فهرست مطالب amir vazirizadeh

Brittle stars can produce well-known toxins responsible for various of their biological activities in addition to their physical defense. The purpose of this study was to identify secondary metabolites and assess the anticholinesterase activities of the crude venom of the Persian Gulf Ophiocoma erinaceous (brittle star) in vitro and in silico due to the abundance of this marine life on the Persian Gulf coasts and with knowledge of their numerous biological effects.

In this study, after the lyophilization of the brittle star sample, an LD50 test, a test of cholinesterase inhibitory activities, identification of the secondary metabolites, and their in-silico evaluations were performed by, respectively, Spearman-Karber, the Ellman spectroscopic method, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and computational docking method.

According to the results, the LD50 value of the sample was 6.04±0.13 (mg/kg). The IC50 values related to their Acetylcholinesterase and  Butyrylcholinesterase were 37.925 ±0.055 and 5.388±0.02 (μg/ml), respectively, compared to the galantamine standard. The GC-MS analysis of the sample showed 25 bioactive chemical compositions with different structures, such as alkaloids, terpenes, and steroids. The computational results of the compounds also confirmed the experimental results. Among these, the alkaloidal compound BS4, had the highest affinity for both enzymes.

As for toxicity potency, the brittle star crude venom sample was classified in the highly toxic category. The GC analysis of the crude venom showed various bioactive secondary metabolites with different chemical structures. The experimental and computational results on the anticholinesterase activities of the sample showed that the venom acts as a significant inhibitor of both enzymes. Further studies are required to determine whether the compound BS4 could be a candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Since, there is an increasing demand for pectin with different functional properties, besides its beneficial health effects, many research has been done to find the raw materials for pectin production with optimal technological characteristics. The decortication process for Faba bean generates 14.28 % of the total weight of the dry beans as hulls which, at present, are disposed as waste and, in addition to environmental problems, causes the loss of sources rich in bioactive compounds.

In this study, the effects of some independent variables, including microwave power (360, 540 and 720 W), irradiation time (1, 2.5 and 4 min), solution pH (1, 2 and 3), and solid-to-liquid ratio (1:15, 1:20 and 1:25) on the yield and degree of esterification (DE) of pectin extracted from fava bean hull by microwave irradiation were investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions.

The results indicated that the extraction yield and DE of the extracted pectins were 1.01- 21.02% and 6.44- 39.23%, respectively. By increasing the microwave power, irradiation time, and solid-to-liquid ratio and decrease in solution pH, the extraction yield of pectin increased, while DE decreased. The optimum conditions to reach the maximum extraction yield and DE were in microwave power of 719.99 W, irradiation time of 1 min, pH value of 2.99, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, resulting in extraction yield of %14.48 and DE of %28.25. On the other hand, the highest stability of the pectin-stabilized emulsion was at 4°C and after one day. The results of DE showed that fava bean hull pectins belonged to low ester pectins; while based on the results of FT-IR spectrum, this polysaccharide probably belonged to high-methoxyl (HM) pectin. The rheological tests showed characteristic behavior of viscoelastic for the fava bean hull pectin extracted in optimum conditions. At both concentrations (0.5% and 1.5%), the pectin dispersion exhibited elastic behavior followed by the viscous behavior at higher angular frequencies. Moreover, the apparent viscosity of samples remained constant with increasing the shear rate (showing the Newtonian flow behavior). The FT-IR analysis confirmed the chemical structure of pectin in the extracted samples. The pectin extracted from the faba bean hull can also produce gels with a suitable degree of hardness and high lightness.

Based on the results of this study, faba bean hulls contain adequate amounts of pectin, suitable for commercial utilization and microwaves could be applied as a novel high-efficient method to extract pectin from faba bean hulls.

Marine algae have become very important in various fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics, due to their unique functional and nutraceutical properties, as well as their amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and trace element contents. This study was aimed to identify the chemical compositions and to determine some physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of the brown algae Sargasom boveanum from the
Bushehr coasts.

The total protein content, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles, as well as chemical compositions, were respectively, determined by Kjeldahl, HPLC-UV, GC-FID, and GC-MS methods.

The total protein content was 12.5%. Among the 17 identified amino acids, the highest amount was related to lysine, followed by glycine and aspartic acid. The essential, semi-essential, and non-essential amino acid levels were 48.1, 24.6, and 27.5%, respectively. Among the 18 identified fatty acids, the palmitic acid, caproic acid, and myristic acid had respectively, the highest values. The results of mass spectrometry showed the presence of 25 compositions from different groups of phenolic, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, and pyrrole in the algael extract.

Due to the richness in essential and semi-essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, and unique secondary metabolites of the Persian Gulf Sargassum algae, it can be considered as a potential functional food and a perfect nutraceutical package.

This research aimed to analyze some of body compositions also collagen protein, in one of dominant species of sea cucumbers in Ouly-Bushehr area, with species morphological and molecular identification. may be with this study, in addition of exact species Identification, our finding in case of its body wall compounants determination, help to more improvement of medical and nutritional industries in our country,Iran. the result of morphological identification according to body wall ossicles shape and then by molecular identification according to partial sequencing of 16SrRNA mitochondrial DNA indicated the species is “Holothuria leucospilota”. In case of body composions analyzing, protein and moisture were two aboundant compounants with more than 70% in amount and fat was the fewest one. Among protein compounants, collagen was extracted by pepsinal enzymatic hydrolyzing. The type of extracted collagen protein and its subunite composition was determined by SDS-PAGE method. As a result, the extraction method was effective and applicable and the collagen was type (I) with three α1 chains had about 140 kDa molecular weight.

Feeding habits of Pomadasys stridens were studied in northern part of the Persian Gulf. A total of 591 specimens were collected from the coastal water of Bushehr Province using trawl boats from May 2012 to April 2013 and diet composition, feeding intensity and season changes in diet composition were investigated. Vacuity Index was 81% during the study. RGL was 0.98±0.03 classifying this species as carnivorous to omnivorous fish. Pomadasys stridens had consumed 48 different food categories in 7 taxonomic classes. Crustacean, Mollusca, foraminifera, nematodes, Echinodermata, Annelida and miscellaneous were the main observed food items. There was no significant difference between males and females regarding diet composition in different months.

Cake is one of the popular, high-consumption, and varied baking industry, that in addition to its nutritional value, has a high consumption in different classes of society.  In this research, Stevia was first substituted at 25, 50, 75 percent of sugar, and the characteristics of flavor, texture and color of the product were evaluated and the results showed that the best replacement level was 25%, which was more similar to control.   After selecting the Optimum level of stevia replacement, according to similar previous studies on lemon, 5 and 10% lemon powder levels were selected and added to the product and physicochemical properties were examined. The results indicated that all of the color parameters were reduced by adding lemon peel powder and the cooking loss was lower in the treatment containing 10% lemon peel powder.   Also, the addition of lemon peel powder increased the stiffness and stiffness and reduced the fringe in the product. Adding lemon peel powder significantly reduced the amount of peroxide in comparison with control. Sensory evaluation results showed 5% treatment was more similar to control. In general, it can be concluded that lemon peel and stevia can be used as a functional composition in cake.

Marine animals are important sources of bioactive natural products due to their secondary metabolites. Siphonaria gastropods are marine mollusks that few studies have been performed on their biomedical properties. This study was performed to evaluate antibacterial properties of different extracts ( wet and dry ethanolic and aqueous) on Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, Saprolegnia parasitica by using well method as well as antioxidant activity by using MDA method. Results revealed that ethanolis extracts from dry tissue showed minimum lipid peroxidation( 30.54± .49) , and thus the highest autoxidation(44.45±0.74 ) activity. The results of antibacterial assay of the examined extracts showed no significant antibacterial property. This study revealed some antioxidant activities of Siphonaria carbo extracts. Detailed biochemical studies is recommended for identification of compounds causing this property.

Despite recent improvements in treatment, ovarian cancer is still the leading cause of death from gynaecological malignancies. Today, marine mollusks are considered as natural source of new biologically and pharmacologically active compounds by scientists and the pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study is to investigate the selective apoptotic effects of Turbo coronatus crude extract fractions on human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells and mitochondria. Cells and mitochondria were isolated from cancerous and non-cancerous ovarian tissues and exposed to IC50 concentration of F1 fraction for evaluation of mitochondrial and cellular parameters. Our results showed that F1 fraction of T. coronatus crude extract significantly induced toxic effects only in the cancerous ovarian mitochondria, including; increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release. Flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated that F1 fraction of T. coronatus progressively induced apoptosis and necrosis only on EOC but not non-cancerous cells. We eventually concluded that F1 fraction of T. coronatus crude extract selectively induces apoptosis in EOC through a ROS- mediated pathway.

Because benthic invertebrate plenitude as bioindicator are used in marine monitoring, in order to ecological study on communities of Meiofauna of Mele Gonze Mangrove forest sampling carried out during warm and cold seasons from 3 stations with 3 different tidal levels. The results showed that totally 7 of toxons Meiofauna including Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Nematodes,Copepoda and Olichaeta are present in the region, that the highest density belongs to Nematoda, and then respectively they were Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Bivalvia, Copepoda, Gastropoda and Oligochaeta. Density of Meiofauna didn’t have any significant difference between summer and winter (P>0.05) But between stations the difference was significant (P<0.05). The percentage of total organic carbon in winter is high than in summer and between seasons and stations the difference was significant (P<0.05). Also throughout the year in station 1 from high tide to low tide was observed reduction of sediment total organic carbon but in 2 other stations this was the opposite. Results shows dominant silt-clay in station 1and then respectively station 2 and 3. The highest meiofauna density in two seasons in station 1and then in station 2 and 3 was observed. The given result of pearson correlation test showed that silt-clay sediments and total organic carbon have significant influence on Meiofauna density.

The present study was conducted to study cytotoxicity of extractions from Siphonaria carbo limpet. Brine shrimp lethality assay, hemolytic effects on erythrocytes and coagulation tests was performed using aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Sampling was performed from Bushehr coastal rocks. Extraction was carried out using wet and dry tissue. Results of toxicity assay on Artemia nauplii showed lethality effects of extracts, except for dried aqueous extract. The lethality of extracts was in correlation to concentration. Wet aqueous extract showed the highest toxicity on tested cells (LC50= 5.98 mg/ml) in contrast to other extracts. The results of hemolysis test revealed no significant hemolytic activity of extracts. The results of anticoagulant assays did not confirm any anticoagulant effects in any of extracts. In conclusion, in spite of the negative results of hemolytic and anticoagulant effects, the cytotoxicity of the extracts might be utilized for further anticancer and antiparasitic screening.

Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 3rd leading reason for mortality associated with cancer and the 6th most widespread malignant tumor.

This study aims to investigate selective toxicity of venom fractions of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma, commonly known as stonefish, on hepatocytes and mitochondria obtained from diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Different dilutions of extracted fractions from crude stonefish venom were treated on hepatocytes and mitochondria isolated from a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). In response to stonefish venom fractions, mitochondrial related parameters including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase 3, and induction of apoptosis were investigated.

Our results demonstrate that for the first time, fraction 3 of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma treatment on cancerous mitochondria had a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption, mitochondrial swelling, and cytochrome c release increased. Moreover, fraction 3 induced selective toxicity only in cancerous hepatocytes from the HCC but not those from healthy cells. Additional research also determined a significant increase in activation of caspase 3 and induction of apoptosis.

In conclusion, this study provides evidence that fraction 3 of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma venom selectively induces apoptosis in cancerous hepatocytes from HCC through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway.

The venomous jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda can produce envenomation and different toxicological and biological effects by their nematocysts. The phospholipase A2 enzymes (PLA2) are toxic and induce various pharmacological effects including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity and anticoagulant activities. The main aim of the current project was to screen the in vitro PLA2 activity of the C. andromeda crude venom. To better understand the experimental result; a molecular docking study was also performed.
The live specimens were collected from Nayband lagoon, by a trawl net, and separation of their tentacles was done according to Bloom 's et al., method. The PLA2 activity of crude venom was performed according to the acidimetric method of Tan and Tan. The lyophilized venom was subjected to Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectroscopy, and the obtained structures were used for docking study against PLA2. The indoxam was considered as standard control.
The PLA2 activity of the jellyfish crude venom was 413 ±0.08 µmol/min/mg. Analysis of the crude venom detected seven compounds (i-vii) using GC-MS. Docking data was also confirmed the experimental results. According to the docking results, the highest affinity (-6.7 (kcal/mol)) was observed in the compound “Pregn-5-ene-3,11-dione, 17,20:20,21 bis [methylenebis(oxy)]-, cyclic 3-(1,2-ethane diyl acetal”.
A high PLA2 level was found in the venom of C. andromeda. There was a good correlation between in vitro and in silico studies.

◦: Turbotoxins are marine secondary metabolites that produce in Turbinidae family and were isolated from Japanese Turbo marmorata for the first time. A few research has been done on these metabolites so far. Another species, Turbo coronatus exists in Iran. The main aim of the current project was to investigate some biological effects of the crude extract of Turbo coronatus from the Persian Gulf .
In this study, 18 rats were selected in three groups including the control group. The experimental groups received ½ and 1/3 lethal doses intravenously and serum levels of liver and muscle enzymes, electrolytes and complete blood counts (CBC) were measured after 24 hours.
•: The levels of liver and muscle enzymes, amylase, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, ferrous, haptoglobin, albumin and creatinine were significantly increased in experimental group compared with the control group by injection of crude extract of Turbo coronatus; however, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell count, magnesium, and glucose levels were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group.
•: Intravenous injection of ½ and 1/3 lethal doses of the crude extract of Turbo coronatus to rats produced rhabdomyolysis and hepatocytes injury. In addition, the crude extract injection acted as a haematoxin and decreased hemoglobin and MCV.

Sea lettuce is a kind green alga with scientific name "Ulva lactuca", has many uses in many countries. With Notice to the presence of this alga in the coasts of Bushehr and its ease of propagation and cultivation, we can take advantage of beneficial interest. The objectives of this current study was to determine the amount of total fat, survey the quality and quantity of some physicochemical parameters and the profile of fatty acids in its oil.
After samples collecting of sea lettuce (Sea lettuce) from Bushehr coasts, sample preparation and extraction of fat, quantity of some physicochemical parameters according to AOAC method; and fatty acid profile were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
The acidity index in extracted oil in Shoraye-shahr, Bandargah and Naftkesh regions were, 0.73, 0.73 and 0.72 respectively, and the peroxide value was 0.75, 0.74 and 0.75 respectively. The refractive index and average oil contents for all areas were reported 3 % and 1412, respectively. In the three mentioned regions, sixteen fatty acids including (C6), (C10), (C12), (C13), (C14), (C15), (C16), (C17), (C18), (C19), (C20), (C21), (C18: 1), (C18: 2), (C18: 3) were identified with different amounts. Palmitic acid had the highest levels in all three regions.
Sea lettuce contains different fatty acids that each of them has different applications in food industry, medicine and cosmetics. The favorable amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the sea lettuce oil increase their nutritional importance. Caltivating of this beneficial alga is suggested due to the appropriate geographic climate of Bushehr.

The sea urchins are classified in the echinoderms category because of their spiny skin. Saponins are the major responsible metabolites for Echinodermata biological activities . As mentioned before, about 80 species of sea urchins are venomous for human. Their spine, pedicellariae, and some other organs such as gonads and coelomic fluids contain different toxins and bioactive compounds. This review study have evaluated toxinology and bioactive compounds from the extracts, and treatment management of these venomous animals.
Contractin A, echinochrome A, echinometrin, major yolk protein (MYP), centrocins (I, II(, cathepsin B/X, strongylostatins (I,II), vitellogenin, UT841 toxin, spinochrome, and pedoxin as the prosthetic group of peditoxin are the most important compounds obtained from these animals.
Some people show poisoning symptoms following the ingestion of sea urchin gonads, especially during the breeding season. Some of these symptoms included allergies symptoms, as the first symptoms, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, epigastric distress, severe headache, swelling of the lips and mouth, salivation, abdominal pain and some systemic symptoms such as hypotension, numbness and weakness. The most injuries by sea urchin can cause by contact to spines, which can create the various complications such as granuloma, synovitis, arthritis, edema, hyperkeratosis and even neuroma. Injuries by pedicellaria may cause severe pain, local edema, bleeding, lethargy, weakness, tingling, joint pain, aphonia, dizziness, syncope, general muscle paralysis, respiratory distress, hypotension and, infrequently death. After the injury by sea urchin, removing the spines and pedicellariae should be done to minimize the contact with the venom source, and subsequently the management of wounds and poisoning symptoms, as quickly as possible.
The venoms of some sea urchins have toxins and bioactive molecules that produce toxicity effects on their victims by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the various studies in toxinology field, on these animals, the comprehensive studies that led to the identification of pure toxins from their crude venoms are handful and unfinished and it is important to do further studies on this field, in the future.

Scombroid syndrome is one of the most important food poisoning with symptoms similar to seafood allergy, that caused by biogenic amines. Histamine is produced by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine in fish, by histidine decarboxylase enzyme. The histamine levels in fish and its products is one of the most important biomarkers to assess the freshness or corruption of the fish. One of objectives of this study was determination of histamine levels in Barred mackerel (Scomberomorus commerrson), by HPLC method, in different conditions of keeping.
Material and There were evaluated the histamine contents, in 21 Barred mackerel samples trapped in the Bushehr coasts (Iran), after TCA extraction method, at different periods of the first, tenth (keeping at 4°C) and 30th days (keeping at -20 °C) by HPLC with FLD detector in wavelengths λx: 320 and λe: 450 nm.
The Mean ± SD of histamine in samples in revealed days were respectively the values of 12.96±0.29, 17.02±0.53 and 17.7±0.56 ppm. The highest levels of histamine in all samples in first, tenth and thirty days were respectively, ND, 2.77 and 7.77 ppm; and maximum levels were respectively 40.86, 40.75 and 40.07 ppm.
Although the detection of histamine in 90% of samples, there was no sample above maximum Tolerable level (MTL) assigned by Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran (50 ppm). However, the histamine levels in 27.87% of samples were exceeded the maximum levels set in the FDA (20ppm).

The aim of this study was to identify and assess the diversity and dominance index of polychaete in the rocky intertidal area of the Bushehr province in 3 stations include Bushehr, Dayer and cape of Nayband. Sampling was carried out in four seasons during 2011-2011 along one transect perpendicular by the quadrate 0.5×0.5 square meters at low tide zone. At each station, one transect deployed perpendicular to the shore. Samples were collected on each transect from low tide level up to the high tide area. Environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and pH were measured in each station. Our results indicated the highest and lowest temperatures in the summer (33.9°C) and winter (19.26°C) and the highest and lowest salinities were recorded in the summer (43.15 ppt) and autumn (40.62 ppt). There were no significant changes in acidity in all seasons. In this study, 16 families of polychaetes were identified. Among them; species Spirobranchus kraussii had the highest frequency during the study years. The highest and lowest diversity was observed in the summer and autumn, respectively

Sea cucumbers are one of the most echinoderms and from the class Holothuroidea. Some of their specific biological activities are including anti-cancer, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-tumor properties, as well as accelerate wound healing. The presence of different compounds such as saponins, chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycans, sulfated Polysaccharides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential and non essential fatty acids, are the causes of their biological properties. Saponins, which are produced for compatibility with the environment, are as theire secondary metabolites. These active compounds have biological properties like hemolytic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, ichthyotoxic, cytostatic, anti neogenic, antineoplastic, and uric acid lowering effects. Sea cucumber, have high economic value. In East Asia, Since ancient times, it have been traditionally used for the treatment of fatigue, sexual impotence, impotence caused by aging, constipation due to intestinal dryness, urinary incontinence, asthma, hypertension, arthritis and anemia. Also, toxins obtained from sea cucumber, have anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-cancer and anti-pregnancy properties. According to literatures, the aqueous extract and high molecular weight compounds from sea cucumbers can inhibit tumor activity, via the apoptosis induction. Sea cucumbers because of the high percentage of protein and the absence of cholesterol, classified as an invigorating food. Because of different species of sea cucumbers in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea; the identification of compounds and biological properties of sea cucumber species in these regions is recommended to the researchers.

Filtration in bivalves is the most important physiological and biological activities that can redound absorption of environmental contaminations. Since Saccostrea cucullata and Barbatia hellbingii are well distributed in Bushehr coasts, this investigation is carried out to evaluate the potential of these species to filtrate more chlorella volgaris algae. The filtration rate of the Saccostrea cucullata and Barbatia hellbingii were measured at 25 °C and 36 ppt in the laboratory using concentration of chlorella volgaris. Results showed filtration rate of Saccostrea cucullata and Barbatia hellbingii were 29.3683 ± 0.46212 and 31.1453 ± 0.66055, respectively. There was a significant difference between mean filtration rates with the two treatments (P < 0.05), and Barbatia hellbingii showed higher filtration rate in experimental condition, so it can be suggested Barbatia hellbingii as a better biomonitor.

One of the venomous fishes of Persian Gulf is a type of stonefish called blackfin stonefish (Pseudosynanceia melanostigma) that is very poorly-known. This fish lives on the muddy bottoms of marine shallow waters and have venomous spines on its stone like body. The envenomation usually is happened by unwanted contact of human body to its body and the proteinic venom is injected into the skin. Upon the venom entrance to the body various symptoms and signs will occur that their intensity depends on the venom amount.The aim of study is the understanding of some pharmacological impacts of blackfin stonefish for future studies. A total of 18 male laboratory rats were divided into three groups of control, second and third and envenomed by sub lethal doses (1/3 LD50 and ½ LD50) intravenously and the serum enzymes namely Creatine Phosphokinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Glutamate-Oxaloacetate Transaminase, Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Alkaline Phosphatase and Amylase, serum electrolytes namely Sodium. Potassium and Calcium and also complete blood cells of control and experimental rats were measured. The serum enzymes levels, potassium and calcium levels and withe blood cells count in envenomed rats by blackfin stonefish crude venom in compare with control rats had significant increase while the haemoglobin level, red blood cells count and also serum sodium level had significant decrease (p<0.001). The increase in hepatomascular enzyme levels, and the decrease in haemoglobin level can be a probable marker of the presence of rhabdomyolysis, haemolysis and also hepatotoxicity activities in the blackfin stonefish venom and that needs to the histopathologic studies in these systems.

The oceans as ‘mother of origin of life’ are a unique source that provide a various collection of natural products from sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, algae and molluscs as well as cyanobacteria and the other marine organisms. In the past few decades, a significant number of marine natural products with potent pharmacological properties have been discovered from these organisms. Here, we evaluate the history of drug discovery and theire development, from sea natural compounds, providing an outlook into the future. For our aims, we collected the data for this review by searcheing pubmed (in 2014. 26.06), Marine Lit in addition to archives of ISMJ site through google. Search terms were “marine venoms to drugs” and “marine bioactive compounds” for pubmed, and a total of 69 papers were found, that 50 more related articles were selected. From Search terms of “marine bioactive compounds to drugs” and “marine bioactive compounds” in Marine Lit were obtained, 67 and 105 English-language papars, respectevily; that in the end 99 articles were selected. In addition from search for “marine bioactive compounds in bpums or ISMJ” 11 related publications were selected. At the present time, specific bioactive compounds such as cytarabine are accessible in market; some of them are present in different phases of the clinical trials, Phase I, Phase II or Phase III, as wll as in the preclinical pipeline, or either expected to be approved soon. Many marine products are useful for cancer, chronic pains, infectious diseases, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), arthritis, inflammations, and the other therapeutic paybacks. The authors believe that the sea can be a promising drug discovery for patients who have disappointed and give up of land resources. History of these compounds shows that initial efforts that led to the isolation of active compounds; can be the start point for the next stage of their development. Therefore, any research with a certain purpose, though seemingly small, can be a preface to the discovery of a new drug. A comparison as the antiquity of a few decades the pharmaceutical science with marine resources, than their several thousand years antiquity in the mainland, Can guess “What has accelerated the speed of their progress”.

Cynoglossidae family، including 5 species in the Boushehr Coastal Waters، has high distribution. Cynoglossus arel is considered as a benthic fish with high quality meat and marketable. In the survey، 287 specimens were monthly collected from fishery ports and evaluated their breeding. Gonadsomatic index، Hepatosomatic index، absolute fecundity and condition factor were measured. In the study، rate of absolute fecundity was taken and fecundity relationship with length (r =0. 86) and weight (r =0. 90) had high correlation. In female، Gonadsomatic index rose from October and reached to maximum amount in December but in male، Gonadsomatic index increased from September and had picked in April. Female condition factor value in comparison with male had near relationship with size of sexual organ and this coefficient had the minimum rate in breeding time (April). Overall، this study showed that breeding season of fish has continued from April to July that lack fishery activity in breeding seasons is recommended for return fisheries.

Marine neurotoxins as of Marine biotoxins are natural toxins that produced mainly by dinoflagellates, diatoms and several species of invertebrates and fish. Marine poisoning results from the ingestion of marine animals contain these toxins and causes considerable adverse effects. This review provides some facts about the structures of marine neurotoxins, their molecular target and pharmacology, analytical methods for their detection and quantitation, diagnosis and laboratory testing, clinical manifestations, as well as prevention and treatment, if were obtainable. Furthermore, we focus on marine poisoning and various associated neurological syndromes like ciguatera, tetrodotoxin poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, after ingestion of the common marine toxins. A number of neurotoxins that prescribed according to their potency (LD50) are: Maitotoxin, Ciguatoxins and Palytoxin, Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin, Brevetoxins, Azaspiracid, Yessotoxin, Cooliatoxin, Domoic acid and Conotoxins, Respectively. The primary target of most marine neurotoxins is voltage gated sodium channels and the resulting block of ion conductance through these channels. Moreover, these compounds interact with voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of stated ions into many cell types. As well, the target recognized for palytoxin is the Na+- K+ /ATPase. Results of reviewed studies revealed that, the Ciguatera is the commonest syndrome of marine poisoning, but is rarely lethal. Puffer fish poisoning results from the ingestion of fish containing tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisoning are less common, but have a higher fatality rate than ciguatera. Despite their high toxicity, no much research has been done on some of the toxins, like maitotoxin. In addition, there have remained unknown the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action and molecular target of some toxins such as Cooliatoxin and Ostreotoxins, Which could be the subject of the research in Future, or perhaps a new generation of drugs.

The Persian Gulf is one of the best places to find tropical venomous animals. The second cause of marine injuries in the Persian Gulf region is stonefish, it seems that the medical practitioners in this region are not familiar with the medical management of stonefish envenomationon. A total of 16 patients with stonefish envenomation were serially examined in emergency rooms of academic hospitals of Boushehr port and Delvar clinic. In these patients local and systemic manifestations, first aid management and therapeutic interventions were evaluated. The most common sites of injury were lower extremity (14 cases) and upper extremities (2 cases). The most common prescribing medication for relief of pain was injection of local lidocaine. The second and third most common prescribed drugs were parenteral antihistamines and corticosteroids, respectively. Hot water was not used in any of patients. Only in 2 cases antibiotic were given, whereas tetabolin was not prescribed in any of them. Although the most effective pain relieving intervention for stonefish envenomation, it was not used in injured patients in the current study. Likewise, tetabolin was not used. The medical practitioners should be encouraged to use immersion of the injured site in hot water, injection of local lidocaine without adrenalin, tetabolin injection and prophylactic broad spectrum antibiotics in stonefish envenomation.

Estuaries are one of the most productive aquatic ecosystems that both ecologically and economically are important. In estuarine ecosystems، zooplankton is very important group of animals that they are the basis for food web and intermediate steps in the planktonic food pyramid. Ecological studies، especially temporal and spatial variations of zooplankton are considerable in estuaries. The present study emphasized on zooplankton from Helleh River estuary، Busheher، Persian Gulf that composition، abundance، and biomass of zooplankton communities were investigated together with some of water characteristics. Samples were taken using plankton net with mesh size of 140 µm with vertical towing from 5 fixed-stations in mid-season from summer 2011 to spring 2012 for one year period. The zooplankton comprised of Arthropoda، Annelida، Protozoa، Mollusca، Echinodermata، Chordata، Rotatoria، Nematoda، Ctenophora، and Siphonophora. All samples were dominated by copepods، especially Acartia sp. In addition، Arthropoda had highest abundance while Echinodermata، Rotatoria، Nematoda، Rotatoria، and Ctenophora showed lowest abundance. Of Arthropoda، copepods with 10 genera including; Acartia، Euterpina، Oithona، Oncaea، Paracalanus،Corycaeus، Labidocera، Macrosetella، Microsetella، and Temora were at the highest abundance in zooplankton population. The maximum abundance and biomass was estimated at station estuary mouth (station 5) in all seasons، highest values in autumn (46051. 9 ind. /m3 and 165. 0 mg/m3) and lowest in winter (5388. 4 ind. /m3 and 20. 9 mg/m3). This study may be useful in understanding the ecological and biological processes for sustainable fisheries management in estuaries.