فهرست مطالب حسن حکمت نیا

Many cities in Iran are grappling with the issue of worn-out and historical textures that are incompatible and incongruous with modern urban life and the characteristics of a modern city. Miandoab City is no exception to this rule, with over 240 hectares of worn-out textures characterized by dense urban structures. However, the western part of the city has low-quality rural textures and is in an inappropriate condition regarding safety, stability, accessibility, etc., while the eastern part includes the main texture zone, which is the central part of the city. The existence of these heterogeneous textures at the city level can pose significant challenges to desirable and sustainable development, and considering their dimensions in various parts is of particular importance. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate urban worn-out textures using an urban regeneration approach. It seeks to answer the questions:- How is the situation of worn-out textures in Miandoab City? What are the most influential dimensions in their regeneration in the studied city? Economic sustainability, intersectoral interaction and collaboration, and transparency of laws and regulations positively and significantly impact the development of participatory regeneration of worn-out textures. The variables of participatory development have positive and significant effects on social sustainability, internal development, and physical coherence.

The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and applied in nature based on objectives. Library studies and field observations were utilized to gather the required information. In order to develop and evaluate the regeneration of worn-out and heterogeneous textures within the Miandoab City, a list of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) was extracted. Then, through expert surveys involving urban experts and managers, a set of factors that were deemed more significant by the respective experts were selected to enter the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors. Additionally, by combining the SWOT analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within the Expert Choice software, pairwise comparisons of each internal and external factor were conducted to determine the weights and rankings of each factor, leading to the final score of the internal and external matrix. After performing the necessary calculations for the final weights of the factors, the strategies and sensitivity analysis of the strategies were extracted using the software as mentioned above. Finally, based on the internal and external factor matrix, the type of the four strategies was determined, and then the final ranking of these strategies was carried out using the FAHP model. Furthermore, the significance of the variables was assessed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) SMART PLS model.

The results obtained from the analysis of internal and external factors in the social and economic dimensions indicate that weaknesses, with a score of 0.237, are ranked first and have a higher priority than other factors. Strengths, with a score of 0.267, are in the second position, followed by threats and opportunities, with scores of 0.238 and 0.222, respectively. In the managerial section, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have scores of 0.225, 0.224, 0.247, and 0.221, respectively. Among them, strengths have the most significant impact, while weaknesses have the least impact on the worn-out texture of Miandoab City. Examining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from an environmental perspective indicates that threats have the highest score (0.255) and are of higher priority, while weaknesses, with a final score of 0.224, have a lower priority within the study area. Furthermore, the results obtained from PLS analysis confirm all the research hypotheses. Economic stability positively and significantly affects development participation with a path coefficient of 0.142. Collaboration and interaction between sectors and transparency and regulations demonstrate positive and significant effects on development participation with path coefficients of 0.042 and 0.082, respectively. Overall, improving and developing participation in worn-out textures contributes to physical coherence, internal development, and sustainability.

The results of the structural equation modeling indicate a significant and positive relationship between the components of economic sustainability, transparency of laws and regulations, inter-sectoral collaboration, and interaction with development participation. As a mediating variable, development participation significantly impacts physical coherence, social sustainability, and internal development within urban worn-out textures. The greater the emphasis on development participation, the greater its impact on other components. On the other hand, the research findings show that the significant problems in the worn-out textures of the city are economic and social factors, which have a higher priority with a final score of 0.286 compared to other factors. The residents of different neighborhoods in the city are not inclined to renovate the texture due to economic difficulties. Despite government incentives such as facilities to encourage residents to improve and renovate their housing, the lack of sufficient income and savings hinders their willingness to renovate. Additionally, the negligence of the private sector in investing in these textures exacerbates the problems as mentioned above. Therefore, sustainable economic revitalization and improvement of the social situation are essential drivers for development in heterogeneous urban textures to enhance the quality of life and increase their sustainability, preventing further social and economic challenges. The managerial aspect is the second major problem facing the worn-out texture in Miandoab City, with a score of 0.274. Inefficient urban management in decision-making, necessary frameworks, and policies for planning and renovation have led to further deterioration. Insufficient coordination among officials and unfavorable economic and social conditions have resulted in low quantitative and qualitative values of livability in these areas. The infrastructure and physical aspect of the worn-out texture in Miandoab City ranked third with a score of 0.267. The urban texture faces challenges regarding building instability, lack of safety against natural hazards, use of inappropriate materials, aging structures, inadequate accessibility, lack of urban facilities and equipment, high housing density, etc., significantly affecting their sustainability. In conclusion, addressing the issues of economic and social factors, promoting development participation, and improving infrastructure and physical conditions are crucial for revitalizing and improving the worn-out texture of Miandoab City.

In urban environments, especially in city neighborhoods, factors such as broken windows, garbage on the streets, paintings on walls, abandoned buildings, and lack of street lighting, especially in the suburbs of the city, lead to the creation of an environment that promotes crime and delinquency and as a result the sense of security of the citizens is endangered.

The type of research is applied and its statistical population is a combination of experts including informants, specialists and experts related to urban management in marginalized areas. The sample size was considered based on simple random sampling and Morgan's table of 299 households living in the marginal areas of Yazd city. Inferential statistics (correlation coefficient, regression coefficient, multivariate analysis of variance) have been used in order to connect variables and answer the research questions.

The results of the network analysis model also show that the physical indicators including the narrow width of the passages, the age of the building, the presence of ruins, the area of ​​separate parts, the compatibility of uses, the provision of the required open space with a value of 0.196 have the greatest role in increasing the threat. In the psychological components of the environment including the lack of seclusion, lack of security and safety, and lack of access to public spaces and children's play spaces.

In order to reduce the psychological vulnerability caused by the issues and problems of informal settlements, a settlement empowerment model has been formulated. In this model, in the first step, the issues and problems of the context related to psychology were investigated, in the second step, capacity measurement and planning were carried out, in the third step, the program was implemented to organize and reduce the psychological problems of the environment and In the fourth step, the feedback of the issues was investigated.

Urban form is a container where urban activities take place, the importance of the city form is due to the functions it has for the residents of a city.  The connection of the components of urban prosperity and urban form is evident, so they can be improved by each other.  

This study aims to explain the relationship between the elements of the urban physical form and the feasibility of urban prosperity in Lahijan City. Therefore, the research has investigated the effects of these indicators (density, connection, mixing, communication networks and transportation, spatial distribution of activities) on the feasibility of the urban prosperity index.

This research has an analytical-descriptive approach using factor analysis. Also, for data analysis, one-sample T-test and SPSS software were used.

Geographical Context:

 Lahijan is a city in the east of Gilan Province, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea from the north, Langerood from the east, Deylaman from the south, Siahkal from the southwest, and Astana Ashrafieh from the west. Its population was reported as 167,544 in the 2016 census.

The findings show that the highest score of 88.3 belongs to the spatial distribution of activities. The lowest score is 2.19 that belongs to connection and spatial communication. The specific value of the corresponding variance shows that the first to third factors (spatial distribution of activities, communication network and transportation and density) together account for 96.66% of the variance.  The density factor accounts for 16.233% of the total variance of the influencing factors on the realization of urban prosperity.

The first and second factors, or the spatial distribution of activities and the communication and transportation network explain 49.966 percent of the realizable amount of urban prosperity in the studied area. Therefore, the more the impact of the urban physical form, the more the realization of urban prosperity in the studied area.

The vulnerability of informal settlements to environmental hazards reveals the importance of paying attention to resilience. Resilience is considered a form of foresight due to the dynamic nature of society's response to risks. Accordingly, this issue is one of the ways to reduce risk and vulnerability in human settlements. This research has been carried out to identify physical factors affecting the creation of resilient neighborhoods in the areas involved with informal settlements in Hamedan city against environmental hazards. The research indicators were evaluated in five spectrums of user index, density index, access index, physical structure index, and road network. The present research method is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, and to collect information and data, documentary and field method (questionnaire) has been used. The results show that the level of resilience of informal settlements in Hamedan city is lower than the average level and the first factor i.e. building resistance has the biggest role in explaining the improvement of resilience of informal settlements in Hamedan city. This factor can be successful in dealing with and adapting to resilience. Among the identified factors, the density factor does not affect improving the resilience of informal settlements, and other factors have a direct and positive effect.

Resilience as a new concept in sustainability literature has created a new understanding of the relationship between man and the environment. Resilience is derived from biological discipline, which determines an organism's ability to withstand and recover from a shock, disaster, or disease. The present study evaluates the effect of perceptual-visual components on the resilience of the urban landscape of Rasht metropolis. Method of collecting information in two ways; Documentary and field is a questionnaire and interview. The independent variables of this research are functional, aesthetic, form and morphological, environmental and dependent variables of landscape resilience research. The questionnaire used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts (professors and experts in the field of urban landscape). The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The results showed that considering that the variables of perceptual-visual quality components (including functional, experimental and aesthetic components, form and morphology, environment) with the dependent variable of this study (comparative perspective) have a correlation coefficient. Is 0.568. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study also indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained. The study of tolerance coefficients shows that the environmental variables of form, morphology and aesthetics have the highest coefficients with 0.452, 0.328 and 0.312, respectively, and act as a predictor variable compared to other variables. Therefore, it can be added that the components of perceptual-visual quality affect the patient perspective. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained.

Cities are social entities which is similar to living beings and has grown in the course of its evolution, have evolved and changed and reflected many processes such as shelter, security, social interaction and the place of buying and selling goods and services. But in recent decades, we have witnessed the rapid growth of urbanization which has brought bottlenecks, problems and complications. So that the emergence of poverty, disorganization, environmental pollution, etc. has transformed some parts of the city. And a different color and smell from the past that indicates the decline and deterioration of the region It has made it visible and worn it out. In this connection, in order to solve the mentioned problems, Various policies are offered. In this framework, the latest and most accepted intervention approach in the organization of worn-out tissues, regeneration, has been introduced. In this regard, the present research, with the aim of urban regeneration, has tried to investigate and identify the damages resulting from worn-out structures in Zanjan and their types, with an emphasis on the experts' mentality of the damages resulting from worn-out structures. Based on the mentality of the experts, the mental patterns in regeneration are determined and their performance in reducing the damage of the worn tissues is evaluated..

The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive method and in terms of collected and analyzed data It is of a combined (exploratory) type. In this research, the FMEA technique has been used to evaluate the damages resulting from the worn-out tissues of Zanjan city. Failure Mode And Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic tool that can be used to identify failure modes corresponding to specific system components and functions. Which had the following process; - Identification of system failure states (at this stage, failure states are identified using brainstorming, Delphi, etc. methods). 2- Calculating the risk priority number (the degree of criticality is determined by calculating the priority number that has a range between 1 and 1000. The risk priority number is obtained from the product of three factors: the severity of the risk effect, the probability of occurrence and the ability to be discovered). 3- Reducing failure situations (team members try and plan to reduce known failures. Also, Q factor analysis has been used to analyze and extract mental patterns of experts to intervene in worn-out tissues. In connection with the selection of participants, it should be acknowledged that in choosing the number of participants, attention should be paid to the number of Q propositions, so that the participants should be less than the number of Q propositions. In this research, 10 people were selected based on the purposeful method (snowball). The validity of this research has been confirmed by reviewing the theoretical literature and interviewing the participants and their knowledge by experienced professors in the field of population. Reliability has also been checked through retesting, and its value is 80%, which is the desired value.

The investigations carried out in the form of FMEA technique have shown that 24 risks in the form of 8 potential effects have been directed at the city of Zanjan, and the RPN value of all of them is above 300 and clearly reported. Therefore, it should be stated that the damages resulting from worn tissues were at a serious level and urgent measures were needed. In this regard, it has been determined the mental patterns of experts to intervene in these contexts. For this purpose, Q factor analysis has been used. According to the rotated matrix, each participant is placed in one of three mental models. So that participants 4, 9, 2, 7 are jointly (mental model) the first factor, participants 5, 10, 3 are in the second mental model and participants 1, 8, 6 are in the third mental model.

The results of the research have shown that the worn tissues of Zanjan have caused 24 risks in the form of 8 potential effects. whose RPN value has been evaluated at a significant level. In this connection, 25 propositions (Q) of regeneration in these tissues have been identified based on field-library studies. which can be divided into three mental patterns based on the opinion of experts in the field of recreation. The first mental model has emphasized the integrated urban management for regeneration. Because the management of the urban unit prevents the wastage of money, time and urban resources and prevents duplication and parallel work. While the second mental model pointed out the existing passages of these tissues and considered it as an obstacle to development, On this basis, this group, while facilitating the process of widening the roads, pointed out the commercialization of these tissues And also because of the location of historical monuments in these contexts, they have pointed out the tourist attractions of these contexts To bring financial empowerment to the residents while re-creating. Finally, there were the third mental group who considered employment and income and admitted that due to the same weak economic base of the residents, they had no desire to intervene and organize. Therefore, it is necessary to provide investment platforms and create employment and income To create the sense of belonging of the residents, to provide the ground for regeneration and vitality of these areas. . Therefore, based on the mental model of experts, 9 propositions; Integrated urban management, improving people's participation, improving belonging, organizing narrow roads and commercialization, monitoring the construction and control of buildings, making historical buildings attractive and developing tourism, employment and income, pursuing growth policies. urban, investment in the neighborhood) have been chosen with the most agreement to recreate the dilapidated textures of Zanjan city. which have reduced the risks of worn tissues to an acceptable level.

The present study examines urban furniture, including the influential and constructive ‎elements of the public space of Ilam city. Suitability of urban furniture (quantity and quality, ‎beauty, Comfort, durability and location and the use of appropriate colors and materials ‎suitable for the climate of the region in Urban furniture design), improves the quality of the ‎urban environment, organizing the urban space and appearance and citizens' satisfaction. ‎This research is applied in terms of purpose to achieve a theoretical-analytical model. In terms ‎of nature and method, two combined methods "descriptive-analytical" have been used. To ‎collect data and information from library studies. Field (questionnaire with ‎‏80%‏‎ reliability and ‎interview) was used.The spatial area of the research was the central area of Ilam during ‎‏1396‏‎ ‎and ‎‏1397‏‎ and from the perspective of ‎‏138‏‎ experts in the form of purposeful sampling ‎‎(available) in organizations Statistical analysis (exploratory factor analysis, structural ‎equation model, Pearson correlation and regression analysis) was used in the analysis.The ‎results of the theoretical model analysis showed that disorder and turbulence There is urban ‎furniture in different dimensions and layers of Ilam city that has a significant impact on the ‎spirits and ‎behaviors of citizens and causes citizens dissatisfaction with The results also showed that there ‎is a relationship between not paying attention to the principles of urban furniture standards ‎and creating an unbalanced and inappropriate urban structure and reducing the quality of the ‎urban landscape. Principles and foundations governing each of the elements affecting urban ‎furniture cause the organization of the environment and landscape The city and the creation ‎of a beautiful and ideal urban space were achieved.‏

Nowadays, holding diverse festivals and events is a significant way of attracting tourists. Events are among the most exciting and fast-growing industries, dealing with leisure, trade, and tourism. Focusing on the variable knowing the brand of tourism festivals, perceived quality, and the image of the brand of JashnvarehGolabgiriKashan (Rosewater-making Festival of Kashan), the study endeavored to explore the impact of the reputation of a brand on the sense of destination place. Kashan has many potentials for attracting tourists as it is close to the major populated cities of Iran. The statistical population of the applied survey was all domestic and foreign tourists visiting the Rosewater-making Festival of Kashan. The participant were selected using purposive sampling. The results of testing the hypotheses showed that the components of the reputation of a brand have positive significant relationship with the perceived quality and the image of the brand of Kashan city.The results showed as well that knowing about the brand of roe-water making festival of Kashan impact significantly and positively the awareness of the event, and that in turn, shows that knowing about a festival may approve the relationship and communication with tourists. If a brand is introduced appropriately, it can make the festival successful and make participants more satisfied. The study showed that the variable “trustability of Rose-water making Festival of Kashan” impacts significantly and positively the awareness of the festival.

The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.

This study has investigated the impact of physical-spatial, social and economic indicators on the realization of sustainable housing in the city of Sirjan. The type of a‌lied research and its study method was descriptive-analytical. 600 informants, specialists and experts formed the statistical population of this study that 230 people were selected as the sample size based on simple random sampling method using Morgan table. 31 physical, social and economic components of housing in Sirjan were selected as dependent variables. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.832. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistical methods such as one-sample t-test and factor analysis were used. The results of physical and spatial indicators showed that the rate of retrofitting of existing buildings, the rate of improvement and renovation of worn and old structures, the level of safety in residential units as well as the quantity and quality of equipment have not been in a favorable condition. In this regard, this study with an innovative a‌roach has attempted to harmonize physical, social and economic indicators in order to develop strategies for achieving sustainable housing in the city of Sirjan.

Liveability one of the new approaches to reducing environmental, economic and social problems of cities is based on their capacities and needs. Since worn-out textures face economic, physical, environmental and other problems, paying attention to the biodiversity approach and its standards is effective in reducing these problems and improving the quality of life and efficiency of urban management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the bioaccumulation indices in the worn-out texture of Shahindez city. This paper is a descriptive-analytical and applied purpose study. The questionnaire was distributed among 25 people by simple random sampling and five factors affecting the viability of Shahdinjeh city (social, economic, environmental, physical and managerial) were investigated. Data analysis was performed using FAHP method. The findings show that in the social sector, the rate of participation (0.229); in the economic sector, the rate of income and household expenditure (0.211), in the management sector, providing financial facilities for tissue residents (0.185); Buildings are more important in texture (0.138) and in the environmental section of the quantity and distribution index of green space at the surface of worn textures (0.230), indicating the importance of each of them in the viability of worn textures. At the end, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the viability of Shahindezh were studied.

Imam Ali Square (AS) as the most important open space in the northern part of Isfahan with high activity density needs to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The reconstruction and revitalization of the square has been the major costly urban renovation project in this city. For examlem to rehabilitate the square, the passing cars in the four streets leading to this place were first driven out of the square through the underpasses and then, all the shops in the middle of the square wer bought and demolished through public participation by using participation papers. Next, the markets on the sides of the square were completed and restored with traditional designs. The local markets have now their activaties in this square on Mondays and Wednesdays, while the municipality has tried to organize or dismantle them. When paying attention to the actions taken, one can observe that they are comprehensive and holistic.However, only physical issues, such as paving and improvement of appearance, have been considered in the restoration plans of this complex. It seems that effective steps have not been taken to revitalize this square. Revitalization of an urban -- economic life and vitality --has a hidden dimension often overlooked. For example, this complex has not been successful in enabling the former merchants to buy new shops and got involved in such issues as lack of attending to former small businesses that have used to increase interactions, lack of welcoming citizens, and lack of maintaining meanings and memories. Due to its proximity to the old market and historical sites, this space has the potential to create an active tourist center that can provide strong roots of urban life. Therefore, paying more attention to the performance of this area could increase citizens' satisfaction and vitality and a sense of belonging for citizens and businesses. Undoubtedly, neglecting the mentioned factors and not conducting the necessary research in this regard would cause the lack of tangible identity, disorder and visual confusion, lack of psychological security and people’s confusion in the area, abandonment of cultural and historical elements, lack of positive people’s evaluation of urban spaces, reduced social interactions, and decreased sense of belonging. Therefore, the present made an attempt to study the effects of recreating Imam Ali Square on the socio-economic performance of the surrounding area.

The present study was an applied research with a descriptive-analytical approach. In the first step, a list of the influential factors were identified as the research variables and compiled in the form of two questionnaires. In the first questionnaire, the importance of each factor based on Likert Spectrum was asked from 100 urban experts as the statistical population using the Snowball method. To assess the importance of economic and socio-cultural practices in Imam Ali Square, the information collected from the first questionnaire was analyzed through descriptive findings and Chi-square tests in the SPSS software environment. The average values of economic and socio-cultural indicators in the real society were assumed to be equal to 3. The importance of the studied indicators in all the items had to be higher than average. Applying the method of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the LISREL software environment, the effective socio-economic factors in recreating the area of ​​Imam Ali Square were identified.

The results showed that the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood was below the social criterion and the economic criterion of land and housing market was one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in the area. Changing false and unstable activities and jobs, organizing suitable jobs and activities, modifying the prices of residential commercial lands, increasing the qualities of commercial units, attracting domestic and foreign investors to the economic sector, increasing the presence of pedestrians and social groups and their understanding of the area, removing the disturbing jobs, strengthening the national and international images of this square, organizing beggars, using the square as an urban space, and reducing individual and social insecurities in the social sector were among the factors that received the highest points in the fields of recreating the economic and socio-cultural performance of the square, thus indicating that the project of recreating the revitalizing Imam Ali Square had been successful in these fields.

Imam Ali Square was considered as the most active and prosperous commercial and economic areas in Isfahan before its reconstruction. People from the surrounding cities and villages in addition to Isfahan used to come to this place for shopping due to the great variety of products offered in this area. For example, the fruit and vegetable market in the north of Abdul Razzaq Street was very prosperous though being an irregular complex of fruit stalls. In the past, especially during the Qajar period, this center was used to buy and sell coal. However, after supplying oil and gas to the domestic and industrial markets, the coal sale activity gradually declined and was replaced by peddling activities. Towards the end of the square, a gathering place was formed for vendors to sell second-hand and cheap goods. Another market in this area was the bird market in Cucumber Caravanserai. In this market, animals, such as chickens, roosters, partridges, pigeons, etc., were sold. The mentioned center and the coal market had a very dirty atmosphere and an unfavorable appearance. They had nothing to do with the historical identity and cultural values ​​of the area. In this place, peddling, smuggling, buying and selling drugs, and begging were done a lot.Nevertheless, among the actions taken, meanings and memorable messages, customer attraction, business satisfaction, and economic life were lacking in this area and this had caused it to be involved in a declined prosperity and hence not to have its former vitality.

Reconstruction and revitalization of Imam Ali Square (AS) has been the most important and costly renovation and design project in Isfahan for many years. In the renovation plans of this square, only physical issues such as paving and improving the appearance have been considered. There has been no discussion of meaning, increased memory, customer attraction, business satisfaction and economic life in the actions taken... In fact, if an urban space or a city does not have economic vitality, it will not practically become a living and revitalized space. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the key factors affecting the functional burnout of Imam Ali Square. The research method is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature of the research. In this regard, using the interaction analysis method in Mick Mac software and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software, the key factors affecting functional burnout have been identified and finally by selecting the key factors affecting functional burnout in Imam Ali Square using Scenario writing method was used in Scenario Wizard software. The statistical population of this study is urban experts. The sampling method is snowball and the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire this year. Findings show that the seven factors of appropriate programs, green space per capita, low interest facilities, physical stability, facilities of cultural and recreational centers, visual proportions and various job opportunities have the greatest impact and key role in the functional burnout of Imam Ali Square. Also, based on the results of the third scenario, with 5 desirable modes and a usefulness of 42.86%, the most optimistic and promising scenario is the reconstruction and performance improvement of Imam Ali Square.

Tourism is one of the factors affecting the economic growth and development of communities. The development of tourism leads to an increase in income, the creation of direct and indirect employment, as well as the acquisition of foreign exchange earnings for the country. To benefit more from the positive effects of tourism, attention to creativity and innovation is of great importance. Due to the numerous effects and attractions of tourism in South Khorasan province, especially the city of Birjand on the one hand and droughts of several years on the other hand, attention to this industry is effective in improving the economic situation of this region. In this regard, the present study seeks to Investigat the effective factors in tourism development in Birjand city with emphasis on creativity. This research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. Field data collected through a questionnaire from 67 activists in tourism industry and analyzed using SPSS software and Amos software. Variables affecting urban tourism based on creativity are divided into 6 general components (economic, infrastructure and physical, environment, information technology, political and security, social and cultural), each of which includes several indicators. The results show that the political and security component with a coefficient of 1.58 and the environment component with a coefficient of 1.28 have the greatest impact on tourism in Birjand with an emphasis on creativity.

In recent years, the study of the concepts of resilience at the urban and regional scales has attracted special attention, although the level and number of these studies at the urban scale is higher than studies at higher scales. Hence, the gap of this group of studies in the field of regional studies is obvious.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the resilience of Karaj communication network. In this research, with library studies, important criteria and sub-criteria in increasing the resilience of roads have been identified and then studied and evaluated in selected axes. The six criteria developed in this study are equestrian resilience, pedestrian and cyclist resilience, natural disaster resilience, efficient transportation management, resilience against adverse weather conditions and resilience against crime.

This research is of applied type. On the other hand, the research method is descriptive-analytical with a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach

One of the proposed solutions to improve resilience is to walk the busy pedestrian sections of the street, implement traffic plans such as pairing and individualizing, controlling the speed of vehicles and providing safe movement for pedestrians through relaxation methods, using speed control tools. He mentioned the construction of overpasses or underpasses for pedestrians in high-risk areas, etcOne of the proposed solutions to improve resilience is to walk the busy pedestrian sections of the street, implement traffic plans such as pairing and individualizing, controlling the speed of vehicles and providing safe movement for pedestrians through relaxation methods, using speed control tools. He mentioned the construction of overpasses or underpasses for pedestrians in high-risk areas, etc

The urban regeneration approach as the latest approach to protect dysfunctional urban structures against natural disasters such as earthquakes arises from the principles of sustainable development and system planning, which has considered simultaneous attention to the physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. In this study, with the aim of recreating the dysfunctional tissues of 22 neighborhoods of Saqez city with the approach of earthquake crisis management; 49 effective indicators in regenerating dysfunctional tissues of Saqez neighborhoods in MicMac environment have been evaluated, to extract key factors. Then these factors should be prioritized using the Todim model in the 22 neighborhoods of the city. It should be noted that data collection related to key metrics using field survey, statistical data of 2016 and network analysis model in GIS has been. Also, prioritization based on the importance and needs of citizens has been in the AHP hierarchical matrix. The research findings indicate the extraction of 27 indicators as key factors that show the pattern of unstable distribution. The results show that according to the criteria for regeneration of dysfunctional tissues, 22 neighborhoods of Saqqez, 22, 2, 8 and 21 neighborhoods, which are located in the southwest and part of the north of the city, In contrast, neighborhoods 16, 17, 19, 6, 18, 4, 13 and 1, which are located in the southeast, somewhat northeast, west and the city center, are considered as highly inefficient neighborhoods that in between the Indicators of regeneration of deteriorated urban areas, Economic, physical (internal and external), environmental and social indicators have the highest to lowest rating. Therefore, in order to regeneration of deteriorated urban areas of Saqez, it is necessary that these factors should be considered in order of preference and in order to achieve regeneration the necessary actions to be done.

Over recent decades, citizens' participation in modern society has attracted a great deal ofattention. Participation in urbanization is also proposed at different stages such as planning,design preparation, design implementation, and urban management and administration, and invarious forms such as participation in decision making, participation in financing, paying thecost of designs implementation, participation in provision of human resources, and involvementin design benefits. Various models have been presented in the modern urban management systemto eradicate the urban problems and challenges. Today, one of these models is considered as thedominant model of urban management and is the urban governance model. In this model, theresponsibility for public administration has been divided among three institutions: government,civil society, and private sector.

Considering research nature, the current research is an applied study. It wasconducted using descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through libraryresources, including taking note and using Internet, and via field study, including questionnaireand interview. The research statistical population consisted of citizens who are living in Yasujcity, managers, and urban affairs staffs. According to the modified Cochran formula, the requiredsample size for citizens and managers was calculated to be 383 and 20 persons, respectively.Additionally, in order to determine the rate of people participation in urban management, as wellas to determine the rate of urban managers' adherence to the principles of good governance, one-sample t-test was used.

Results obtained from describing the characteristics of individuals in the statistical populationshow that most of the respondents among citizens were in the age range of 25-35 years andamong managers were in the age range of 35-45years. Of the whole respondent sample forcitizens, 81.1% were male and 18.9% were female, and of the whole respondent sample formanagers, 96% were male and 4% were female. The average dimension of these individuals'household is 3.4 and 2.9 for citizens and managers, respectively.

The results of the research show that the rate of citizens' participation in the city's managementaffairs is at a very good level such that of the 16 investigated components, the citizens andmanagers have only estimated the citizens' participation in the urban management affairs to be atmoderate level in five components. They estimated other components to be at strong level.Results show that of the 22 investigated components, 2 components were evaluated to be at weaklevel, 9 components were evaluated to be at moderate level, and 11 components were evaluatedto be at strong level.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers.

The aim of this study is to predict the characteristics of Shahrshad in Urmia In order to understand the future of the city by identifying possible situations facing the city in the form of a scenario And in accordance with that program and policies to be implemented to achieve a happy city.

The research method of the present study was descriptive-analytical that 29 indicators were used to explain the happy city of Urmia.

The research findings have shown that among the 29 indicators studied, 8 indicators have been identified as key factors in the realization of the happy city of Urmia. How these factors are distributed in the regions of Urmia shows the best situation for region 1 with a score of 0.30% and the worst for region 2 with a score of 0.22%.

The results of the study showed that the probable scenarios out of a total of 152 possible cases had a coefficient of 38% for the optimal situation, 35% for the static situation and 25% for the critical situation. That the desired situation was more likely to be achieved than other situations, Which itself indicates the realization of Shahr Shad indicators for Urmia in the future, provided that the proposals presented in the present study are implemented.

Principal growth and development of cities is facilitating the sustainability process. To accomplish this Policy-making and stakeholders are the most important component. For this purpose the present study with the aim of identifying and analyzing key factors Influencing in policy- making for environmental (physical) development of Urmia, Trying that by applying policies and changing the power of actors, direct the city development process in the right direction. The purpose of this study is practical and data collection has been descriptive-analytical. In this research the Holdern model has been used to investigate the physical development of the city of Urmia, and by using the MicMac software, effective indicators have been identified for the development of the city, and then key actors have been analyzed In the Mactor software, and action has been taken to determine the degree of competitiveness, convergence and agreement between key actors. The results of the research based on Holdern model calculations showed that about % -25.8 of the growth was in the city of Urmia between 1355 and 1395 due to the Spiral horizontal growth of the city and about 74.2 percent of the rest of the city's development was due to city population growth this has led to an increase in population density and a decline in urban land use. 31 factors were used to analyze and evaluate the policy- making for environmental (physical) development of Urmia. Using MicMac software, eight key drivers in policy- making have been identified and 5 key players to advance these policies. Those have had urban managers and urban firms in the highest order of competitiveness, competence, influence.  Eventually most of the actors agreed on the physical development bug  on the likelihood of the city becoming a land exchange for housing and housing, and a focused policy.

Analyzing the Quality of Life Indicators in Urban neighborhoodsCase Study: Koh-‎Banan CityExtended AbstractIntroductionCities were quickly developed after the industrial revolution. As the population increased, ‎various ‎socio-economic problems also increased in the cities. these problems in return ‎caused dangerous ‎effects not only on environment but also on soul and body of inhabitants. ‎In response to these ‎problems and crisis, new concepts and procedures were suggested for ‎future developments. Some ‎of these concepts are: sustainable development, bio-‎environmental justice, new urbanism and more ‎recently intelligent growth. Also, in ‎recent years, serious attention to the sustainable development ‎of city officials and urban ‎planners at different levels of social, economic and cultural, tangible ‎aspects of urban life ‎and lower levels (neighborhood) has attracted. So, the attention to the ‎importance of ‎sustainable development neighborhood is very important. Therefore, ‎understanding ‎and analyzing of sustainability of cities and their inside differences including‎ Kuh-Bānan city, is ‎necessary for sustainable development. ‎ ‎‎ After the rapid population growth in the Iranian cities, these cities have experienced great ‎changes. The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades and neglect of the qualitative aspects ‎of human life have had adverse consequences on the individual and social health of cities. The ‎concept of quality of life was provided by Remington Bauer for the concept of quality of life in the ‎late 20th century. Quality of life is generally recognized as satisfying life, happiness and ‎prosperity, well-being and comfort, and reflects the level of expectation of human needs. The ‎purpose of the concept of urban quality of life is to achieve urban development, especially ‎sustainable development, to achieve prosperity and appropriate use of facilities. Quality of life has ‎different meanings for individuals and groups. Some have interpreted it as an area's viability, ‎others have been interpreted as measures for the level of attractiveness, and some as general ‎welfare, social welfare, happiness, satisfaction, etc. Kowastanza et al. (2007) define quality of life ‎as the level of human needs in relation to the perceptions of individuals and groups of mental well-‎being. Das (2008) defines the quality of life as a well-being or a poor state of the people and their ‎living environment.‎‎ So, the purpose of this study is analyzing the quality of life indicators of Kohbanan city based ‎on a descriptive-analytical research, which has been studied social, economic, physical and ‎environmental indicators in different districts of the city.‎MethodologyThe present study is a descriptive-analytical case-based documentary-field study. In the main part ‎of the study, a survey method has been used on Kohbanan city‎. Kohbanan city have three ‎neighborhoods, includes: Ansar, Dameer and Taleghani neighborhoods. The sample size was ‎determined by the Cochran method and equated to 377 households. Hence, using the appropriate ‎allocation of the population (households) of each neighborhood, the questionnaire was distributed ‎among households as well. In this research, we use the ANP and Fuzzy logic and T-test method. ‎Then, based on the theoretical foundations of the research, the concept of quality of life was ‎defined and operationalized in 4 dimensions, 8 components and 29 indicators. ArcGIS, ANP and ‎fuzzy logic have been used to analyze the spatial distribution of quality of life in neighborhoods.‎Results and ConclusionThe results of the analysis of the questionnaires and the output of the models used indicate that the ‎Ansar neighborhood with a total area of 301021 square meters and a normal weight of 0.426 is ‎more than other areas of Koh-Banan. This suggests that in the Ansar neighborhood quality of life ‎is at a higher level. Consequently, citizens have been satisfied with the quality of life and their ‎efficiency. Also, Taleghani neighborhood with an area of 133029 square meters and a normal ‎weight of 0.339 is moderate in terms of quality of life indicators, and satisfaction in Dameer ‎neighborhood with a coefficient of 0.233 is lower than standard, and in fact their residents have ‎lower quality of life Who need more service and welfare. The t-test student method has also been ‎used to analyze the influence the quality of life indicators on the Koh-Banan neighborhoods. ‎Among the indicators used, the index of income in the economic dimension, with an average of ‎‎3.83, has been ranked first. The second is allocated to The social dimension related to the access ‎to health facilities with average 3.23. the lowest is the satisfaction of the waste disposal system ‎and the waste collection system with an average of 0.775 which shows the greatest impact on the ‎quality of life. So, by strengthening the index of waste disposal systems and waste collection, we ‎can influence to improve the quality of life in the city Kuh-Banan increase.‎ConclusionAccording to the results of the dissatisfaction of residents in the two urban neighborhoods (Ansar ‎and Dmitry) Kuh-Banan, urban neighborhoods in terms of quality of life and their degree of ‎satisfaction can be seen as a kind of classification and disparity, and this issue is necessary for the ‎proper organization and satisfaction of citizens to redefine the quality of life with a fair approach ‎from the receiving institutions. ‎‎ The results showed that there is Inequality and differences between various areas of ‎ Kuh-‎Banan city. So, reduction of these inequalities ‎‎(in social, economic, environmental and physical ‎aspects) is necessary for actual ‎sustainability of Boushehr city. Finally, in order to improve the ‎quality of life in the city, it is suggested that the fair distribution of service as well as the ‎development of health and medical facilities be in the center of planning. In this relation, we must ‎prioritize the area and indexes that have lowest level of ‎sustainability. Also, it is necessary ‎to ‎select reliable indexes for specific cities, because the assessment of sustainability is ‎depended ‎on selected indexes seriously.

Urban land policy is one of the important areas of public policy and in some countries, such as Iran, urban land policies and the position of land management have neglected. And this has made it necessary to change attitudes towards urban land and urban land policies in Iran.

The purpose of this research is to Identify and analyze the effective factors in Iran's urban land policies.

The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. It should be noted that the relationship between indicators and actors was assessed by experts in urban affairs has been done by sampling snowballs. Mental and Maker software was used to analyze the data. 15 factors have been used to analyze and evaluate urban land policies in Iran. Using Mantal software, the relationship between variables is evaluated and key factors were extracted. Finally, the key factors influencing Iran's urban land policies as well as the relative power of the actors and their agreement with the goals and priority of each goal were identified from their point of view.

According to the findings of Mental software, 5 key factors influencing urban land policies were identified and the results extracted from Maktor software showed that the dominant actors of the system who had the most impact on Iran's urban land policies; these include the legislature, the Ministry of the Interior, the Housing and Urban Development Foundation.

The results of the research showed that most of the actors agree on the objectives of urban land policies in the first place, given the integrity of the responsible institutions, has been the need to reduce parallel work. In the second place, the improvement of the executive power of the institutions, in such a way that the performance of the institutions is in harmony with the institutions of other sectors finally, the access of information by the institutions has been agreed upon by the creation of a land database.

Over the recent years, social pathology in urban areas has attracted increasing attention affecting the quantity and quality of livability. As a small city, Shahindej has faced social harms, thereby making this study of a special significance. To this end, the current study endeavors to explore the impact and effectiveness of social pathology on the livability in Shahindej city. The type of study is applied, employing a descriptive-analytic research method. Based on the citizens' views, the results of the study reveal that the majority of the investigated indexes are below three and the livability status in the city under investigation is not satisfactory. The results obtained through Fuzzy Dematel, from the viewpoints of experts and urban planners, indicate that the three most important social pathology indexes include unemployment (4.93), alienation and social non-identity (4.64) and inefficient administration (4.57), respectively and play a major role in reducing the livability in Shahindej. Hence, the research findings in the causal section reveal that inadequate income, social inequality and unemployment are ranked among the top factors indicating their effectiveness on the livability of urban areas and the resulting indexes. As to the effect section, the results indicate that the inadequate hygiene and health facilities are among the most influential indexes affected by the causal factors. To make the research translational and improve the livability standard, the authors conclude by offering certain courses of action to alleviate social pathology.

Information and communication technology (ICT), as a technology of new millennium, has affected all aspects of civic life. Today, the discussion about improving the quality of life of citizens and its dimensions such as urban housing without considering this technology is useless. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of ICT on improving the quality of urban housing and quality of life of citizens in the neighborhood of Koche Biuck in Yazd city. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the statistics and information of which have been collected through field methods. The statistical population was the citizens of Koche Biuck neighborhood of Yazd. Using Cochran's formula, 358 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method. Inferential statistics including (1 sample t-test, LISREL model, Pearson correlation coefficient and chi-square homogeneity test) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the statistical population not only has a good level of information and communication technology, but also 78.1% of them rated the use of ICT services in the performance of common citizenship affairs, moderate to high. Inferential results also showed that the impact of ICT on quality indicators of urban housing and quality of life of citizens in the neighborhood of Koche Biuck is at a strong level, with a confidence level of 99%, it means that these variables have a significant and direct relationship with each other.

The City called as the second human revolution, wealth Factory. In addition it is set up workshop and contamination bed. So we can say that the city can be like a double-edged sword. So it is necessary for any action in this context to proceed to identify the uncertainties of the possible future ahead apart from explaining the current situation, to maximize the benefits and avoid the least damage. To this end, first the present study has identified state of Maku's physical development using the Holdern model and then he tried to paint the city's possible prospects aiming to explanation identify key factors influencing the process of physical development with a foresight approach. It is used for this purpose of the 27 indicators that influence the process of physical development in Maku City that are known according to experts' assessments at MicMac 8 scenarios as Proponents. Then to determine the likely future, Propellants have been evaluated by experts in the form of assumptions in a ScenarioWizard environment. The strong scenario consists of three scenarios (Scenario 1 desirable, scenario two critical and scenario three) that lacked static status among the scenarios. Overall achieved 21 possible scenarios for future situation of the Physical developing process in Maku City on the horizon of 1404.  The situation of the possible scenarios illustrates four desirable scenarios and 17 critical scenarios. In the meantime, they were more likely to happen. Scenarios 1, 2, and 3 were more likely to occur.

Determining the development level of various communities paves the way for accurate planning. The present study provides an analysis of health care development in the counties of Yazd province using 22 health indicators.

The present study was conducted using an economic and retrospective approach. The data in this study were collected in 2016 using a documentary study. Besides, the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy method were used to weight the indicators, and the VIKOR method and Sturges' rule were used to analyze the data and to rate the counties with SPSS software (version 22).

Yazd province with an average Q value of 0.43 does not have a favorable position in terms of the development of health services. It was also shown that Taft and Saduq counties had the highest and lowest levels of health care development, respectively.

Given that Yazd province in general and its counties, in particular, were not in a favorable situation in terms of health care indicators, the components such as education, health care, treatment, and housing need to be considered the priority of human development programs in the 10 counties of Yazd province. Furthermore, regardless of variables such as population, administrative-military densities, and size, individual factors like gender, literacy, and awareness as well as economic factors such as income need to be taken into account in development programs.