficient on the reduction of cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms in people who suffer from depression. Lifestyle training has appropriate efficacy in the reduction of cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of compassion - focused therapy (CFT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on state - trait anxiety symptoms and impulsiveness in patients with coronary artery disease.

This research was a quasi - experimental research method, with pre - test, post - test, and follow - up with a control group. The study population in this study is cardiac patients of Tabriz Madani Hospital. The sample consisted of 60 patients with cardiovascular disease who were selected by voluntary and purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups self - compassion (20 patients), DBT (20), and control group (20). Data were collected using the Bart impulsivity scale (Bart, 1994) and state - t rait anxiety log (Spielberger et al., 1970) and analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance using SPSS software (version 22).

The results showed that the mean of state - trait anxiety symptoms group (p<0.01, F (df=2) =10.17, Eta= 0.26) and i mpulsivity (p<0.01, F (df=2) =11.81, Eta= 0.28) in the DBT group at the end of post - test was lower than CFT and the control group. In other words, DBT had the highest effect on state - trait anxiety symptoms and impulsivity (p<0.01).

It can be c oncluded that DBT has a greater effect on state anxiety and impulsivity than CFT and both treatments can be used to improve psychological problems in patients with coronary heart disease.

One of the components affected by coronary heart disease is trait anxiety. State anxiety is associated with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system and is also dependent on specific situations. In contrast, trait anxiety is a stable personality trait related to individuals' readiness and desire to experience anxiety. One of the symptoms that may increase under the influence of disease is the impulsivity of people with coronary heart disease. Impulsivity is defined as an immediate action, lack of focus on the activity at hand, and lack of planning and thinking, as well as being prepared and part of a pattern of behavior and not a single action. It is necessary to help people with coronary artery diseases to know the factors affecting state–trait anxiety and impulsivity. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of compassion–based therapy on state–trait anxiety and impulsivity symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease.

The present study was applied research and, in terms of method, quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all patients with confirmed heart diseases hospitalized in Tabriz Madani Cardiovascular Hospital in the internal ward of heart diseases (men and women) between January and March 2017. The study sample included 40 patients with cardiovascular diseases selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups (self–compassion therapy, 20 patients) and a control group (20 patients). The required number of samples was calculated based on similar studies, considering the effect size of 0.40, confidence level of 0.95, test power of 0.80, and the rate of drop of 10% for each group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged 30 to 60 years, sufficient literacy, ability to listen normally, and conscious consent to attend treatment sessions. The exclusion criteria were as follows: the presence of mental disorders requiring immediate treatment, disruption of the normal treatment process, lack of cooperation, and severe physical disability. Data in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up phases in the two groups were obtained using the Impulsivity Scale (Barrat, 1994) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory–Revised (Spielberger & Vagg, 1984). Compassion–based therapy was implemented in twelve 60–minute sessions once a week for three months based on Gilbert's training package (2009). No intervention was implemented for the control group. After six months, the follow–up test was performed again for both groups. In the descriptive statistics, central and dispersion indicators such as mean and standard deviation were used. In the inferential statistics, the Chi–square test, analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were calculated using SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The variance analysis of the impulsivity variable was significant for the effects of group, time, and time*group (p<0.001). The variance analysis of the state–trait anxiety symptom was significant for the effects of group, time, and time*group (p<0.001). The results showed that the impulsivity variable scores in the experimental group in the posttest were significantly lower than those in the pretest (p<0.001). The results revealed that impulsivity in the follow–up phase was significantly different from the pretest (p<0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up (p<0.001). In addition, the results showed that the variable scores of state–trait anxiety symptoms in the experimental group and in the posttest stage were significantly lower than those in the pretest (p<0.001). Trait–state anxiety symptoms in the follow–up phase differed significantly from the pretest (p<0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the two stages of posttest and follow–up (p<0.001). Therefore, the effectiveness of compassion–based therapy was sustained in the follow–up phase for both state–trait anxiety symptoms and impulsivity.

Based on the findings of this study, self–compassion therapy is effective in state–trait anxiety and impulsivity symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease. Self–compassion therapy can improve state–trait anxiety and impulsivity symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of social skills training and teaching cognitive emotion regulation strategies on quality of life, social adjustment and positive and negative emotions in patients with type I bipolar disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental clinical trial. The statistical population of the study included bipolar mood patients of type one who were approved by the Welfare Organization in the type diagnosis and severity of disability commission and had a file in one of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for chronic mental patients in East Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample consisted of 45 people who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (first experimental group 15 and second experimental group 15) and control group (15). First, the questionnaires of quality of life (WHO, 2007), social adjustment (Bell, 1961) and positive and negative emotions (Watson et al., 1996) were completed by the groups. In the next stage, the experimental groups participated in sessions of social skills training and training of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, while the group did not receive a training certificate. At the end of the training sessions, the mentioned questionnaires were completed again by the groups. Finally, the data obtained from the groups were prepared for analysis.

The results of analysis of covariance showed that social skills training method had a greater effect on social adjustment and negative emotion than emotion regulation strategies and emotion regulation training method had a greater effect on positive emotion than patients training. Polar had type one.

Emotional effects on human time perception are generally attributed to the arousal factor, which is hypothesized to be responsible for speeding up or slowing down the internal clock. The aim of the present study was to investigate the arousal effect on time distortion with the help of event-related potentials (ERPs) that can provide direct electrophysiological measures of arousal rather than self-report indices which have been the common approach in the previous studies. In this study, a temporal bisection task was employed to assess the temporal responses of participants to emotional faces that varied in arousal dimension. The N170 component was used as an objective measure of induced arousal by different emotional faces.

Electroencephalography was recorded in 20 participants who performed a temporal bisection task using high arousal pleasant stimuli (happy faces) and neutral ones as stimuli.

Behavioral data revealed that temporal bisection points were significantly smaller for high arousal pleasant stimuli (happy faces) compared to neutral ones, while changes in N170 amplitude were independent of the emotional modulation of facial stimuli.

In the light of the dual-stage theory of emotional processing, it seems that the N170 component is not appropriate to measure the arousal index of emotional faces in implicit tasks, and probably later components may be a better indicator for this index.

The purpose of this article is to examine the close connection between the science of psychology, especially Gestalt psychology, and phenomenology in the thinking of twentieth-century French philosopher and phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This philosopher established his own philosophy under the influence of significant advances in psychology on the one hand, and also under the influence of Husserl's phenomenology. Understanding the philosophy of this philosopher without understanding the close relationship between psychology and phenomenology, especially in the matter of the living body, will lead to a lot of misunderstanding in reading his views. In this article, we tried to show this close relationship in the thought of this thinker. We know, of course, that he criticized Husserl's phenomenology and Gestalt psychology, and argued that psychology fails to understand the nature of the human mind.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) and Mind- Body Therapy (MBT) on ADHD symptoms in children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. 30 children were selected with aged 7-12 years who were diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder according to DSM-5 criteria from counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tabriz in 2019- 2020, and were randomly divided into experimental groups. IVA test was performed as a pre-test after sample selection and random placement of individuals in experimental groups. Each group received intervention methods separately and then performed a post-test (IVA) to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention methods. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the two educational-therapeutic methods have different and significant effects on the improvement of ADHD symptoms.

Emotions and coping with them play an important role in intimate relationships and are central to the development and maintenance of these relationships. The purpose of the current investigation was to study the role of emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness in the marital adjustment of married students. To this aim 250 married students among Tabriz University students were selected randomly and then the answered to questionnaires; 216 of total participants (165 women, age Mean 26.38±6.02; 51 men, age Mean 31.45±4.09) returned completed questionnaires. The instruments included the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003), and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spiner, 1976). The result showed suppression strategy is negatively correlated with four subscales (marital satisfaction, cohesion, consensus, affection) and total score of dyadic adjustment (p<0.01), but reappraisal strategy is just positively correlated with cohesion subscale (p<0.01). Moreover, mindfulness was correlated positively with all subscales and the total score of DAS (p<0.01). Regression analysis showed that suppression and mindfulness significantly predicted marital satisfaction (respectively β=-0.20 and β=0.32, p<0.01), cohesion (respectively β=-0.16 and β=0.24, p<0.01), consensus (respectively β=-0.20 and β=0.24, p<0.01), Affection (respectively β=-0.30 and β=0.34, p<0.01), and total score of DAS (respectively β=-0.24 and β=0.33, p<0.01). Findings suggest that the suppression strategy of emotion regulation leads to a decrease in marital adjustment, but mindfulness leads to improvement of marital adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of quality of life Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy in the loneliness of students with addiction to smartphones. Therefore, among female undergraduate psychology students of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 45 people were purposefully selected according to cutoff score on the Smart Phone Addiction Scale (SAS) and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 subjects in each group). Pretest was administered by lonliness scale in the study groups. Then, subjects in the experimental groups received 8 sessions of two hours training on quality of life therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, however,  the control group received no training. At the last session, the loneliness scale was again administered to all three groups. Results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that compared to Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, quality of life therapy was more effective in reducing loneliness (p < 0/01).

This study aimed to explain the role of sensory processing sensitivity on multiple sclerosis with the meditation of risk full decision making.

 Methods and Materials:

 The research method was descriptive and the design was a correlation of the kind of structural equation modeling. The statistical population was patients with MS Society in Tehran. 200 were selected by convenience sampling. Highly Sensory Processing Sensitivity Scale (HSPS); Iowa gamble Task (IGT); and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were used to collect the data.

analysis showed that there were significant correlations between and sensory processing sensitivity with multiple sclerosis and risk full decision making.  According to the results of the mediation؛, the effect of sensory processing sensitivity on multiple sclerosis was moderated by the risk full decision making.

As a result of structural equation sensory processing sensitivity risk full decision making, and multiple sclerosis according to indicators of fitness is good.

Anxiety is a common disorder in children which may be influenced by several interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Based on the studies done, it seems that the components of thought, feeling and behavior of parents and children influence the anxiety in children. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive bias, anxiety sensitivity and maternal beliefs and anxiety in children through the mediating role of coping strategies in children.

This research was a descriptive-correlational research. The study population consisted of all the students of grade 5 and 6 (i.e. 11-12 years old) studying at the non-governmental schools of District 3 in Tabriz city in the academic year of 2015-2016. Among which, a sample of 279 students (150 girls and 129 boys) together with their mothers were selected by cluster sampling. Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Tsao et al., 2006), Cognitive Error Questionnaire (Covin et al., 2011), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Hernandez, 2008), Anxiety Questionnaire (March et al., 2010) and Parental Beliefs about Anxiety Questionnaire (Chorpita, 2010) were used to gather the data. Correlation and path coefficient analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that anxiety sensitivity, maternal beliefs and coping strategies directly affect the anxiety in children. The result also indicated that anxiety sensitivity, cognitive bias and maternal beliefs had an indirect effect on the anxiety in children through the coping strategies (p=0.05).

Based on the results, it can be concluded that coping strategies play an important role in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity, cognitive bias, and maternal beliefs and anxiety in children. Therefore, cognitive training of mothers and children which improves the coping strategies in children can be very effective in reducing the anxiety in children.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of quality of life therapy training and dialectical behavioral therapy on enduring the anxiety of female undergraduate psychology students at the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, who were addicted to smartphones. In this semi-experimental study, among students whose scores on the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) were two above the mean standard deviation and on the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), one was lower than the mean standard deviation, 45 Individuals were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group.The number of people in all three groups was 15. The subjects of the first and second groups were trained for 8 two-hour sessions based on quality of life techniques and dialectical behavioral therapy, but the control group did not receive any training. At the last session, questionnaires were again administered for all three groups. Three months after the post-test, a stress tolerance questionnaire was administered to all subjects to determine the effects of time training techniques.The results of single-variable covariance analysis showed that the teaching of dialectical behavioral therapy techniques was effective in increasing anxiety tolerance compared to quality of life therapy (P <0.05). Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy training techniques in quarterly follow-up has been maintained (P <0.01). So by teaching dialectical behavior therapy techniques, you can improve the tolerance of distress, which is probably one of the reasons for addiction to smartphones.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of plants presence in the children education and play environment on the improvement of creativity and its sub-components. The sample was preschool children of Tabriz city and a due to some limitations a kindergarten was selected using a non-random method and a total number of 30 children with 4-6 years old were selected and divided into two groups (treatment and control group) of 15 individuals. One of the groups was moved to a classroom with modified interior landscape using plants, and the other one was held in ordinary classroom and retained there for 3 weeks. Abedi's questionnaire for creativity was used to collect the data and the one way covariance test was applied for analysis of the data. The results indicated that, the application of plants in child's play and learning environment had a significant effect on child's creativity, as well as the elaboration sub-component and flexibility. In other words, there was a significant difference between the elaboration, flexibility, and creativity component of control group and the treatment group, but on the component of the fluency and the originality had not significant effect. Plants presence had a significant positive effect on the production of details (elaboration), the creating of diverse and unusual thoughts, and the provision of various solutions for a problem (flexibility). The transfer of the living spirit of nature to the interior space causes the connection between the outdoor and indoor environment, which enhances his/her flexibility and creativity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a Persian-language perinatal anxiety screening tool in the Iranian population.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 300 low-risk women who participated in the perinatal period. Pregnant women aged 18-42 years were randomly selected from comprehensive health centers in Ardabil, Iran and included in the study from 9.10.2017 to 6.3.2018, and finally, followed up as well. Several questionnaires were used in this study, including demographic, perinatal anxiety, perceived stress, and postpartum depression in Edinburgh. The forward-backward method was used to translate the English version of the tool into Persian. Eventually, the content and face validity were assessed and the reliability of the tool was evaluated using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The validation of the anxiety instrument showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) (0.6-0.1) and content validity index (CVI) (0.8-1.0) were acceptable. Using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (χ2 = 4.966, df = 465, and P<0.01), reliability assessment demonstrated that the instrument had four subscales. The mean (standard deviation) of the total score of the instrument in pregnancy and delivery was 36.6 (13.1) and 43.3 (7.7) in the range of 0-93, respectively. Finally, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.84-0.94) and ICC of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.98) revealed that the instrument has a high ICC and excellent test-retest.

In general, the findings of this study support the validity and reliability of the tool thus it can be used in clinical and research cases.

Emotional effects on human time perception are generally attributed to arousal and valence of stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that perception of emotional facial expression induces temporal distortions. Based on the internal clock model, it is assumed that emotional arousal speeds up or slows down the pace maker, while valence influences the attentional processes of the switch element. The aim of our study was to investigate the contribution of each dimension and disentangle their role in facial emotion time distortion.

20 female students performed a temporal bisection task using emotional facial expressions as stimuli which were selected based on PAD model.

Behavioral results revealed that high arousal pleasant stimuli (happy faces) resulted in significantly smaller bisection point, while there was no significant difference between bisection points of angry and neutral faces. The results of study were interpreted in light of SET theory and dual-stages processing of attention.

Different Aspects of Facial Emotional affect on the Perception of Time

Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is regarded as a life-threatening childbirth experience for mother or infant and may be accompanied with the risk of death or serious injury to the mother or her infant. Given the changes to diagnostic criteria of traumatic childbirth brought in with DSM-5 and considering the unfavorable outcomes of postpartum PTSD, this study was carried out to identify the determinants of postpartum PTSD.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 on 310 postpartum women who had experienced a traumatic childbirth, based on the DSM-5 criteria, and referred to Tabriz health centers for routine care 42-60 days after the delivery. Subjects were selected through convenience sampling. Research instruments were demographic, obstetric, and neonatal information questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Checklist for DSM-5 Criteria (PCL-5), Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale, and Winefield and Tiggemann Social Support Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, and ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient test, Spearman correlation coefficient test, and multivariate linear regression were applied.

The mean score (±standard deviation) of postpartum PTSD was 42.13 (±11.72). The determinants of postpartum PTSD also included complications during pregnancy, type of delivery, concordance between desired and actual type of delivery, method of placenta removal, analgesia, sleeping and neonatal states, satisfaction with childbirth, and perceived support during and after childbirth.

Designing interventions to make childbirth more pleasant through provision of methods for a pain-free or painreduced childbirth, promotion of satisfaction with childbirth, and support during and after the childbirth seem to be essential for reducing postpartum PTSD

Pathologic worry is one of the most important stressor factors affecting the symptoms of migraine headaches among nurses. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the psychological treatments whose feasibility and application in improving the symptoms of the disease have recently attracted the attention of the researchers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on migraine headache symptoms and pathologic worry among female nurses.

This research was a quasi-experimental (pre-test - post-test with the control group). The statistical population of this study included all female migraine nurses in Tabriz in the year of 2019 that 30 patients who received the diagnosis of disease based on ICHD-3 criteria and received higher than the standard deviation in the migraine headache symptom questionnaire were selected using purposeful sampling. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 individuals in each group). The groups completed the survey of Najjarian Migraine Headache Symptoms (1997) and Penn State Worry Meyer et al. (1990) as a pre-test and post-test. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy was applied to the experimental group during eight sessions of 60 minutes (weekly two courses for four weeks), and the control group did not receive the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariable covariance analysis in SPSS.23 software.

The results of covariance analysis showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy has a significant effect on reducing migraine headache symptoms and pathologic worry in nurses (P = 0.001).

Considering that cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in relieving the symptoms of migraine headaches and reducing the pathological worry of nurses with migraine headaches; therefore, the training of this therapeutic approach is suggested as an effective interventional method in the nursing population.

Feeling of low self-efficacy in management of pain and fear of disease progression are some of the problems that necessitates the need for psychological services for people with migraine headaches. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of metacognitive therapy on the self-efficacy of pain and fear of disease progression in nurses with migraine headaches.

This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest design and a control group and was carried out all nurses with migraine in Tabriz, Iran during 2018-2019. In total, 30 individuals who were diagnosed with the disease based on ICHD-3 criteria and by receiving a score higher than standard deviation in the migraine headache symptom questionnaire were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups of 15 participants. The groups completed the pain self-efficacy questionnaire by Nicholas (1989) and fear of progression questionnaire by Herschbach (2011) as a pre-test and post-test. Group metacognitive therapy was performed in 10 sessions of 60 minutes (two sessions weekly for five weeks) in the experimental group while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using multivariate and univariate covariance analysis.

According to the results of covariance analysis, the metacognitive therapy had a significant effect on the increase of self-efficacy of pain and reduce of fear of disease progression in nurses with migraine headaches.

Considering that metacognitive therapy was effective in increasing the self-efficacy of pain and reducing the fear of progression in nurses with migraine headache, it is recommended that this therapeutic approach be considered as an effective interventional method at the hospital level.