ahmad asgharzadeh

Evaluating the relationships between physiological/biochemical traits and yield-related characteristics in medicinal plants under stress conditions is crucial. This study aimed to assess these relationships in lavender genotypes (English and French) under varying drought stress levels (100%, 70±5%, and 40±5% field capacity, respectively) and the effects of different biostimulant applications (individual and combined applications of bacterial inoculants (PGPRs) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs)). A split-plot factorial test relied on a randomized complete block design during the 2022-2023 growing season. The chlorophyll content peaked at 40.59 µg/g Fresh Weight (F.W.) with dual fertilizer application in French lavender under optimal conditions. Proline content significantly increased under severe drought stress, reaching 823.47 µmol/g F.W. with PGPRs + AMFs application, while it was lowest in non-fertilized conditions. Antioxidant enzyme activities varied with drought stress and fertilization, generally showing higher activities under severe drought stress. Severe stress significantly reduced flower yield, with optimal yields achieved through dual fertilizer application in French lavender (1226.9 kg/ha). The use of PGPRs alone resulted in the highest averages for α-Pinene (3.01%), Camphor (6.36%), Terpinen (7.50%), and Linalyl acetate (24.59%). The combined use of PGPRs and AMFs resulted in the highest averages for Linalool (30.83%) and Caryophyllene oxide (10.22%). Essential oil yields varied: English lavender achieved the best results with standalone PGPRs under non-stress conditions, while combined PGPRs + AMFs were optimal under drought stress. For French lavender, AMFs alone were effective under moderate stress, and PGPRs + AMFs provided the best outcomes under non-stress conditions. Photosynthetic pigments, enzymes, and proline levels influenced flower yield and essential oil content.

The growing global population and increasing food demand necessitate sustainable agricultural practices that enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Conventional agriculture's reliance on synthetic inputs has led to significant environmental degradation. In this context, integrating biotechnological approaches, particularly using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) and nanotechnology, offers a promising strategy. PGPR, a diverse group of rhizosphere bacteria, promote plant growth through direct mechanisms like enhancing nutrient availability (nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, potassium mobilization), producing phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins), and synthesizing siderophores. Indirect mechanisms involve suppressing pathogens through antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties (high surface area-to-volume ratio, quantum effects, enhanced reactivity), offer advantages in agriculture. They act as carriers for targeted delivery of nutrients and agrochemicals, improving efficiency and reducing contamination. They also directly influence plant physiological processes. Combining PGPR and nanoparticles shows promising synergistic effects, potentially leading to greater improvements in plant growth and yield. This synergy stems from enhanced bacterial colonization, improved nutrient delivery, and direct effects on plant physiology. This study aims to: (1) review the mechanisms by which PGPR and nanoparticles influence plant growth; (2) investigate their synergistic interactions; (3) analyze their practical applications; (4) discuss challenges and limitations; and (5) provide future research recommendations for optimizing their application in sustainable agriculture.

This study employed a comprehensive literature review of existing research on PGPR and nanoparticle applications in agriculture. Scientific articles, reports, books, reviews, and conference proceedings were collected from databases like Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sciencedirect. Keywords and Boolean operators were used for the search, including "plant growth-promoting bacteria," "PGPR," "nanoparticles," "nanotechnology in agriculture," "Nutrient uptake," "Plant hormones," "Biotic/abiotic stress," "Sustainable agriculture," "Nanofertilizers," and related terms. The collected literature was critically evaluated for relevance, methodological rigor, and scientific quality. Studies investigating the synergistic effects of combining PGPR and nanoparticles were prioritized. Information extracted included types of PGPR and nanoparticles, application methods, plant species, experimental conditions, and measured parameters (plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance).

The literature review provides compelling evidence of the beneficial effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on plant growth and yield. PGPR have consistently been shown to enhance nutrient availability, stimulate root development, improve water use efficiency, and increase plant resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of PGPR to fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize insoluble phosphorus, and mobilize potassium, making these essential nutrients available to plants. Furthermore, PGPR are known to produce various phytohormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, which play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, and differentiation. The production of siderophores by PGPR has also been shown to improve iron uptake by plants, especially in calcareous soils. Nanoparticles, with their unique properties, serve as effective carriers for delivering nutrients, pesticides, and other agrochemicals to plants, improving their efficiency and reducing environmental contamination. Studies have also demonstrated the direct effects of nanoparticles on plant physiological processes, such as enhancing photosynthesis by improving chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, and influencing stomatal regulation. The combined application of PGPR and nanoparticles consistently results in synergistic effects, leading to greater improvements in plant growth and yield compared to the application of either technology alone. This synergy can be attributed to several factors. Nanoparticles can enhance the colonization of plant roots by PGPR by providing a protective microenvironment and improving bacterial attachment. Conversely, PGPR can facilitate the uptake and translocation of nanoparticles within the plant. The combination of PGPR and nanoparticles has been shown to improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity.

The combined application of PGPR and nanoparticles represents a promising and sustainable approach for enhancing agricultural productivity and minimizing environmental impact. The synergistic interactions between these two technologies offer significant potential for improving plant growth, yield, and quality. PGPR contribute by enhancing nutrient availability, producing phytohormones, and inducing systemic resistance, while nanoparticles act as efficient delivery systems for nutrients and other agrochemicals and directly influence plant physiological processes. The combined application of these technologies often results in greater improvements in plant growth and yield compared to individual applications, demonstrating a clear synergistic effect. However, several challenges need to be addressed before widespread adoption of this approach. These challenges include the potential toxicity of certain nanoparticles to plants and soil microorganisms, the need for further research on the long-term environmental impacts of nanoparticles, the cost-effectiveness of nanoparticle production and application, and the development of standardized protocols for application. Furthermore, understanding the precise mechanisms of interaction between specific PGPR strains and different types of nanoparticles is crucial. Future research should focus on: (1) elucidating the complex interactions between PGPR, nanoparticles, plants, and the soil microbiome at the molecular level; (2) conducting comprehensive risk assessments to evaluate the potential environmental and human health impacts of nanoparticles used in agriculture; (3) developing sustainable and cost-effective methods for producing and applying nanoparticles in agriculture; (4) optimizing the application methods and formulations of PGPR and nanoparticles for different crops and environmental conditions; (5) establishing clear regulatory frameworks for the use of nanoparticles in agriculture; (6) investigating the long-term effects of repeated applications of nanoparticles on soil health and ecosystem functioning; and (7) exploring the potential of using nanobiosensors for monitoring the effects of nanoparticles in the environment. By addressing these challenges and pursuing these research directions, the synergistic potential of PGPR and nanoparticles can be fully exploited to contribute to a more sustainable and productive agricultural future.

Enhancing herbal plant germination through biological priming is crucial under water stress conditions. This study investigated the effects of different biopriming techniques on the physiological and biochemical attributes of two lavender genotypes (English and French) under water stress induced by PEG-6000 (-1, -0.5, -0.25, and 0 MPa) during 2022. Results indicated that the English genotype outperformed the French genotype regarding germination parameters and photosynthetic pigment content, while the French genotype exhibited higher activity levels of antioxidant enzymes. Under well-watered conditions, hydropriming (HP) and Azetobacter + Pseudomonas (AzPs) treatments led to the most excellent germination percentages and tallest seedlings in the English genotype. Hydropriming and AzPs treatments resulted in the most elevated levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total. Additionally, when subjected to water stress, the AzPs treatment showed the highest chlorophyll b and total. Proline content was found to vary between genotypes and treatments, with the highest mean associated with the English genotype and seed priming with AzPs + Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under the highest level of water stress. The study suggests that bio-priming with biofertilizers and hydropriming can improve germination parameters and physiological characteristics, with individual biofertilizers being more effective than their combined application. Moreover, the English genotype exhibited superior features to the French genotype, and using of AMF and AzPs alone can enhance seed germination and improve the biochemical characteristics of lavender under water stress conditions.

Corona virus is a phenomenon that due to its rapid release and unstoppable nature, it has become a major global crisis and it has involved many countries, including Iran; However citizens are simultaneously identified as the main victims and culprits of the corona crisis in Iran. The present article raises the question that why do some citizens of Tabriz not follow the health protocols in the Corona crisis, seeks to understand the views and actions of these citizens in the face of the Corona crisis, there are interactions and consequences of this crisis. For this purpose and by applying the grounded theory approach in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 citizens and finally, 11 main categories were extracted from a total of 82 primary subcategories. The results show that distrust, dissatisfaction, relative deprivation, and social apathy have long since begun with the wrong policies and the government's weakness in governing, lack of transparency in control and oversight, non-compliance with health protocols has turned into an epidemic crisis.

Wheat, as a crucial staple food, has gained heightened importance following the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the escalating impacts of climate change. Its adaptability to various climates, ease of cultivation, and rich nutritional value make it indispensable. Iran, with its arid climate and saline arable lands, necessitates a focused study on innovative approaches for wheat cultivation. In this challenging environment, it's imperative to seek cost-effective methods to boost wheat production. Addressing salinity involves diverse techniques like leaching saline soils, improved irrigation management, cultivating salt-tolerant varieties, and utilizing biological fertilizers. Additionally, the application of effective microorganisms stands out as a promising biological method. By influencing the rhizosphere and leaf through biological and molecular priming, these microorganisms enhance the plant's resistance to salinity and drought, ultimately leading to increased growth and yield. Embracing such approaches is essential for sustainable wheat cultivation in these harsh conditions.

The current average yield of button mushrooms is 17 to 20 kilograms per square meter. Increasing this yield to 22 to 27 kilograms per square meter could significantly enhance the economic viability and global competitiveness of mushroom production. Achieving this improvement requires a comprehensive understanding of the microbial dynamics in compost production and the nuanced nutrition of mushrooms, utilizing biological, organic, and chemical enhancers. A recent study utilized nine leading strains of the Pseudomonas genus, six strains of Bacillus subtilis, and five strains of Bacillus thuringiensis to promote growth and biocontrol capabilities. While no significant differences were observed among the strains, all Pseudomonas strains were found to effectively stimulate button mushroom mycelium growth, with strain P8 exhibiting the most pronounced growth-enhancement properties. Additionally, Bacillus subtilis strains S1 and S6 significantly boosted mycelium growth, and Bacillus thuringiensis strains T2, T3, and T5 supported mycelium growth. However, some strains (S2, S5, T1, and T4) inhibited button mushroom growth in certain mediums (PDA/NA + Extract medium). The most notable biocontrol effects were by strain S3 against the Trichoderma and strain S6 against the Mycogone fungus, each inhibiting growth with a maximum colony zone diameter of 20 millimeters, whereas strain T5 showed the least biocontrol effect. Given the beneficial and diverse effects exhibited by the species from the two genera studied, these findings suggest that employing a consortium of these bacteria as a biofertilizer could significantly enhance button mushroom production outcomes.

 Savory plant Satureja sp. It is one of the types of medicine that has many therapeutic properties such as controlling diabetes and blood sugar, blood pressure, constipation, diarrhea, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the constituents and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of this plant.

 In this study, two species of savory plants (S. sativa and S. multica) were collected from two natural and agricultural habitats and after drying in the shade, essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. Its antioxidant was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP methods and determination of total phenol.

 The results showed that the highest percentage of free radical degradation was due to the use of 4 mg / ml of essential oil of plants harvested from the sativa species of 82.26% and on the other hand the lowest percentage of free radical degradation. From the concentration of 0.5 mg / ml of essential oils of plants harvested from the cultivation of multica species was 24.87%. Essential oil of multica species obtained from natural habitat, at a concentration of 4 mg / ml with a numerical value of / 84 in FRAP method and total phenol, with a numerical value of 2.14, showed the highest antioxidant properties.

 In this study, it was found that among species and natural and agricultural habitats, safflower essential oil of multica species in natural habitat has the most antioxidant effect and factors such as soil type, and climate can affect the essential oil.

The Artemisia plant is known by its scientific name, which is the exclusive species of Kopeh Daghi in Iran. The present study aimed to design a nanoemulsion of the essential oil of Kopeh Daghi and investigate its antimicrobial activity on the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

At first, the essential oil extraction was performed using a Clevenger. Nanoemulsion was prepared by a spontaneous method using Tween 80 as oil in water. The size of nanoparticles was determined using the dynamic light scattering method. The antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Nanoemulsion at a concentration of 15% of essential oil were investigated.

In the current research, 38 compounds were identified in the species of Artemisia kopetdaghensis, of which Davanone, with 28.89%, was the most effective substance. The results of the antioxidant test demonstrated that pure essential oil (IC₅₀= 7.05 mg/ml) and Nanoemulsion containing essential oil (IC₅₀= 46.51 mg/ml) had the highest antioxidant activity, respectively. Furthermore, regarding the inhibition of bacterial growth, Nanoemulsion was the most effective in Staphylococcus aureus with a non-growth zone diameter of 8 mm. In Escherichia coli, pure essential oil was the most effective, with a non-growth zone diameter of 9 mm.

In general, the antibacterial properties of 15% nanoemulsion were better compared to 15% essential oil. Moreover, Nanoemulsion containing the medicinal plant essential oil had more antioxidant properties compared to 15% essential oil

The aim of this study was to Phytochemical, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of Rosa persica L. extracts in a complete randomized design with three replications. R. persica L. was collected from Shirvan city located in North Khorasan province in the late summer of 2019 . The methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water extracts were prepared by maceration method and were analyzed by using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer system, it was determined that the methanolic extract had the highest amounts of rosmarinic acid compounds. Antimicrobial effects of different extracts were investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Antimicrobial assays against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger showed that in all treatments, gram-negative bacteria were more resistance in compare to gram positive bacteria. In all extracts, the most sensitive strain was S. aureus with MIC and MBC of 10.89±0.13 and 19.34±0.33 μg/ml in the methanolic extract, respectively. Methanolic extracts of aerial parts had significantly stronger antimicrobial effects, respectively. Based on the results of cytotoxicity of different extracts on MCF-7, DU-145, PC3, A2780, C26, U-87-MG, MDA-MB-231, and Hela, it was found that Methanolic extract had the most cytotoxic effects on all cell lines studied. The lowest effects of cytotoxicity were related to the aqueous extract of aerial parts. In all treatments and cell lines, the IC50 was less than 400 μg/ml. The biochemical and biological activities of R. persia may be related to its phenolic compounds, so further studies is recommended.

Today, the study of the phenomenon of fashion and the factors affecting it has been considered by many researchers. The present article is trying using the meta-synthesis method to systematically review the findings of studies in this regard and analyze them. For this reason, using the above method, the results of previous researches were analyzed. From 2006 to 2020, out of 235 articles, finally 61 articles were selected for analysis. The results show that the most important factors affecting fashion in Iran are: Marketing agents, Social media and networks, Social factors, Approval and admiration of others, Culture and lifestyle, Situational factors, Idealism, Belonging and influences of groups, Display of power and branding, Body management, Hedonism and consumerism, Competitive behavior, Mental engagement with fashion and Shortcomings.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) the most valuable agricultural and pharmaceutical product in the world, has a special place among Iran's industrial and export products. The aim of this study was to study the changes in quantitative, qualitative, physiological traits, and heavy metals accumulation in cultivated saffron samples in three important saffron producing provinces, North Khorasan (Shirvan city), Razavi Khorasan (Torbat-Heydariyeh city), and South Khorasan (Ghaen city), based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 crop year.In this study, quantitative traits (flower and stigma yield), qualitative traits (safranal, picrocrocin, and crocin content extracted by aqueous method and measured by spectrophotometry), physiological characteristics (anthocyanin, flavonoid, total phenol, and antioxidant activity extracted by alcohol andmeasured by spectrophotometry) and the selenium, lead, and nickel metals accumulation (by acid extraction and atomic absorption measurements) were investigated. Also, the effect of climatic parameters on quantitative and qualitative yield was investigated. The results showed that the samples cultivated in these provinces had significant differences in terms of quantitative, qualitative, physiological, and metal accumulation characteristics. North and Razavi Khorasan provinces with the highest flowers and stigmas yield, as well as safranal and crocin content, had the highest quantity and quality.In addition, the highest anthocyanins, flavonoids, and total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and lead content was obtained in North Khorasan province. The two climatic parameters of relative humidity content and average annual rainfall had a high correlation with quantitative and qualitative yield and are the most influential environmental factors on the quantity and quality of saffron. In general, North and Razavi Khorasan provinces had a significant advantage in terms of quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron compared to South Khorasan provinces.

MA×MA60 is a sweet cherry semi dwarf rootstock that is easily reproduced through micropropagation and because of the resistance to phytophytora, which is one of the most important factors in the deterioration of stone fruit trees, it is a valuable rootstock. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of culture media and plant growth regulators on the proliferation and rooting of MA×MA60 rootstock at the Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. At the proliferation stage, the treatments consisted of three culture media (MS, WPM and DKW) and two growth regulators (benzyl amino purine and thiadiazuron) at concentrations of 0, 1 and 2 mgL-1 and at the rooting stage, treatments consisted of three culture media (MS, WPM and DKW) and different concentrations of indole-butyric acid (0, 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1). The results showed that in the proliferation stage, the highest number of shoots (33.6), leaves (20.33) and plantlet quality (3) were recorded in MS medium enriched with 2 mgL-1 of benzyl amino purine, and the shoot length (3.2 cm) in the MS medium enriched with 1 mgL-1 thiadiazuron. The highest rooting percentage (75%) and root number (5.33) were obtained in MS medium enriched with 3 mgL-1 indole buteric acid and DKW enriched with 2 mgL-1 indole buteric acid, respectively. Plantlets successfully adapted to the greenhouse conditions. Survival rate was about 75% in cocopeat and perlite culture.

Forest hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a hardy rooting plant and therefore its propagation by conventional asexual methods is almost impossible. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of auxin and inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi on callus, rooting and vegetative traits of hazelnut cuttings.

semi hardwood cuttings were collected on July from Arasbaran forests (Makidi site). Cuttings were firstly treated with concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L−1 IBA and then were inoculated individually with Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma harzianum fungi. Cuttings were cultured in perlite - sand medium and then they were kept in a mist system equipped greenhouse. After 70 days from planting, the percentage of callusing, rooting, root number, root dry weight, total plant dry weight, length cuttings, leaf area and Colonization were recorded.

The highest callusing (34.3 %), rooting (27.2 %), root number (2.6 n), root dry weight (0.35 g), total plant dry weight (3.39 g), length cutting (12.32 cm), leaf area (29.13 cm2) and Colonization (28.77%) was observed in cuttings that treated with IBA 2000 mg. L−1 and then inoculated with G. intraradices. Overall, it was confirmed that the hazelnut is difficult rooted via cuttings and application of IBA growth regulator is necessary for rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings plants.  

The best form its vegetative propagation is collecting cuttings from 1-year old cutting off shoots in June and treating by IBA growth regulator (2000 mg L-1) in combination with Glomus intraradices.

Wild plants in nature are valuable samples for use in various studies due to their characteristics such as resistance to adverse environmental conditions, resistance to pests and diseases and even having high active ingredients. Today, with the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, the use of medicinal plants has been welcomed.The  present study aimed  to  investigate  the  effect  of antibacterial effects of different ecotypes of Verbascum thapsus extract.

Verbascum thapsus from three regions of North Khorasan (Ashkhaneh, Bojnourd and Shirvan), after collection and drying, was extracted by methanol solvent by soaking and its  antibacterial properties was investigation against( Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) using disk and well diffusion , MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ) and MBC ( Minimum Bactericidal  Concenteration) methods.

The results showed that between different ecotypes of North Khorasan, Verbascom extract of Bojnourd region had the most inhition zone  in disk and well diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were equal to 12.33 and 14.66 mm, respectively, and for Bacillus cereus bacteria were 11.33 and 13.66 mm, respectively And MIC and MBC of Verbascum extract of Bojnourd region on bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) 12. mg/ml were observed as the most sensitive bacteria.

In this study, it was found that among different ecotypes of North Khorasan, methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus of Bojnourd region had the most antibacterial effect on bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) however the extract was not effective on Escherichia coli.

In order to study the effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Mycorrhizae Fungi application as seed coinoculation on three late maturity maize single cross hybrids seed germinability and seedling vigour a laboratory research conducted. 

Experiment conducted as 18 treatments (3 single crosses × 6 seed inoculations) two factorial based on complet randomized blocks design by four rplications. Studied Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria were Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azospirillum brasilence and Pseudomonas fluorescens and studied arbascular mycorrhizae fungi were Funneliformis mosseae and Simiglomus hoi. Also studied late maturity maize single cross hybrids were SC700, SC704 and a new promising late maturity maize single cross hybrid B73×K18. Effect of coinoculation of seeds by studied Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Mycorrhizae Fungi on germination ability and seedling vigour of studied late maturity maize single cross hybrids evaluated by germinability, mean germination time, coefficient of velocity of germination, mean daily germination, daily germination speed, seedling length, primary shoot length, primary root length, seedling dry weight, primary shoot dry weight, primary root dry weight and  seedling vigour Index measurement.  

The results revealed that except of mean daily germination and coefficient of velocity of germination, other studied traits affected by intractions of hybrids and coinoculation. Likewise,  revealed that application of an inoculant of  three bacteria combination and Glomus mossae have highest growth promoting effect on germinability and traits related to seedling vigour of all hybrieds and Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter chroococcum+ Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mossae seed co inoculation by those bacteria  have most growth promoting effect respectively. Also, revealed that studied characters of SC704 more than other hybrids affected by growth promoting effect of studied bacteria and mycorhizae and respectively B73×K18 and SC700 affected by studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and mycorhizae fungi stimulating effect and studied characters have high correlation among them. 

Based on this research results application of studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and mycorhizae fungi as seed coinoculation had considerable effect on studied late maturity maize single cross hybrids seed germination enhancement and seedling improvement. Therefore, application of them as commercial biofertilizer maybe possible through seed coating for maize cultivation development.

In order to study the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum and Pseudomonas fluorescen application on late maturity Maize (Zea mays L.) single cross hybrids (SC700, SC 704 and a promising single cross, B73×K18) seed germination ability and seedling vigor a laboratory research was conducted. Experiment treatments including hybrids seeds were single inoculated with one by one bacteria and co inoculated by two and three bacterial combined inoculants and no inoculation as control treatment. Also studied characters including: final germination percent, mean time to germination, mean daily germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, daily germination speed, seedling, primary root and shoot length, seedling, primary root and shoot dry matter and seedling vigor index were determined. Results revealed that except of mean daily germination and coefficient of velocity of germination, other studied traits affected by interactions of hybrids and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Likewise, revealed that application of an inoculants of three bacteria combination have highest growth promoting effect on germination ability and traits related to seedling vigor of all hybrieds and Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens and seed single inoculation by those bacteria have most growth promoting effect respectively. Also, revealed that studied characters of SC704more than other hybrids affected by growth promoting effect of studied bacteria and respectively B73×K18 and SC700 affected by studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria stimulating effect and studied characters have high correlation among them. Therefore, based on this research results application of studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria have considerable effect on Maize studied hybrids seed seedling enhancement.

The juniper (Juniperus polycarpos) is enable to growth at the extremist of the geology, climatology and hydrology condition. The emptiness seed, embryo degeneration and seed dormancy are problems which necessitate the application of biotechnological technique to propagate mentioned juniper plant in vitro. Obtaining high efficiency of surface sterilization in order to prevent explants contamination and browning is necessary to success at initiate stage of juniper micropropagation. So, the effects of formulated of hypochlorite sodium, mercury chloride and ethanol as surface sterilization treatments on shoot tip explants of juniper were investigated. Optimized surface sterilization had a significantly effect on decrease contamination and browning in shoot tip explants (P<0.01). The results showed that surface sterilization treatments inhibited microbial or fungal contamination and browning of explants which can be minimized by optimizing mercuric chloride pretreatments. The formulated duration and concentration of hypochlorite sodium not only had no appreciable suppression effect on the contamination and browning in explants but also the browning extension in culture medium like same control was accelerated. It was found that mercuric chloride sterilization had distinguish or effective more than hypochlorite sodium on decrease contamination or browning. In contrast, lowest contamination or browning in culture medium and explants was displayed by formulated mercuric chloride. Therefore, the results suggested that in tissue plants if the aim is micropropagation of Juniperus polycarpos, elimination browning or having contaminated-free plants could be get in initiate state by using optimized mercuric chloride (Ethanol 70% at 1 min- sterile distilled water (SWD)- HgCl2 0.1% at 3 min-SDW) as surface sterilization.

The aim of present research was to investigate the effects of Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on growth (height, collar diameter, dry weight of root and shoot, total dry biomass and quality index of seedling) and nutrient absorption (N, P, K, Fe and Zn) in leaf of common hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) For this purpose, effects of three bacteria including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, alone and together, for 7 months on filbert seedling in pots containing of autoclaved soil under nursery conditions were evaluated. The results showed that the greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.17 mm), leaf area index (23.87 cm2/g) and N concentration (2.81%) were observed for seedlings inoculated with all bacterial. The biggest root dry weight, root volume, seedling quality index and P concentration were observed in seedlings inoculated with P. putida (alone). The highest Fe and Zn were obtained in seedlings inoculated with B. subtilis and P. putida, respectively. Generally, according to beneficial effects of Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on absorption of nutrient elements and morphologic growth, P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloacae are recommended for seedling inoculation, respectively. In fact, inoculation of root with Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (root engineering) can be an appropriate approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery and increasing success of plantation in disturbed and degraded habitats.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limit crop growth and productivity. This study focuses on the effects of different strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the physiological responses of two wheat cultivars under normal and salt stress conditions. The wheat cultivars selected include one which is tolerant to salinity (Kavir) and one which is sensitive to salt-stress (Qods). The factors considered were four levels of PGPR (B1 to B4) and two levels of salinized culture solution (S1 to S2). Before planting, the wheat was inoculated with strains of PGPR. Results showed that salt stress reduced RWC, Leaf Chlorophyll index and photosynthesis characteristics. The application of PGPRs strains reduced the negative effects of saline stress by increasing the leaf’s relative water content and enhancing photosynthetic pigment production in both stress and normal condition. The mechanism of PGPR elicitation of growth promotion may involve the enhancement of root hair development and therefore increased relative water content, chlorophyll pigments and water uptake. Single and dual inoculations of PGPR strains showed variations in their effect to enhance the wheat tolerance to salt. The bacterial consortium was effective for wheat plants as an acceptable and ecofriendly technology to improve plant performance and development.

The effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings Corylus avellana were determined in a forest nursery. For this purpose, in a completely randomized design (CRD) and four replicates, three putative bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, as alone and mixed, were examined. The greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.11 mm), leaf area (23.87 cm2)net photosynthesis (17.23μmol CO2 m−2s−1), transpiration rate (3.22 mmol H2O m−2s−1­(, stomatal conductance (0.189 mol CO2 m−2s−1), water use efficiency (5.33 μmol CO2 mmol−1 H2O) and chlorophyll content (26.16 SPAD) allocated to seedlings inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. The greatest root dry weight (3.98 g), root volume (10.87 cm3), total plant dry weight (9.91g) was detected in seedlings inoculated with P. putida. In total, for the beneficial effects of PGPR on growth and physiological traits of C. avellana seedlings, all three bacteria either as individual or as mixed were found suitable for seedling inoculation. In fact, it is affirmed that inoculation of root with PGPR can be a proper approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery.

This study aimed to investigate the tolerance to salinity of Calotropis seedlings inoculated with the bacterium Pseudomonas Putida was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Treatments, six levels salinity stress factor with sodium chloride salt (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ds/m) and two level inoculation factor (control and bacterium) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was designed. Result showed that salinity more than 15ds/m, non-inoculation bacterium seedlings were dried. However, bacterium inoculated seedlings in 15 and 25ds/m salinity level respectively more than 50% and 38% their survival maintained. In non-salinity condition, height, root area, fresh and dry weight of seedling, respectively 2.59, 40.35, 38.05 and 31.89 percentage increase in the bacterium inoculated seedlings compared to non-inoculated was observed. In most salinity level until 15 ds/m of Inoculated seedlings, rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll significantly increased as well as transpiration rate decreased. But electrolyte leakage did not any difference. So concentration of nitrogen, potassium and potassium to sodium of leaves bacterium seedlings compared to control were increased while sodium of leaves decreased. Overall, this research revealed that Seedlings inoculated to PGPB pseudomonas until moderate level of salinity specially 15 ds/m has provided most optimal performance and efficiency. Hence, using of this bacterium as a new biotechnologic approach could be suggested for Inoculation seedlings this species in reclamation of saline lands and production of its seedlings in nurseries with salty soils.

This research was conducted to study the effect of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) on mini-tuber yield and absorption of nutrients in the greenhouse ofSeed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute in 2012. Minituber derived from tissue culture of two potato cultivars (‘Agria’ and ‘Sante’) which were inoculated with 116 and 173 strains of Pseudomonas and two species of Bacillus (B. megaterium and B. Subtilis) all along with control treatments as separately and in mixture with each other. A pot experiment was conducted using factorial based on randomized complete design with four replications. After tuber-filling stage nutrient elements percentage was assayed. After harvesting, minitubers were separated and total yield in standard size was determined. Inoculation of PGPRs had a significant effect on yield and nutrient elements. The rate of absorption of nutrients and minituber production of two varieties showed a significant difference. Mean Comparison of traits showed that dual inoculation of two types of bacterial treatments had the most influence on the absorption of nutrients as well as the number minituber in standard size compared to the control (non-inoculated).‘Sante’ cultivarproduced the highest number of minituber compared with cv. ‘Agria’.According to the results, dual and separate inoculation of potatoes with PGPR not only intensify the synergy effects through growth and developments of roots, but also increase the nutrients absorption which cause enhancement of the tuberization and yield.

Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) is an important rootstock for P. avium and P. cerasus cultivars. The present study has compared the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of the barks, leaves and fruits of ten selected mahaleb genotypes. The total phenolic content (5.11-131.77 mg GA g-1) in barks and the total flavonoid (54.06-180.6 mg QE g-1) and proanthocyanidin (8.89-25.33 mg CA g-1) contents in fruits were greater than the other parts of the plants. The maximum contents of total phenol and total proanthocyanidin were in the stem bark and fruit of the genotype '249' (131.77 mg GA g-1, 25.33 mg CA g-1, respectively), while the maximum contents of flavonoid, and anthocyanin were in the fruits of genotype 271 (180.6 mg QE g-1 and 260.81 mg CY g-1, respectively). Antioxidant activity of the samples was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay (RPA). The antioxidant activity was the highest with the genotype '249', which showed 80.9% and 89.3% in DPPH and RPA assays, respectively. This study showed that total phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin contents were affected by mahaleb genotypes. This information may be of assistance in the production of mahaleb genotypes with maximum levels of desired phenolic.

Lake Urmia is the biggest lake in the Middle East and the second salty water lake in the world. Drying away has threatened this lake in recent years. Drying up of this lake can affect the nature, economy, population structure and, and in general entity of region. But the problem which is brought up beside Lake Urmia problem is that to what extent the people are related to the nature of this lake. Do people engage with this lake and its critical situation mentally, physically and practically? They are indifference? The answer to this question and also, finding the correlation between cultural capital and citizens relatedness with Urmia Lake have been the aims of this research.
The method of this research is survey, and a standard questionnaire used in gathering data. Population consists of all Urmia citizens aged 15 and older. 384 people were selected through Cochran formula and random sampling.
The results ,that analyzed by Spss software, shows that relatedness with Lake Urmia is high and mentioned variable correlates with two aspects of cultural capital. Additionally, rest of the independent variables in regression model can provide 23 percent of changes in dependent variable ,relatedness, with the nature (Lake Urmia).

To study the effect of biofertilizers and manure on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare) an experiment was conducted at Research Farm of University of Zabol، Iran in 2012 cropping season. Experimental treatments were arranged in a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were three manure levels (control، 20 ton/h-1، 30 ton/h-1) and four levels of biofertilizers (control، Azospirillum، Azotobacter and Azospyrilium+Azotobacter). Results indicated that manure levels had a significant effect on plant height، spike length، number of seed in spike and number of spike in plant. Biofertilizers caused significant differences in all measured traits expect for harvest index. The interaction effects showed that integrated application of manure and biofertilizers were more effective on barley growth. The highest economical yield (2. 6 ton/h-1) was detected in 20 ton/h-1manure + Azospirillum and Azotobacter application. Integrated application of manure and biofertilizers could significantly increase seed yield and yield components of barley.