ahmad gholami

Seed aging reduces the quality and quantity of agricultural production by reducing quality, viability, and irreversible seed vigor over time. Researchers are increasingly interested in seed aging, which is a serious problem in agriculture. To reduce damages caused during aging, various pretreatment techniques have been studied, including chemical compounds, growth regulators, and antioxidants. Sowing seeds in low osmotic potential osmotic solution is one method of slowing seed aging by osmopriming them. To reduce the negative effects of seed aging, biostimulants such as seaweed extract are used. In order to investigate the effect of seaweed extract on the quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean, an experiment was conducted in the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology.

The experimental treatments involved the acceleration of aging in two groups: normal seeds and aged seeds. Additionally, seaweed extract was applied at four different levels: control, seed pre-treatment with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%, foliar spraying with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%, and a combination of seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%. This was conducted as a factorial experiment, employing a randomized complete block design with three replications. A sample of DPX was collected from the Mazandaran Agricultural Research Center. A controlled storage room was used to maintain the seeds at a temperature of 14-17°C and relative humidity of 30-40%. The seeds were harvested the same year as the experiment. In order to apply accelerated aging, the seeds were kept for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and relative humidity of 95%. Foliar spraying was done at the beginning of flowering (R1).

 The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the mean daily emergence and germination index by 61.39 and 42.08% compared to the control. The pretreatment of soybean seeds made them more responsive to external stimuli and counteracted stress conditions before they emerged as seedlings. When the seeds were pretreated with seaweed extract, the mean daily emergence and seed germination index increased. The weight of one hundred seeds and the number of pods per plant decreased by 11.64 and 11.38% compared to the control. The combined application of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying in normal and aging conditions had the highest hundred seed weight and the number of pods per plant. In protein-rich crops, seaweed biostimulants can increase protein production. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract increased by 1.48 and 1.61 percent of seed protein. In order to improve soybean germination percentage, protein, and seed yield, ellagic acid and seaweed extract should be used individually or combined. Accelerated aging caused a 32.69% decrease in seed yield compared to normal conditions. The combined application of pre-treatment and foliar spraying of seaweed extract had the highest seed yield, which increased by 87.85% compared to the control. Seed aging likely caused a reduction of seed yield by reducing the mean daily emergence, leaf area index, and 100-seed weight. There are three main characteristics (mean daily seedling field emergence, the number of pods per plant, and 100-seed weight) that can explain 85.96% of seed yield variability based on the coefficient of explanation. An analysis of causal connections between seed yield and 100-seed weight showed that seed protein content directly affects seed yield. By increasing the number of pods per plant and the weight of 100 seed, soybean seeds yield may be enhanced by using seaweed extract.

With its powerful antioxidant properties and anti-aging properties, seaweed extract minimizes the effects of aging on aged seeds. Finally, within the scope of the research, it is possible to suggest the use of pre-treatment and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to increase seed yield and protein percentage in normal and aged soybean seeds.

Religious constitutional identity in Iranian society, seeks to represent its distinctive identity with others through its lifestyles and consumer policies. In this essay, the main emphasis is on the Qur'an school, which is itself a branch of Sunnis and is now inhabited by Sunnis in the Kurdish cities. These people are particularly active in the major cities of Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan and Kermanshah, and are interconnected with each other. This research is qualitative and has been done with an oral history approach and using deep interviewing techniques. Accordingly, 32 members of the Qur'an school who were residing in different cities were selected through targeted sampling and interviewed about their lifestyle during the three months. The Grounded theory is used to analyze the data. The findings of this study indicate that among members of this religious community, the discussion of a kind of panic towards the world outside the congregation and the fear of penetrating this world into their relationships in an obsessive manner in the form of their predictions about consumption policies are rightly seen. The members of this religious community, in defense of the ruling discourse of the congregation, have, in fact, resisted the dominant social and social dynamics that underpin the foundations of power and economics, and the same values and selective patterns have brought about the uniformity and level of these members Translations are gender-specific.

 In recent years, in order to produce healthy products and reduce environmental problems, organic and biological fertilizers are used to increase soil fertility, meet nutritional needs and increase plant growth. Proper management of fertilizer consumption is one of the necessary tools to have a stable and profitable agro-ecological system in saffron. Due to the fact that few studies have been done on the combined use of biologic, organic and chemical fertilizers in saffron cultivation, therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers containing Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus subtilis and different amounts of chemical and organic fertilizers on some characteristics of the corm and yield of saffron flower.

 Experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Ardebil Agricultural Research Center during growing seasons of 2015-2016. Experimental treatments include: organic fertilizer at three levels, control, manure (25 t.ha-1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha-1) placed in the main plots. The second factor was chemical fertilizers in two levels including 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and the third factor is five levels of biological fertilizer including: no inoculation (control) and inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Pseudomonas, inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and integrated inoculation (Azetobacter + Pseudomonas + Bacillus subtilis). The investigated traits were: leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, total corm, corm fresh weight, corm dry weight, corm diameter, number of flower and flower fresh weight. MSTATC software was used to conduct an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on all collected data. Significant differences between means correspond to a probability level of 0.05 according to the LSD test. Graphs were drawn using Excel software.

 The results showed that the application of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers caused a significant increase in the characteristics of dry weight of leaves, number and diameter of corms, fresh and dry weight of corms compared to the control. The integrated application of biological fertilizers increased the dry weight of saffron leaves by 76%, respectively, and also the dry weight of the corm by 81%, respectively, compared to the control. The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of chemical and biological fertilizers were significant at the probability level of 1% on corm diameter. The results of mean comparison of chemical fertilizers showed that the 100% recommended chemical fertilizer treatment had the maximum stem diameter (21.78 mm), which had a significant difference with the 50% recommended fertilizer requirement treatment. Also, the results of the mean comparison of biological fertilizers showed that the combined application of biological fertilizers (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus subtilis) increased the corm diameter by 55% compared to the control (without inoculation). The yield of saffron flower also showed a significant increase under the influence of the applied treatments. The results of mean comparison of the chemical fertilizer treatment showed that the recommended chemical fertilizer treatment (200 kg.ha-1) compared to 50% of the fertilizer requirement (100 kg.ha-1) had the highest number of flowers with a significant difference.

 The results obtained in this research showed that the investigated traits of saffron corm were affected by the type and amount of fertilizers used. So that the simultaneous application of bio-fertilizers combined with organic and chemical fertilizers significantly affected the characteristics of saffron corms. The use of 200 kg.ha-1 chemical fertilizer along with bio-fertilizers was as effective on the measured traits as the use of 100 kg.ha-1 chemical fertilizer along with bio-fertilizers. Therefore, it can be said that the use of chemical fertilizers alone is not suitable and the combined use of chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers will increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers used, which leads to a decrease environmental pollution.  

The growth and metabolism of plants are significantly affected by primary abiotic stresses such as heat and drought. The interplay between antioxidants and plant drought tolerance is documented excellently. However, conventional techniques, including correlation analysis, are insufficient for elucidating the relationship between antioxidants and biomass content. This study aimed to assess the individual and interactive impacts of six antioxidants on cumin biomass content through non-linear multiple regression analysis. Field experiments were carried out at two sites in Iran in 2020. The experimental treatments included a factorial split-plot arrangement of magnetic water (conventional and magnetized waters), deficit irrigation at 100%, 70%, and 40% of water requirement, and superabsorbent at 0, 100, and 200 kg/ha, resulting in diverse trait variations. The findings indicate the harmful effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) on biomass content. However, anthocyanins partially mitigated their adverse impacts, showing a synergistic promotion of biomass content when combined with anthocyanins, SOD, and CAT. Carotenoids did not individually favor biomass content; however, their interactions with SOD and anthocyanins prompted biomass content. Regarding influencing biomass content, the antioxidants demonstrated the following impact in descending order: peroxidase (POD), anthocyanins, carotenoids, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The estimated optimal activities or concentrations of antioxidants, derived from maximizing the regression function, resulted in a 12% increase in biomass content, offering potential applications in breeding programs.

Considering the two characteristics of real estate, including consumption and capital characteristics, the total demand of the housing sector can be divided into consumer and investment demand. Different policies can have different effects on each component of housing demand. In this study, using the iran's seasonal data of 1380-1400 and the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium approach, the effects of monetary and financial policy as well as the oil price shock on housing demand were investigated. The results show that investment demand can explain housing price fluctuations better than consumer demand. For example, while expansionary fiscal policy increases both types of consumption and investment demands; Contractionary financial policy causes a decrease in consumer demand and an increase in capital demand for housing. When the economy is booming, the housing market fluctuates. As the fluctuations in the housing market increase, the share of investment in housing increases, and this indicates that housing applicants tend to give more weight to the investment value than the value. Provide consumption that may cause the formation of a housing bubble. In the end, some reasonable policy proposals are presented in the field of price control.

Commodities are very important as production inputs and raw materials in industrial and agricultural productions as well as for providing basic needs in different countries. The global price shocks of commodities affect business cycle fluctuations of countries and their spillover effects on key macroeconomic variables such as inflation, production, and exchange rate. So, many researchers and policymakers in recent years, especially in the era of COVID-19 and the war between Ukraine and Russia, emphasize this issue. In the first step, global prices increase domestic inflation through increasing the price of food imports and then increasing the cost of household consumption basket. In the next step, the real sectors of the economy are affected, and macroeconomic balance disruption appears through various channels, such as trade sector, financial systems and investment. Note that the variation of production depends on the economic structure, the size of the economy and country's openness degree of trade. Although macroeconomic variables such as inflation and production are influenced by global price shocks, it is difficult to measure their impulses. So, in this study, the impact of global commodity prices (oil and foods) on Iran's economy is examined with the dynamic DSGE approach.

This research investigates the effects of global commodity (oil and foods) prices on Iran's macroeconomic variables (such as inflation, production, consumption and employment) with an emphasis on the food sector during the period of 2001-2021. For this purpose, the effect of global price shocks on inflation and growth (based on the impulse response function) is presented via the DSGE approach. So, The main variables of this study include oil price (OILP), world food price (WFP), real exchange rate (REER), wholesale price index (WPI) and domestic food price index (FOODP). In this study, a two-country DSGE model is designed with an emphasis on the country that exports oil and imports food. The model is designed in such a way that the impulses on the supply and demand side of oil and food can be identified on the macroeconomic variables separately. In fact, the research model is set to follow Oladouni (2020) in the form of a two-country open stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model based on the new Keynesian perspective. This model involves households, firms (one final producer and three intermediate firms), foreign sectors (foreign firms and importers), the government and the central bank. The innovation of this research is that, in addition to endogenously considering oil production, it has investigated the other factors affecting the domestic inflation. In this model, it is assumed that the real GDP is followed in a random walk process, and equilibrium real interest rate and equilibrium real exchange rate are univariate time series models. The inflation rate is explained based on the new Keynesian Phillips curve.

Using the seasonal data of 2001-2021 and the Bayesian estimation technique, this study indicates that the changes in global food prices are an important factor in overall inflation as well as food inflation in the country. More precisely, the results show that, in the first step due to the increase in oil exports, the oil price impulse leads to an increase in the total production, employment and consumption temporarily, but, after a period, changes in the exchange rate lead to a decrease in exports of domestic goods and an increase in the import of intermediate goods. This finally causes a decrease in production and an increase in inflation, especially food inflation in the short term. However, in the long run, they converge to their equilibrium values. The important point in this situation is that the amount of consumption of tradable (imported) edible goods is reduced and replaced by non-tradable ones. The results also show that the global food price shock increases the price of tradable food products. An increase in the price of tradable food goods increases the price of non-tradable ones. Moreover, the decrease in money supply through the exchange rate channel leads to an increase in the demand for non-food tradable goods, their prices, and inflationary pressure. The poorer a country is, the greater the share of non-tradable food commodities in inflation, and the more the inflationary effects of a global food price shock.Conclusions and policy implications: It is clear that identifying the causes of inflation, especially food prices, is one of the key aspects of policy-making in order to deal with crises, as in a situation of war, disease or stagflation. As the results showed, global commodity prices, along with exchange rate changes, are transferred to the domestic economy and affect the macroeconomic variables such as inflation and output after about three months. So, it will be important for the government to control the inflation and make efforts to provide enough food products, considering the 3-month opportunity before the shock. In this regard, it is suggested that, to control inflation at least in a short term in the field of trading inputs and agricultural products, some instruments should be used to limit their export. In addition, it is suggested that, in long-term planning, the monetary and banking laws of the country be reformed and the government's dominance over the monetary policy be reduced, thus reducing the negative effects on the real sector.

Conceptually, a signature scheme consists of three steps: private key generation, signature, and authentication. Private key generation in NTRU-based signature schemes on a typical laptop (Intel Core i7-6567U 3.30 GHz) takes a long time (more than one second), while signature and verification take much less time (for example, a thousandths of a second). The current paper deals with providing solutions to reduce the time of private key generation. In this paper, the previous methods are studied and then a new method based on the norm field is introduced and it is shown that the execution time is significantly reduced by using it.

The effect of magnetic and superabsorbent water was investigated on some morphophysiological traits and performance of cumin under a low irrigation regime.

An experiment was conducted in the agricultural year of 1399-1400 in the research fields of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology in two districts of Rahnjan and Garman of Shahrood city in a factorial format in the form of a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Irrigation water type treatment at two levels (normal and magnetic) and locations (Rahanjan, Garman) with different climatic conditions and altitude above sea level as the main factor and superabsorbent treatment at three levels (zero, 100 and 200 kg/ha) as a secondary factor. Was considered. In all treatments, irrigation was applied based on 100% of plant water needs.

The results showed location, type of irrigation and different concentrations of superabsorbent had a positive and significant effect on the growth characteristics. In the Rahnjan region, due to the climatic conditions and higher average annual temperature and the treatment of 100 and 200 kg/ha of superabsorbent and the use of magnetic water, the highest amount of plant height, percentage and yield of essential oil and protein, soluble carbohydrates were observed.

According to the results, most of the traits in the Rahnjan region had higher values than in the German region, and plant cultivation in the Rahnjan region is economical.

It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data.

There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009).

The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs.

The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of global food price fluctuations on Iran's domestic inflation using structural VAR models and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model based on seasonal data of 1380-1400. The results of the research based on the structural VAR model indicate that the global food price is the Granger causality of Iran's domestic food price and also the wholesale price index (inflation index). Also, based on the impulse response functions of the DSGE model, the above conclusion is confirmed the transmission effect. In other word, the changes in the global food prices are transmitted to Iran's inflation after a break of about three months (one season). Therefore, a large part of inflation changes in the country is caused by supply pressure shocks and global food price shocks. In this case, in order to reduce the impact of global price shocks on domestic inflation, the negative effects of global shocks on the real sector can be reduced in the short term program through policies to encourage food production and reduce food imports.

The "Philosophy for Children" program is considered one of the most efficient educational programs with a reflective style in educational sciences. Intellectual stories are of special importance in this program.Due to the gap in the writing of intellectual stories suitable to Islamic culture in the localization of the "p4c" program, this research is looking for the feasibility of using the themes of Nahj al-Balagheh as one of the most famous religious texts.And this problem has been verified in 5 stepsBased on the findings of this article: The themes of Nahj al-Balagheh are aligned and coordinated with the goals of the intellectual story because Imam Ali (AS) addressed his audience by using different methods such as: "use of story", "image creation", "asking questions", "expressing consequences in propositions Ethical", "providing the context of situation analysis", has stimulated thinking. The best way to benefit from narrative texts to create intellectual stories is "recreation", which means extracting themes from narrative texts and creating stories based on them. With the " content analysis" method, it is possible to extract the themes from the narrative texts that fit the criteria of "p4c" for intellectual stories and organize them based on the Grounded Theory method, so that finally the children's story authors turn them into numerous intellectual stories Based on of philosophical teachings in religious texts.

Background and objectivesSoybean is considered one of the most important oil and protein plants in Iran and the world. Considering the importance of soybean yield and identifying traits effective in increasing it, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between seed yield and agronomic and physiological traits of soybean and determining the traits that have a greater effect on seed yield under normal and accelerated aging conditions.Materials and methodsThe present experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology during 2017-2018 and 2019-2020, in a factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replications on Katol variety. The treatments included accelerated aging in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract in three levels (control, pre-treatment and foliar spraying). The seeds used were obtained from the research center for agriculture and natural resources of Mazandaran and the seeds were harvested in the same year and until the time of testing, they were kept in a controlled warehouse with a cooling system at a temperature range of 14 to 17°C and a relative humidity of 30 to 40%. In order to apply aging, the seeds were placed for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and a relative humidity of 95%.ResultsThe results showed that in plants obtained from normal seeds, 84.81% of the changes in seed yield are justified by the number of pod per plant, the number of seed per pod and the 100 seed weight. In these plants, the 100 seed weight and then the number of pods per plant had the most direct and positive effect. The most direct and positive effect was attributed to the 100 seed weight, followed by the number of pods per plant. The trait of the number of seed per pod affected the seed yield both directly and indirectly through the effect on the 100 seed weight. Causality analysis in the plants obtained from aged seeds showed that the characteristics of final emergence percentage, membrane stability index, leaf area index, anthocyanin, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight were entered into the model as main variables and 91.33% of the changes are explained by these eight traits. Seed pre-treatment with seaweed extract increased seed yield by increasing the percentage of final emergence of the field, the 100 seed weight and the amount of glutathione in the leaves of the plant. Foliar spraying of seaweed extract caused a significant increase in seed yield through increasing the weight of 100 seed weight and membrane stability index.Conclusion The characteristics of 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant in plants obtained from normal and aged soybean seeds can be considered as selection criteria for improving and improving yield due to their direct and increasing effect on seed yield.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth indices and leaf aging process in soybean, an experiment was conducted during the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology's Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was carried out factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments include the initial seed quality at two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and the application of ellagic acid at four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/L). The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, plant height, leaf and stem dry weight, oil percentage and seed yield compared to the control. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and their combination in this study increased the percentage of oil by 0.23, 0.24 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to the control. Priming, foliar spraying and the combined application of priming and foliar spraying with ellagic acid improved the grain yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively. The use of ellagic acid as seed priming and foliar spraying better than other levels. Finally, it is recommended to use this material as a priming to increase the percentage of oil and yield of soybean.

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, with the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios: 15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley) and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.
The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seaweed fertilizer on the improvement of physiological traits of soybeans in the research field of Shahrood University of Technology Faculty of Agriculture during two crop years, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The experiment was carried out factorially in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental factors included accelerated aging in two levels (control seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed fertilizer in three levels (control: no treatment, seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3% seaweed fertilizer). Results showed that accelerated aging in the first and second years of the experiment caused a decrease of 15.11 and 13.33% in the amount of chlorophyll a in leaves of plants obtained from these seeds. In both years, the foliar application of seaweed fertilizer in normal and aging conditions caused a significant increase in the amount of chlorophyll a to a significant level. Accelerated aging in seeds caused an increase of 35.13, 12.46 and 22.22 percent of carotenoid, flavonoid and anthocyanin in the leaves of plants obtained from these seeds, respectively. Accelerated aging decreased by 0.86%, 0.90% and 33.18% of seed oil, protein and yield. The maximum levels of oil and protein were 19.74% and 38.31%, respectively, which belonged to foliar spraying and seed pretreatment treatments. Using seaweed fertilizer as seed pretreatment and foliar spraying increased yield by 36.49% and 21.67%, respectively, compared to the control. Finally, pre-treatment of seeds with seaweed fertilizer can be suggested to improve the effects of seed aging and increase yield in the soybeans.

Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol compound, and different concentrations and ways of using it cause different reactions in plants. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of ellagic acid and seed quality on the phenological stages and yield of soybeans.

The factorial experiment was designed and implemented in a randomized complete block design in three replications in the agricultural years of 2019 and 2020 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology. In this experiment, the initial quality of the seed was considered in two levels (normal seed and aged seed) and ellagic acid in four levels (zero, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/liter). Accelerated aging test was used to apply aging and for this purpose, the seeds were kept for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and a relative humidity of 95%. Seed priming was done with a concentration of 50 mg/liter of ellagic acid, following the principles of seed aeration for six hours. The spraying treatment was done early in the morning and at the beginning of flowering (R1) and in favorable environmental conditions.

The results showed that accelerated aging in the first and second year of the experiment, respectively, caused a decrease in the final emergence percentage of seedling in the field by 30.93 and 29.93% compared to the control. In the first and second year, the normal seed priming test with ellagic acid increased the final emergence percentage of field by 16.33 and 12.67 percent, respectively. The final emergence percentage of the field in the first and second year of the experiment in aged seeds that were primed with ellagic acid was improved by 14.33 and 8.33%, respectively, compared to the control. Accelerated aging caused a significant decrease in germination rate by 37.66% compared to the control. The final emergemce percentage of seeds that were primed with ellagic acid increased by 18.75% compared to the non-application of this substance. In this experiment, accelerated aging caused a delay in the occurrence of phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of ellagic acid as priming and the combined use of priming and spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. Applying accelerated aging in the first and second year of the experiment caused a decrease of 25.85 and 28.78 percent of seed yield, respectively. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increased the seed yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively, compared to the control.

The use of ellagic acid as priming and the combination of priming and spraying can be suggested to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. In this study, the application of ellagic acid as priming worked better than foliar spraying. It is recommended to use priming and ellagic acid solution to improve soybean yield under normal and aging conditions.

Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol compound that has strong antioxidant properties and reduces the effects of various stresses in plants. In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on protein percentage and soybean yield, an experiment was conducted in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology. Treatments include accelerated aging on two levels of normal seed and aged seed and the application of ellagic acid on four levels (control, seed pre-treatment, foliar spraying and the combination of seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with ellagic acid with a concentration of 50 mg/L) in the form of a factorial experiment with a basic design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the 100 seed weight per plant obtained from aged seeds decreased by 11.64, 4.16, and 13.13%, respectively, compared to the control. The combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying of ellagic acid in normal and aging conditions caused a significant increase of 10.00 and 11.30% in the number of seeds in the pod compared to the non-application of this substance in these conditions. The combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying of ellagic acid caused an increase of 20.89 and 51.93% in the weight of 100 seed and seed yield, respectively, compared to the control. The application of ellagic acid in normal conditions did not show any effect on the protein percentage, while the use of this substance in aging conditions by the form of seed pretreatment, foliar spraying and the combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying, led to an increase of 0.88, 0.40, and 0.86 percent of protein, respectively. It is possible to suggest the combined use of pretreatment and foliar spraying with ellagic acid to increase seed yield and protein percentage in plants obtained from normal and aged soybean seeds.

Seed aging is a phenomenon that occurs during the life of any seed. Changes that occur during aging affect seed quality. Through the process of aging, seed vigor is the first trait of the seed quality that decreases, followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. Hence, one way to stimulate germination and increase the establishment of seedlings from aging seeds is seed pre-treatment using different materials such as brown seaweed extract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seaweed extract pretreatment on germination traits and heterotrophic growth of un-aged and aged soybean seeds.

The experiment was designed and implemented at a laboratory in the faculty of agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology in 2019. Treatments included seed aging at two levels (un-aged seeds and aged seeds) and pretreatment with seaweed extract at seven levels (zero, distilled water, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 %). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the germinator environment. The seeds were aged by being placed at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours. Seed pretreatment seaweed extract was done for 6 hours in accordance with the principles of seed aeration.

Aging reduced germination percentage and germination rate, allometric growth ratio, seedling length vigor index, seed reserves use efficiency and seed vigor index. Malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity of aged seeds were 37.68% and 38.32% higher than un-aged seeds respectively. Seed pretreatment with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of seaweed extract significantly increased germination rate, germination index and seed reserves use efficiency. Slicing interactions of aging and seaweed extract showed that seed pretreatment with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of seaweed extract significantly increased germination rate and germination index in un-age seeds. Pretreatment of aged seeds with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% seaweed extract increased germination percentage by 8.73%, 8% and 15% compared to the control (aged seeds without pretreatment), respectively. The use of distilled water and all levels of seaweed extract in this study increased the seed vigor index and decreased the electrical conductivity. The amount of malondialdehyde in aged seeds was reduced by using all levels of seaweed extract. The use of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% of the extract increased the amount of seed reserves use rate and fraction of seed reserves mobilization in aged seeds.

Finally, in the scope of this research between the concentrations used, the concentration of 0.3% seaweed extract was better than the others. It can also be suggested that the use of seaweed extract as a seed pretreatment improves the effects of seed aging on soybeans.

1-The effect of pretreatment with seaweed extract with concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5% on un-aged and aged soybean seeds was investigated for the first time.
2-Using a concentration of 0.3% seaweed extract for the pretreatment of soybean seeds was introduced as the best concentration.
3- Seaweed extract was introduced as an important antioxidant to improve physiological traits in soybean seeds.

Soybean seeds are sensitive to storage due to their high oil content and they aged quickly. Aging of seeds leads to a decrease in the percentage and speed of germination and ultimately to a decrease in seed yield. Although the aging rate can be reduced with proper storage methods, the application of some treatments on the aged seeds or spraying some substances on the plants obtained from these seeds can be effective in improving the seed yield. The use of anti-aging substances such as seaweed extract in plants can act as antioxidants and reduce the effects of aging.
 
In order to evaluate the phenological stages and yield of soybean, an experiment was carried out in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology during 2019 and 2020 in three replications. The treatments include the initial seed quality in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) in four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3%). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks.
In this research, applying accelerated aging caused a significant increase in phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of seaweed extract as a priming and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. The seed yield in plants obtained from aged seeds was 32.69% less than that of control plants. The use of seaweed extract as priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increase the seed yield by 43.54, 15.69 and 87.85 percent, respectively. Aging caused a significant decrease of 23.50 and 25.33 percent of final emergence percentage. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract in the first year increased this trait by 16.33 and 7.33% compared to the absence of seaweed extract. In the second year of the experiment, the application of seaweed extract resulted in a 12.67% increase in seedling growth under normal conditions, and an 8.33% increase was recorded with the application of seaweed extract under aging conditions.
 
In this study, the application of seaweed extract as seed priming better than foliar spraying. It is possible to recommend priming and the combination of priming and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. The combined use of priming and foliar spraying of seaweed extract is recommended to improve the performance of soybeans in normal and aged conditions.

In order to investigate magnetic and superabsorbent water on some physiological traits and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) under water stress, an experiment in two areas of Rahanjan and German of Shahroud city in factorial form in a randomized complete block design with Three replications were performed in the 1400-1399 crop year. The results of analysis of variance showed that the triple interaction effect of water requirement × magnetic water × superabsorbent was significant for the evaluated traits. The traits of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins were significant. Under moderate stress conditions, using normal water, no significant difference was observed between control and 200 kg / ha superabsorbent treatments. Most traits in Rahnjan region had higher values ​​than German region. In general, the use of magnetic water and 200 kg / ha of superabsorbent in conditions of moderate drought stress (75% water requirement) caused physiological and biochemical increase of cumin.

Drought stress is one of the most impactive factors of Severe modification in plant physiology, eventually leading to a reduction in crop productivity. Increasing growth, yield, crop quality, and reducing the side effects of drought stress are some of the important roles that potassium silicate plays in plants. In order to study the effects of late-season drought stress and foliar application of potassium silicate on yield and yield components of spring genotypes of canola, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted in Karaj, Iran in a randomized complete block configuration with three replications for two years of cultivation (2016-2018). The irrigation was performed at two levels in this study, including routine irrigation (control) and interruption of irrigation from the pod formation stage. Potassium silicate foliar application at two levels comprised of 0 and 4 g liter-1 in factorial status in main plots and five Brassica napus L. genotypes including OG×AL, RGS×SLM, DALGAN, RGS003 and RGS×Okapi in subplots. The authors found that the interaction impact of irrigation, the application of potassium silicate foliar, the genotype of the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the yield of seeds, the level of leaf proline, the glucosinolate and the temperature of the canopy were significant. It is proposed that OG×AL genotype be used in regular irrigation and application of potassium silicate and in late-season dry conditions and in the application potassium silicate of RGS×SLM and DALGAN genotypes.

This paper aims at investigating the procedures used by Persian translators to render the sociological concepts and terms into Persian. In this regard, it assesses the quality of these equivalents by considering the morphological aspects of the words in the source and target languages. The data of the current study were collected from 36 sociological books that had been translated into Persian. We analyzed the linguistic structure of 200 sociological terms and their Persian translations from a morphological perspective. Then, some morphological procedures used by Persian translators including compounding, derivation, coinage, backformation, borrowing, acronomy, and clipping are analyzed from a morphological perspective. The result showed that divergent equivalents have been suggested for the same term, and also different transcriptions have been proposed for the same proper name. We show that most of the Persian translators don’t have a sufficient knowledge in Persian morphology. As a result, some derivational and inflectional limitations and potentialities of Persian language have been ignored by them. The results show that only by considering Persian morphology, the translators can propose better equivalents for sociological terminologies.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth of seedling and the qualities of soybean in accelerated aging conditions, a pilot was designed in 2019 in the research laboratory of the Shahrood University of Technology. The treatments included aging seed in two levels (unaged seeds and aged seeds) and priming at seven levels (control, distilled water, 25, 75, 50, 100, 125 mg/L with ellagic acid). A pilot study as a factorial experiment with a completely random-base design (CRD) in three replications was carried out under a germinator environment in accordance with standards. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours. Seed priming was soaking with ellagic acid for 6 hours in accordance with the principles of seed aeration. The aging reduced Vigor Index, Allometric Growth Ratio and Seed Reserves Use Rate. The increasing of the malondialdehyde had a negative effect on germination percentage through the influence of Vigor Index and α-amylase activity enzyme. The application of ellagic acid increased the germination percentage in unaged seeds and aged seeds through increasing the activity of α-amylase activity enzyme. The priming of seeds with ellagic acid reduced the malondialdehyde and electrical conductivity. Based on the results of research, the application of 50 mg/L of ellagic acid can be introduced as the best concentration of this material. It can also be suggested that the use of ellagic acid as a seed priming improves the effects of seed aging on soybeans.

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances, are found in flowers, fruits, roots and stems. These natural products are well known for their health-beneficial effects. Hence, isolation and purifying of flavonoids from the ingredients is worthwhile. Flavonoids are now considered indispensable in various nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. Apigenin, quercetin, and apigenin-7-O-glycoside have therapeutic properties that these two are in the flavonoid group.

In this study, apigenin, quercetin, and apigenin 7-O-glycoside were purified by column chromatography and identified by NMR and HPLC UV-visible techniques.

Total extracts of three plants (Apium graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Allium cepa) were divided into different solvent fractions. Column chromatography is used to purify these fractions. Finally, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques were used for identification. Also, the HPLC technique was used for identifying these compounds and standardized.

In the present work, apigenin was extracted from ethyl acetate fraction of Apium graveolens seeds. High purity of apigenin 7-O-glycoside isolated from the butanol fraction of Petroselinum crispum aerial parts. Also, ethyl acetate fraction isolated quercetin from the Allium cepa. Identification of the data obtained from 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, which were proofed by comparison with the sources of purified compounds.

The methods used in this research were able to produce these three compounds with a high percentage of purity to be used in industry as standards.

DC Stray currents represent serious problems for any electrified railway system. This paper describes a complete simulation model for evaluating rail potential and stray current for the Tehran multi-train DC railway system based on different earthing systems. In the present paper, a complete analysis of the results is presented. The simulation results clearly indicate that earthing system arrangements and other parameters influence stray currents and rail potential. The simulation results show the performance of three ground system types: grounded, ungrounded, and diode-grounded systems on rail potential and stray current.