shahram maleki

Introduction & Objective

Traumatic bloat (TRP) is a common disease of cattle that is caused by the performance of the digestive, feeding and reproductive systems of ruminants. Rumination of the rumen by sharp external objects in the animal's diet, following the physiological contractions of the rumen and rumen before and after rumination, often leads to peritonitis and can cause involvement of other organs as well. This disease in cattle is of great economic importance due to the decrease in production and high death rate. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the possibility of presence external bodies and their types in seemingly healthy cattle for slaughter in Khorramabad slaughterhouse.

In order to carry out this study from February 2014 to May of 2014, a total of 40 times were made to Golshan Khorramabad industrial slaughterhouse and the study was done on 2400 slaughtered (male and female). In each case, except for registering the sex, the age of the animal was determined from the dental formula and based on this, animals were divided into 4 age groups (under 2 years, 2-4 years, 4-6 years and top of 6 years old).

Adhesion of reticular was observed in 896 under reviewed Cows. Statistical analysis shows differences between two sexes and different age groups of adhesion existence (p<0.01). There were external objects in rumen and reticulum of 1500 cows (%62.5), while 186 pieces metal external objects had perforated wall of reticulum of 165 cows.

Regarding the presence of external objects, A significant statistical difference was observed between the two sexes and different age groups (p<0.01). Also, relationship between adherence and presence of external objects in under reviewed Cows was meaningful (p<0.01).

Leptospirosis is a common infectious disease between humans and animals, which is of particular importance in terms of global spread. The cause of the disease is Leptospira bacteria. This bacterium is gram-negative and spiral-shaped and belongs to the Leptospiraceae family and the Spirochetes branch (1,2). The genus Leptospira is divided into 20 species (9 pathogenic, 5 intermediate and 6 saprophytic) based on phylogenic and DNA analysis. Saprophytic species (eg L. biflex).Leptospira species cause a common disease called leptospirosis. Leptospira settle in the kidney tubules of animals (susceptible mammals) and because of this the host animals remain infected for a long time and expel the bacteria (7). Livestock (cows and sheep) are sources of leptospirosis and should be taken care of to prevent transmission of the disease to humans (8,9). Leptospira species remain in the environment for a long time, transfer to humans through damaged skin and mucous membranes, mortality and economic losses are considered as an important global health issue (2,7,10). Every year, half a million cases of leptospirosis (45 cases per 100,000 people) are reported worldwide (11). Leptospirosis is more common in hot seasons and in tropical and rainy regions of the world (11,12). The incubation period of leptospirosis in humans is about 10 days and may be asymptomatic (12).The clinical face of this disease is so variable that it is considered as a disease with a thousand faces and it can never be diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms alone, so diagnosis is more based on trusting the laboratory in showing and observing the cause of the disease. And the accuracy of laboratory methods is stable. Definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is based on laboratory tests such as bacterial culture, ELISA test, MAT and PCR (16), which is the standard serological method for identifying leptospirosis antibodies according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which is a method It is cheap with acceptable sensitivity and it is possible to access it (17) and it shows the wide presence of Leptospira in the world (16). Bacteremia develops within 7-10 days after symptoms of infection by Leptospira and antibodies can be detected in the blood (18,19). The aim of the present study was to investigate leptospirosis seroepidemiologically among the farmers of Kohdasht in Lorestan province by microscopic agglutination method (MAT) and also to determine and obtain the serovars infecting people in Kohdasht region. The results obtained from the present research can provide a lot of help to researchers in medical and veterinary sciences of the country, and it is also very useful in human and animal health and rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients.

The study was conducted on the blood samples of 200 cattle farmers of Kohdasht in February 2013. After selecting the livestock farms, he went to the livestock farm and took 10 cc of blood samples from the hand veins of the people who were active in livestock farming. After the complete collection of samples, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and measurement of serum contamination were performed to determine the contamination of serum samples with Leptospira serovars on blood serum samples. The results obtained from the MAT method were analyzed with SPSS software (Version 16) through Chi-square and Fisher's test. P<0.01 was considered as significant difference.

48 serum samples (24%) were positive among 200 tested sera at the 1:100 dilution. Serum samples were shown positive reaction with two L. Grippotyphosa and L. canicola serovars. The prevalence of Grippotyphosa 66.67% and Canicola 33.33% were resulted by MAT. 31 samples (64.58%) were related to males and 17 cases (35.42%) females among 60 positive samples. The highest prevalence of Leptospira serovars was founded in more than 50 years group with 16 cases. P. value based on gender was 0.01. (p<0.01).

Leptospira pathogenic species can survive for a long time under suitable environmental conditions (humidity and temperature). Domestic animals (cows, sheep and dogs) are considered important as hosts of this bacterium in the spread of leptospirosis and play a significant role (20). Leptospira is released into the environment through the urine of animals. Human infection with leptospirosis is caused by contact with the urine of infected animals (21). Diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult for many doctors, and its definitive diagnosis is possible with laboratory methods. The MAT method is universally used as a reference test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. In the present study, the prevalence of leptospirosis among farmers in Kohdasht was 24%, and the serovars Gripotiphosa and Canicula had the highest prevalence, respectively. The P value of p<0.01 was significant for gender and showed that leptospiral infection is different according to gender. All over the world, studies on the prevalence of leptospirosis have been carried out. In Iran, in 2004, the prevalence of leptospirosis in Gilan University Hospital was reported by Honarmand et al. to be 24.6% (22). In 2016, in a serological study of leptospiral infection of sheep using the MAT method in Ahvaz, Hajikolaei et al. reported the occurrence of 14.9% leptospirosis and the highest number of leptospirosis serovars was related to Pomona with 14 cases (43.8%), respectively. canicula with 7 cases (21.9%) and ictrohemorrhage with 4 cases (14.5%) (23). This study showed that transmission of leptospirosis is carried out by sheep as hosts, so livestock farmers are prone to leptospirosis. A study was conducted on dairy cows in Hamedan industrial farms in 2009 by Bahari et al., out of 80 blood samples, 18 were positive for Leptospira and the highest serovar prevalence was Canicula (21.25%) (24). This study is another proof of the susceptibility of livestock farmers to leptospirosis. In 2008, Agampodi et al. conducted a study on 404 patients with fever in Sri Lanka using the MAT method, of which 155 patients were found to have leptospirosis. In this study, the prevalence of serovars Pyrogenesis (28.7%) and Hardjo (18.8%) was reported (25). In 2012, Ngbede et al. conducted a study in Nigeria using the MAT method on 142 blood samples of cows slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, and 5 samples were found to have antibodies against Hardjo serovar (26). Goris et al. in 2013 in the Netherlands in a study they conducted on sick people concluded that serovars Ictrohemorrhagia, Hardjo, and Gripotyphosa cause severe leptospirosis in humans (27). In 2014, Dreyfus et al. used the MAT method to investigate the risk factors of leptospirosis among 567 slaughterhouse workers in New Zealand. They found that 11% of the workers had antibodies against Hardjo and Pomona serovars in their blood serum (28). Leptospirosis is related to occupation and environment (29). Floods and inundation as well as contact with animal waste are the most important factors of leptospirosis infection (30). Leptospirosis may lead to failure of liver, kidney and many organs of the body. In general, leptospirosis is spreading, so disease control should be considered. it is concluded that livestock farmers are one of the groups at risk of leptospirosis due to the presence of different leptospira serovars in animals. Livestock farmers can prevent the occurrence of leptospiral infection by controlling their safety and health. The results of this study are very useful in the research of medical and veterinary sciences as well as human and animal health and rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients and provide a lot of information to researchers in disease control.

Abomasal lesions are one of the well-known factors affecting the health and production of the ruminant, most of which are sub-clinical, and generally unable to be detected. In the present study, the frequency of different types of abomasal lesions in slaughtered cattle of the Golshan industrial slaughterhouse, Khorramabad and its relationship with intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors was evaluated. Abomasum of four-hundred male and female cattle between 1 to 6 years old, were randomly examined to determine the presence of abomasal lesions, from the autumn of 2017 to the summer of 2018. After confirming the presence of the lesion, a tissue sample was obtained for histopathological evaluation. To investigate the relationship between lesions and risk factors, the Chi-square test and regression statistical model were used. The frequency of abomasal lesions was equal to 74.5% (95% CI: 79.2-31). The prevalence of lesions in male was lower than in female cows. The frequency of abomasal lesions has a direct and significant relationship with age. Moreover, the lowest and highest incidence also is related to animals younger than 2 years and older than 4 years old, respectively. There was a statistical relationship between the foreign bodies and the lesions, furthermore, in 39.25% (157 out of 400 cases) of the examined abomasum; the foreign bodies were also found. The frequency of abomasal lesions in summer, autumn, spring, and winter was equal to 87, 77, 70 and 64%, respectively; in addition, it was found that there was a statistically relationship between the occurrence of abomasal lesions and season. Histopathological findings showed that coagulative necrosis, cell infiltration and hemorrhage were directly related to the severity of the lesions and also the presence of condensed connective tissue between the abomasal lesions is an expected finding. Abomasal lesions are affected by the host and environmental risk factors, and there is a large-scale subclinical type of lesions in Lorestan province, which shows the role of the management-breeding system by increasing the incidence of lesions.

The instability of natural and environmental resources in rural areas in the occurrence of factors such as the destruction of non-renewable natural resources such as water and fossil fuels, the destruction of the environment and the destruction of animal and plant species, the collapse of the regional ecosystem and ecology, migration and its consequences on society, have a great impact It will have a critical and vital effect on this area. One of the ways to deal with these problems is to identify and understand the existing conditions of the natural and environmental resources governing the villages by using criteria to evaluate the impact of human hazards on the instability of natural and environmental resources. In the present research, first, the criteria for measuring human risks in the instability of natural and environmental resources in rural areas were identified, and then, in the analytical stage, these criteria were evaluated and ranked using the hierarchical analysis method. In this evaluation of water wastage, unauthorized wells and excessive livestock grazing had the greatest impact on the instability of natural resources. In the following, it was found that Lea industrial town, Piryousfian village and Meshaldar village had the greatest impact and Kisht and Sanat Company and Minodar Company had the least impact on the instability of natural and environmental resources caused by human hazards in the central part of Alborz city

This study was performed to evaluate analgesia and side effects of diclofenac sodium on vital signs, hematobiochemical parameters and electrocardiographic indices in Lori sheep after epidural anesthesia. Eighteen non-pregnant healthy sheep (3.00±2.46 years old) haphazardly separated into three groups and received the lidocaine (5 mg/kg), diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg) or lidocaine (5 mg/kg) plus diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg) via epidural injection into the first intercoccygeal space. Analgesia onset time and duration were recorded by needle testing on the tail, anus, perineum, vulva and inner thighs. Vital signs were recorded after epidural administration at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Also, electrocardiography, blood oxygen saturation levels and venous blood samples were taken from all sheep at 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Onset and duration of analgesia in the diclofenac group was significantly longer and shorter than the other groups (p<0.05), respectively. The results of this study showed that diclofenac sodium with lidocaine increases the quality of epidural analgesia in sheep and has no negative effect on electrocardiogram (ECG) components and arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2). But it decreases packed cell volume concentration (PCV), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) count. Therefore, due to these changes, using of diclofenac sodium for epidural anesthesia in sheep is not recommended with or without lidocaine.

Environmental and hosts risk factors are considered as two essential elements in epidemiological studies of infectious diseases. The severity of the infection and also the chance of transmission of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans bacteria from herbivores to humans have always been exposed to environmental and hosts risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the presence of serum reaction in the equid's population of Lorestan province and the determination of native serovars as well as evaluation of the role of environmental and host factors on seroprevalence. A total of 327 equids including 223 horses, 46 mules, and 58 donkeys were sampled and sera samples evaluated against 7 different Leptospira interrogans serovars. Geographical location and environmental conditions of sampled areas were recorded to be used in statistical surveys. The results showed that the serum positive reaction rate in horses, mules, and donkeys was 18.38, 10.87 and 3.45%, respectively. Host risk factors such as sex, age, and breed were effective on serum response rate and a significant difference was found. Canicola serovar with 46.34, 100 and 60% infection in horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively was the most common infective serovar; but a significant difference was not observed between animal species. Also, the results indicated that annual temperature of the environment and altitude at sea level of sampled location have a significant effect on seroprevalence of leptospirosis, but relative humidity and annual rainfall did not have a significant effect. Results of the current study proved that infection with Leptospira interrogans, although in Lorestan province is less severe than in other parts of the country, the most important native serovar of this region is canicola.

Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in humans and livestock, which leads to reduced production and reproductive disorders in ruminants and also causes major economic losses to villagers and farmers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of different Leptospira interrogans serovars in ruminants population of Lorestan province and assess the role of environmental and host factors on the severity of the serological infection.

For this purpose, referring to livestock and sheep and goat flocks in different cities of Lorestan province, 691 blood samples were collected including 258 sheep, 195 goats and 238 cows, and then, the point of infection with seven different serovars of Leptospira interogans was assessed using microscopic agglutination test. Hosting factors such as age, gender and also environmental factors including geographical area, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and altitude of sampling area from the sea level were recorded, and their probable role in the seroprevalence was statistically analyzed.

Results of this study showed that the overall prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats examined in the Lorestan province was 26.05 % (95 % CI: 19.7-31.23), 22.48 % (95 % CI: 16.95-25.16) and 14.87% (95 % CI: 9.37-20.36), respectively. There was no statistically significant (p < /em>>0.05) difference from the point of age groups and sexes. The most prevalent contaminant serovars for cows, sheep, and goats with seropositive reaction against leptospira were grippotyphosa (41.93%), canicola (32.76%) and canicola (48.27 %), respectively. The results showed environmental factors including relative humidity (p < /em>=0.02), annual rainfall (p < /em>=0.001) and altitude from the sea level of sampling location (p < /em>=0.03) have a significant effect but the annual temperature does not have a significant effect (p < /em><0.05) on the seroprevalence of Leptospira. Also, more positive reactive animals in the eastern and western areas of Lorestan province were found (p < /em>>0.05).

Leptospirosis is endemic in livestock population of Lorestan province and environmental factors play a significant role in the severity of infection, which increases the need for attention to the geographical areas at risk.

Rural settlements in Iran, which are officially reported to have regional inequalities and settlements, are today experiencing a number of problems, such as the decline of the rural economy, massive displacement and migrations, widespread poverty and unemployment, food insecurity, and being the most of the rural population in the margin (Ashrafi et al., 2015, 51). Hence, these problems point to the necessity and priority of attention to social and economic stability in sustainable rural development planning (Karimi and Ahmadvand, 2015, 685). In order to achieve this goal, recognizing the instability and the level of social and economic stability of rural settlements is necessary first and foremost (Tavakoli et al., 2015, 231).

Information analysis method in this research is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is one of the most well-known multi-criteria decision-making techniques that was invented by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s. This approach can be useful when decision-making practice has several options and decision-making indicators. Indices can be quantitative or qualitative (Azizi and Khalili, 2010, 33). The basis of this method lies in the pairwise comparisons (Delbari and Davoudi, 2013, 62-63). To apply the Analytic Hierarchy Process in solving the evaluation problem, there are five basic stages: (1) the formation of a hierarchy, (2) the determination of the importance coefficient of the criteria and sub-criteria, (3) the determination of the importance coefficient of options, (4) the determination of the final score (options priority), (5) the examination of adaptation in judgments (Azizi and Khalili, 2010, 33).

Indicators were identified and categorized to evaluate the impact of social and economic sustainability. These indicators were collected based on the opinion of rural development and planning experts in Iran.Accordingly, 10 sub-criteria including security, safety, education, social involvement, population, health, leisure, social responsibility, service satisfaction and place belonging as a measure of the impact of social sustainability, and 10 sub-criteria including unemployment rate, agricultural insurance, market access, fluctuations in prices, dependency ratio, mechanization, average income, per capita livestock, economic diversification and investment for economic sustainability in rural areas of Iran were also identified. Then, a questionnaire was designed based on the collected criteria. Then, 20 questionnaires were collected by the opinion of specialists and experts in rural development and planning.In the first step, the relative weight of the criteria is calculated. Different methods are used to calculate the relative weight. In this study, the geometric mean method was used.After performing geometric mean, the weight of each of the criteria and sub-criteria is normalized and the impact of each one will be determined based on the final weight. Accordingly, the economic and social sustainability criteria were calculated with normalized weight of 0.515 and weight 0.485 respectively.In connection with the importance of each of the social and economic sub-criteria, it is clear that training sub-criterion is ranked first in the importance of social criteria and has the greatest impact on the social sustainability of rural areas. Leisure sub-criterion has the least impact on this ranking. Moreover, in the economic indicators section, the unemployment rate was ranked first. The sub-criterion per capita livestock in this ranking also has the least impact on the economic sustainability of rural settlements. The overall ranking of social and economic criteria is shown in below Table.Table: The Importance of Social and Economic Sustainability Sub-Criteria in Rural Areas of Iran Ranking Social Sustainability Sub-Criteria Economic Sustainability Sub-Criteria .1 Education Unemployment Rate 2 Service Satisfaction Average Income. 3 Place Belonging Agricultural Insurance.4 Security Market Access.5 Safety Economic Diversification.6 Health Investment.7 Population Fluctuations in Prices.8 Social Involvement Dependency Ratio.9 Responsibility Mechanization.10 Leisure Per Capita Livestock

Considering that the rural areas in Iran, according to the statistics of official centers and scientific studies on it, always have many social and economic problems, so this research seeks to identify and evaluate the impact of each of the components of social and economic sustainability. These two criteria have been largely been overshadowed by environmental sustainability components and have been less considered independently. These two dimensions play an essential role in the instability of rural settlements in the country. Therefore, this research sought to assess and measure the impact of social and economic sustainability by some criteria. Accordingly, these criteria were identified by reviewing the authentic internal and external sources and the hierarchical analysis method. In this way, 10 indicators of security, safety, education, social involvement, population, health, leisure, social responsibility, service satisfaction and place belonging are considered as components of social sustainability and 10 indicators of unemployment rate, agricultural insurance, market access, fluctuations in prices, dependency ratio, mechanization, average income, per capita livestock, economic diversification and investment are considered as components of economic sustainability in rural areas of Iran. The results of the evaluation based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) show that, according to rural planning experts, the impact of social and economic components on the sustainability of rural settlements is of the same degree and are not significantly different in terms of importance. In the ranking of the effect of components of social sustainability, the sub-criteria of education has the most impact and the criterion of unemployment rate is the most effective component in the economic sustainability of rural settlements in the country. In general, the results show that both social and economic sustainability criteria should be definitely considered in rural settlements in parallel.

Case Description- A five-year-old Arabian stallion weighing approximately 300 kg with large infected chronic torn wound on the neck and pectoral region 5 days after IM injection of flunixin meglumine with history of anorexia, depression and lack of response to antibacterial treatment referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Lorestan University. Clinical Findings- The clinical symptoms observed during the examination were hematuria and watery diarrhea with very large skin laceration in the affected area. External examination revealed the infectious cervical and pectoral muscles and necrosed skin with purulent discharge and odorous smell. Skin and surrounding tissues were warm, edematous and swelled.Treatment and Outcomes- Surgical treatment started with physical debridement and maggot therapy using Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata. Then medical treatment continued with intravenous fluid therapy, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) along with topical treatment. Clinical Relevance- The present case demonstrates the serious complications that can occur following non-sterile IM injections and/or as a consequence of flunixin meglumine IM administration. An aggressive pharmacological and surgical therapy is very essential in similar cases. In conclusion, successful management of the cutaneo-muscular necrosis depends upon the condition of wound and selection of proper antibacterial drugs along with early surgical intervention.

Cryopreservation is as an effective way to prevent species extinction risk. In this study, we have investigated the protective effect of different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant and effect of different dilution ratios on sperm motility percent and its motility duration after thaw. For this work dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol was used as cryoprotectant, each at concentration of 5, 10 and 20% were added to the extender. Then, extender with 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 mixture ratios of the extender and sperms collected and the sperm was frozen. In this study semen obtainad from four stellate males were used. Frozen sperms after 20 and 40 days were excluded from freezing. The results of the experiment showed that the between various treatments dilution with different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol on motility duration and motility percentage of stellate post-thawed sperms after 20 and 40 days of freezing were significantly different in treatments (P<0/05). highest motility duration and the most motility percentage of post-thawed sperms after 20 and 40 days was related to the sperm with the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide 10% and the dilution ratio of 1:1 (253.00±24.81 s and 36.51±3.20%; 234.36±23.70 s and 27.50±2.12%, respectively).

This test was done in summer 2012 in research work lab of Azadshahr Azad University to long 12 week. 162 small fish C. Carpio by average weight 25 ± 3g, density of 18 in the 1000 liter tank were distributed and have feed. In whole duration nurture small fishes nourished duration test carried by food constant Testes were done in 3 treatment and 3 repeat to the following: control: twice in day nourish, treatment 1: two week nourishment+ one week starve, treatment 2: one week nourishment+ two week starve, rate nourish on the basis of 8% weight of total body of small fishes one repeat on. In growth period, growth parameters were studied. Results showed that between body weights of studied fish statistical difference of (p< 0.05). Small fishes in control that nourished have more increase of weight. Statistical differences were observed between treatments in body rate increase, final weight, coefficient of of food, coefficient of special growth. But best coefficient food change relevance to treatment that one week nourish and 2 week starved, in carcass analysis more protein and lest fat were relevance to treatment 3. Finally, starvation will have a significant effect on the body weight of the Cyprinus carpio, but under the test conditions, including changing water through siphoning, aerating by air pump and indoor saloon, feeding to achieve the best growth rate will be recommended.

An earthquake, generally considered being the most destructive and frightening of all forces of nature is a sudden rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. More casualties and financial losses due to secondary effects of the earthquake and after they occur. Iran is seismically active country and frequent and destructive earthquakes reveal the fact in different parts of the country. For example, two severe earthquakes happened on Sunday 21 Mordad 1391 in areas of East Azerbaijan province. Earthquake magnitude were 6/4 and 6/3 on the Richter scale near the Varzeghan and Ahar. The epicenter of both quakes was at a depth of 10 kilometers underground. The earthquake strongly shook towns of Ahar, Haris, and Varzeghan. It created a lot of casualties and financial losses. This study tries to draw a map of seismicity in the Sarand Chai and around the area, using seismic data to Tehran University Geophysics Agency, satellite imagery review the evidence and Frequent field observations whit use Arc/GIS. Finally, It is zoning the risk of landslides in the area in the event of an earthquake with the strength of 6.4 on the Richter scale. The results of this study show, the hazard of the earthquake in Ahar - Varzeghan include shaking, the type of landslides (slides, rock falls, debris flows…), ground rupture, liquefaction, groundwater level fluctuations and etc., based on field observations of the region. The zonation map show, that in the event of an earthquake with a strength of 6.4 on the Richter scale, will be 7% of the area in the very high hazard zone, 35 % in the high hazard zone and 7 % of the area in the low hazard zone, in terms of landslides occurrence.

One of the most important issues which has been of interest for scholars during the past decades is sustainable rural development and its concerning discussions. Social sustainability as the key aspect of sustainable development is of critical importance to sustainable rural development. Bringing social sustainability issues into focus in the present century has made an opportunity for achieving the goals of sustainable development. This aspect of sustainable development can be discussed in detail by introducing social sustainability measures. Hence, a variety of factors affects social sustainability owing to its importance. Given the complexity and diversity of social sustainability measures and their central role in rural areas, special attention needs to be devoted to it. The measures have their own importance in addressing social sustainability issues. They are also referred to as forward-looking strategies as policy-makers and decision-makers identify their strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, they are highly effective in appropriate planning and resource allocation. In the present paper, the criteria affecting social sustainability were collected and categorized by reviewing previous studies and utilizing experts' ideas and with regard to the objectives of the 5th Plan of Development. On this basis, the social sustainability criteria in Iranian rural areas included eight criteria: security, population, social collaboration, health, leisure, employment, education, and safety, each of which had some sub-criteria for the assessment of social sustainability and unsustainability.

Climate as a Geographical phenomenon, have a strong interrelationship With Tourism and development Purposes and goals Tourism. Photo Tourism as a main subbranchs of Tourism, is attended case for countries with suitable climate and with long shine time at all Seasons. Unequal distribution of sun radiation on surface of the world is main reason that people travel from high latitude with low shine time to low latitude with long shine time. In this paper is study tourism climate comfort for all seasons of years, by use of TCI index then, is calculated of shine time for all seasons .In this Research in order to zoning of suitable photo Tourism regions of Iran, and also assessment climate comfort tourism at during all seasons at different time of year, is used fuzzy methods and fuzzy Gamma. The suitable climate condition or comport climate is determined by using of fuzzy methods. The results of this study are show that is five regions in maximum and four regions in minimum is exist in suitable photo Tourism of Iran. These regions is represented same property of comfort climate respect and shine time in during time of year. In other term, these regions have very suitable photo Tourism aspect at many time of year.

Q fever is a worldwide disease with is common between humans and livestock. This disease is created by an obligate intracellular Rickettsia called Coxiella burnetii. This study was conducted to identify the amount of C.burnetii prevalence in the raw Sheep milk in Khorramabad and its surrounding towns.
In this cross-sectional study (from Spring 2013 to Winter 2013), 72 Sheep milk samples were collected Randomly. These samples were tested for the presence of C. burnetii by the Nested PCR method.
In this survey, number 15 out of 72 (20.83%) sheep milk samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii varied during different seasons
The analysis of the collected data in different seasons and areas revealed that, more than 79/16 percent of the samples were negative and about 20.82 percent were positive in terms of C.burnetii presence. It can be concluded from this study the season and the region of sample collecting affects the amount of bacteria exerted, and that Sheep milk can be one of the potential sources of C. burnetii in Iran.

Leptospira is belonged to phylum spirochaetes, which causes leptospirosis disease. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with highly variable symptoms. The purpose of the study was to determine the serological incidence of Leptospira serovars among rice farmers in Veysian, Lorestan province.
200 rice farmers of Veysian were sampled (blood sample) clinically in 2014. Blood samples were transfered to the laboratory. The sera were transferred to -20° C until performance of MAT test. The serum samples were examined by the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) method. The final dilution of leptospiral infection was determined by 1:200, 1:400 and 1:800 dilutions.
60 serum samples (30%) out of 200 samples were positive in 1:100 dilution. 38 (63.33%) L. grippotyphosa and 22 (36.67%) L.canicola antigens reacted positively . The infection rate was 65% for males and 35% for females. P value according to gender was 0.02. There is a significant correlation between leptospiral infection and gender based on statistical analysis. The highest and the lowest frequency of positive samples were related to age group over 50 and 21-30 years groups, respectively.
Leptospirosis is a common disease among rice farmers, and in Veysian according to the rice farms, and planting and harvesting which are in traditional way is introduced as an impotant infectious disease; therefore to prevent the spread of this disease, health and safty should be developed. Also, using mechanized methods of farming, planting and harvesting, leptospirosis can be prevented largely in the region.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Leptospira interrogans. Leptospirosis results in decreased milk production, abortion, stillbirth, infertility and mortality, which causes financial loss in the cattle industry. The aim of this research was to perform a serological and bacteriological study of leptospirosis in 6 industrial dairy herds and 3 feedlots with previous records of leptospirosis in Tehransuburbs in 2011-2012. For the purpose of this study, 408 blood samples from dairy cattle and 154 blood samples from feedlots were collected using sterile 10ml venoject vacutainers from tail vein. Two months later, 118 urine samples were collected from 20% of the two groups of serological negative and positive animals. All serum samples were serologically tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a standard method for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. The serum samples were tested for antibodies against five live antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars: Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola. Urine samples were used for bacteriological isolation of Leptospira spp. Serological results showed that 228 (40.6%) of animals had a positive reaction against one or more serovars. The most prevalent Leptospira serovars was Pomona 118 (40.3%) and the least prevalent was Canicola 4 (1.4%). The most prevalent titer was 1:100, and the highest titer was 1:1600. Also the most seropositive cases were observed in 3 to 4-year-old cows. Bacteriological results revealed that in 11 (9.3%) urine samples Leptospira spp. were isolated, all taken from one feedlot farm. According to the history taken from each farm, the main risk factors were the presence of rodents and low hygienic conditions of the farms. The results of this study revealed that cows could have a major role in maintaining Pomona, Grippotyphosa and Hardjo serovars; indeed, they are a potential zoonotic risk to slaughter house workers, meat inspectors, milkers and farmers.