mohammad ali alizadeh

Sainfoin is one of the important fodder plants that have a high value for feeding for livestock. This plant is cultivated for both irrigation and dry land farming systems. Many of local populations are sensitive to powdery mildew disease that decrease forage yields and quality. Feeding of infected plants with powdery mildew by livestock might cause livestock abortion. Sainfoin powdery mildew disease is caused by Leveillula taurica fungus, which appears as necrosis of the leaf tissue and symptom spots on the plants. Contamination of the plant with this disease, especially in its severe condition, leads to a slowdown in the growth of the plant, the small size of the inflorescence, and decrease in the forage yield. The main stage of its damage is in the second and third cuts. This project aimed to evaluate the forage yield and tolerance to powdery mildew of two populations of 15353 and 3001 compared to the native variety in 10 trail locations in the country.

The seeds of two populations of 3001 and 15353 were sown along with the native population (susceptible to powdery mildew) as a control in 10 farms including Karaj and Taleghan (Alborz province), BostanAbad, Heris, Sarab, and Varzaghan (East Azerbaijan province), Nikpay and Saramsaghlo (Zanjan province), Dehpir (Lorestan province), and Faridan (Esfahan province) over two years (2018-2020). Data was collected for plant height and forage yield three cuts over two years, and the disease severity index of sainfoin to powdery mildew in the third cut. Since infection of sainfoin to powdery mildews happens in the third cut, so, the Disease Severity Index (DSI) of the two populations of 3001 and 15353 and (control) was evaluated in the third harvest in both years.

According to the evaluation of the DSI of two populations of 3001 and 15353 compared to the native population across ten locations. It was confirmed that both populations of 15353 and 3001 had a DSI below 10%, and therefore they were considered to be tolerant to powdery mildew disease. The native populations in all 10 locations had a DSI with a level of 50%, and they were considered susceptible to powdery mildew. Both 3001 and 15353 populations were tolerant to powdery mildew coupled with higher yield of 1.2 and 1 ton/ha than the control in 10 regions.

According to the results, the two populations of 3001 and 15353 with DSI values lower than 10 % and higher yield were considered as tolerant to powdery mildew disease than to the native population (with a DSI of higher than 50%), in all locations. Then, the farms were visited by experts of the research Institute Seed and Plant Certification and Registration, Karaj, Iran. The two varieties were introduced as new cultivars known Bordbar 1 and Bordbar 2, by the authorities of the Institute. Finally, the two released varieties were suggested for cultivation in both irrigation and dryland farming systems.

The importance of Great Khorasan as a strategic region and effective in the administration of the territories of the Eastern Islamic Caliphate, could never be ignored from the point of view of the caliphs. The connection of this area with Transoxiana or beyond the river and the existence of settled cities, commercial streets and fertile lands, reminded the caliphs of the need to consider a serious and costly policy for the administration of Khorasan. However, the continuous unrest and the lack of comprehensive management in this region not only had an impact on the reduction of the Caliphate's income, but also had a direct effect on the creation of disorder in the Trans-Nahar region and the escalation of the political crisis.
Based on the descriptive-analytical method, the current research tries to answer the question, what were the most important challenges of establishing the stable control of the Abbasid caliphs over Khorasan and Transoxiana? The results of the findings indicate that in the first period of the Abbasid caliphate, despite the caliphs benefiting from military authority, due to the multitude of opponents and successive changes in the balance of power, it was not possible to establish stable stability. After the killing of Abu Muslim, the conflict between the caliphs and the Khorasanis until the Taherians gained internal independence, deprived Great Khorasan of the possibility of stability and became a platform for the influence of the Turks in Transoxiana and the borders of Islam territories.

Yarrow (Achillea) is one of the most important species of medicinal plants that has many applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries. In order to investigate the effect of seed priming on the germination characteristics of degenerate seeds,, A factorial As the form of completely randomized design with 3 replications carried in the greenhouse of the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Research Institute Forests and Rangeland in 2022.. I, three yarrow species, Achillea.nobolis, A.millifolium and A.tenufolia, were artificially senesced by applying a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 100% (for 0, 48 hours, 72 hours), seed priming at 3 levels, including hydropriming (soaking for 24 hours in distilled water), gibberellic acid, 250 and 500 ppm. The analysis of variance showed that there were main and interaction effects of species, seed priming and seed deterioration for all the traits of emergence Characteristics were significant at P≤ 1% . Comparison of the species showed , that of A. nobolis species higher values of all traits except for dry matter compare with two other species.The species of A. millifolium was ranked as second level. The highest emergence rate was obtained in non- deteriorated (hydro) seeds. Three species have high average mean values with gibberellic acid 250 ppm for all traits except the ratio of root/stem and percentage of dry matter. . The highest root length /Shoot were obtained with gibberellic acid 250 ppm, which indicates that the aged seeds inside Pots have more rooting improvement for their survival

The uniformity and emergence percentage of seeds have an importance role on the yield and quality of crops in the field. The aim of this research was to evaluate the seeds emergence and seedlings of three populations of the lanceleaf thyme species (Thymus lancifolius Celak) by Priming methods. In order to evaluating seed emergence and seedling vigor of three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in Research Institute of Forests and rangelands, Tehran, Iran in 2015-2016. The factors A was including: three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak) and factor B were seven treatments as follows: osmopriming (PEG 0.3 and 0.6Mpa), hormonal priming (250 and 500 ppm of Gibberellic acid), Matrix priming (Vermicolit 1%) hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The emergence characteristics including of seed emergence percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured. The mean comparison three populations showed that all emergence traits of population 13490-Arak were more than the other two populations. The maximum emergence percentage as (81.19) obtained using vermiculite treatment. using vermiculite, seedling Fresh weight, (578.8), dry Weight, (47.78), dry matter percentage (7.82%) were more than other treatments. High speed of emergence observed as (5.82 seeds per day) with effect of Gibberellic acid 250 ppm. Regarding to result of this research work, it was proved that two Priming technique as Matrix priming (Vermiculite) and Hormonal priming (Gibberellic acid) were effective method compare with other method. Therefore these two methods are recommending for domestication and optimum establishment of medicinal plant of (Thymus lancifolius Celak).

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability andSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability and quality that is cultivated in many parts of Iran. A field experiment in form of complete block design with three replications was conducted in Research Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Isfahan province during 2013- 2015. Twenty native populations from various regions of Iran were tested. Morphological characteristics, yield and fodder quality of plants was measured. According to results, there was less than 10 days difference among populations from planting to flowering stage. The phenological stages (beginning of spring growth, flowering time) in the second year began earlier than that of the first year. Maximum leaf number (127) and leaf/stem ratio (2.5) were obtained in Oshnavieh and 2759, respectively. PLC produced the highest dry matter content (31.27%) and dry forage yield (3179.3 kg ha-1) among populations. Populations also differed in terms of fodder quality. Most populations had adequate yield and quality potential for livestock feeding. Regarding variation in different traits among populations, each population can be used for different goals such as breeding programs, soil conservation and production of high dry matter yield. In generally, 3001 and 13535 populations (tolerant to powdery mildew disease) with acceptable forage yield and quality can be recommended in Isfahan climatic conditions. .

Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth, which has a negative effect on seed germination, poor product quality and plant yield. Halopriming, soaking seeds in salt solution and a treatment before cultivation and as one of the priming methods, increases the germination and uniform greening of seeds under adverse environmental conditions. To study the effect of different levels of halopriming on the germination characteristics of the medicinal plant salvia aegyptiaca under salt stress, a factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications was performed in the seed technology laboratory of the faculty of Natural Resources of Tarbiat Modares University in 2021. In this experiment, the first factor includes different levels of halopriming with four levels (0, 80, 150 and 250 mM) of NaCl solution and the second factor includes different levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) was investigated and different traits including germination percentage, germination rate, average time of germination, root length, shoot length and seed germination index were evaluated. Results showed that seed priming positively affected on all germination characteristics in such a way that it created a significant difference in all growth characteristics. The highest seed germination percentage (91.33) was obtained in 80 mM priming treatment and no stress conditions. In this study, the increase in salinity stress caused a significant decrease in the percentage of seed germination, and in the conditions of salinity stress, seed halopriming effectively reduced the effects of salinity stress

The existence of a model to respond to material and spirvitual needs in the society based on the rich and saving teachinys of islam is an inevitable necessity.The purpose of this study is to designe of Islamic Iranian management of progress.It has a qualitutive approach, it’s purpose is applied, nature is explorapory, and it’s research strategy is thematic analysis.The method of data collection is the study of upstream documents and in- depth and open snowball interviews of 45 experts until the data was completed. For data analysis, it was used the continuous comparison method in three stages; open, axial and selecting coding. By analyzing the data, the Iraniann Islamic management model of progress in five categories or dimensions, including the Iranian Islamic cultural dimension of progress, the Iranian Islamic economic dimension of progress, the Iranian Islamic scientific dimension of progress, the Iranian Islamic governemental dimension of progress and the Iranian Islamic promotional dimension of progress was made and it was approved by the experts.

Since the development of a comprehensive model of progress in Islamic-Iranian management is very important for the countries of the region, the Islamic world and the whole world. And the savior of Islam is an inevitable necessity. The purpose of this study is to design a global model of Islamic-Iranian management of progress. This research has a qualitative approach and the method of data theory (thematic analysis) has been used as the research method. This research is practical in terms and exploratory in nature. The method of data collection is the study of upstream documents and in-depth and open interviews with 40 elites aware of the subject under discussion. To analyze the data, continuous comparison method was used during the three stages of open, axial and selective coding. By analyzing the data, the comprehensive model of Islamic-Iranian management progress in five dimensions including Islamic-Iranian governmental dimension of progress, Islamic-Iranian cultural dimension of progress, Islamic-Iranian economic dimension of progress, Islamic-Iranian scientific dimension of progress, Islamic behavioral dimension- Iranian progress was made.

To investigate yield and morphological traits of 32 populations of 7 species of the genus of Alyssum shop including 3 populations of desert alyssum (Alyssum desertorum), 3 population of dwarf Alyssum (A. marginatum), 15 populations hairy Alyssum (Alyssum hirsutum), 8 populations of Shirazian Alyssum (A. stapfi), and one population from each of species of Alyssum szowitsianum, A.dasycarpum and A. linifolium were cultivated and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Alborz Research Station  in 2018 and 2019. Based on data analysis and comparison between species and populations within each species, late lowering species such as A. linifolium and A. Stapfi had higher aerial and grain yield than early flowering species including dwarf alyssum (A. marginatum), desert Alyssum (A. desertorum), Araraty Alyssum (A.szowitsianum).The simple correlation between the studied traits showed that there was a positive correlation between plant height and  aerial yield and grain yield. The rate of plant establishment was positively correlated with plant height and negatively correlated with the stems number. Result of principal component analysis (PCA) obtained three main components considering the eigenvalues greater than one that justified 90% of total variance. The results of cluster analysis led to the grouping populations into five groups. The species of A.stapfi, A. hirsutum and A.desertorum were placed in a one group. The studied populations provided a suitable genetic background for selecting superior populations with important traits from different clusters, so that they can be used in breeding improved varieties.

The secession of large parts of the Caucasus as a catastrophic result of the Iran-Russia wars not only affected the country's independence and territorial integrity, but its consequences on the northern and northwestern borders and even other parts of the country are significant. Meanwhile, the role of Armenians as a significant part of the population of the regions separated from Iran, which had a significant impact on the course of the Iran-Russia war, is undeniable. The present article, entitled "Reflection of Iran-Russia wars in the region with regard to the role of Armenians", examines the results of the separation of strategic regions in the north and northwest of the country by considering the role of Armenians. From a religious, ethnic, linguistic, cultural point of view, as well as political, administrative, economic, industrial, commercial, etc. developments and has evaluated and explained the role of these developments in Iran-Russia relations. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and data analysis is based on the method of content analysis of works including books, articles and poetic writings. The results show that after the Iran-Russia wars and the secession of the Caucasus from Iran, the Russian government is no longer willing to tolerate Georgian and Armenian autonomy as they enjoyed it during Iranian rule.

Numerous articles have been written about the Iranian constitutional movement by internal and foreign writers. The diversity and multiplicity of views and judgments of these authors is one of the difficulties of studying and researching this political and cultural event in contemporary Iran. This article tries to challenge some of the misplaced approaches in the field of Persian historiographical literature by categorizing different groups of authors and criticizing their attitudes. It has been based on one-sided assessments and the lack of use of new methods of historical analysis, which still there is a vacancy of a solid and lasting research in this field.

low temperature is one of the limiting factors for survival and growth of many species and plays a major role on their habitats. In the present study, the effects of cold on morphological and physiological characteristics of Festuca arundinaceae and Dactylis glomerata were investigated through a factorial design. At the first step seeds were prepared and cultivated in a pot to reach at an acceptable growth in a greenhouse. 10 replicates of each species were exposed to cold at 4 ° C for two weeks. And 10 replicates were placed in non-stress conditions (control). Every two weeks, the greenhouse seedlings were returned to the normal conditions of the greenhouse to continue the research process. The results showed that cold treatment reduced the air and undergrowth biomass of both species. Cold treatment has been responsible for the loss of photosynthetic system and stomatal conductance and leaf temperature in studied species. The rate of photosynthesis in F. arundinaceae in the control was 0.10 mol / m-2 / sec-1 greater than cold treatment with 0.080 mol / m-2 / sec-1. In D.glomerata, the photosynthesis rate in the control was 0.078 moles / m-2 / sec-1 more than cold treatment with 0.045 moles / m-2 / s-1 seconds. The amount of chlorophyll a, b, total in cold treatment decreased and electrolyte leakage in both species increased under cold treatment. Considering the important role of these two species in rangeland regeneration and improvement, knowledge of the effect of cold on their physiology and morphology characteristics can be useful in determining the readiness of rangeland and the capacity of rangeland and grazing livestock for proper range management in the country.

factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in greenhouse of Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2015-2016. The levels of factor A were: three populations of (Thymus daenensis) originated from Lorestan, Markazi and Isfahan province, Factor B were: osmopriming (PEG 0.6 and 0.9 Mpa), hormonal priming (250 and 500 ppm of Auxin), Matrix priming (Zeolite1%), hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The primed seeds were sown on pots and growing in greenhouse. Seed emergence characteristics including of percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured. The mean comparison three populations of thymus showed that maximum emergence percentage and speed of emergence as (76%, 13.17/sprout/day) were observed in population of 1110-Lorestan.  The effect of treatments on the populations showed that The maximum percentage of emergence and speed of emergence (88%, 15.39/ sprout/day), seedling length  and vigor index (57mm,50), were obtained with priming technique (PEG 0.9 Mpa) in the population of 1110-Lorestan. Also percentage of emergence and speed of emergence (83%, 15/sprout/day) and seedling length, vigor index as (59 mm, 49) of the population of 110-Lorestan were maximum with matrix priming (zeolite). Regarding to result of this research work, it was proved that two priming technique including: Osmo-priming (Polyethylene glycol) and Matrix priming (perlite) were effective method compare with other method. Therefore these two method are recommending for domestication and optical establishment of medicinal plant.

Seedsoffour Satureja species; S. laxiflora (Hayata) Sasaki, S. macrantha (Makino) Kudô,S. sahendicaBornm. and  S. macrosiphonia Bornm. were collected from the different regions of Iran. The samples were transferred to seed technology laboratory of natural resource gene bank at Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland (RIFR), Tehran, Iran. The seeds samples were subjected to different treatments including: pre-chilling (4 °C), Gibberlic acid (250 and 500 ppm), Potassium nitrate (2 and 4%) and distilled water (control). The treated seeds were sown in pots using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a glass house experiment. The seed emergence characteristics, including: emergence percentage, emergence speed, length of root and shoot, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, dry/fresh weight were evaluated during 45 days. The results showed that S. machrantha had higher mean values of seed emergence characteristics than to the other three species. The effect of treatment was significant on seed emergence characteristics of the species, it was concluded that priming technique using Gibberlic acid was more effective than the other priming techniques.

Sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia Scop.) is one of the most important forage legumes cultivated as high quality forage. Fifty three species have been identified in this genus in Iran. A field experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design to compare yield and forage quality of 20 populations of sainfoin in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Iran during 2013 – 2014. Populations were evaluated at three cutting dates (29 April, 20 July and 26 October, 2014). Dry matter yield and forage quality indices such as crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and ash content were determined. Results showed that populations were different in the majority of traits. Means of interaction effects indicated that the maximum and minimum dry matter yield were 5612.7 kg ha-1 at the third cutting and 118.5 kg ha-1 at the first cutting in 8199 and 9263, respectively. According to the results of quality analysis in the majority of populations, maximum DMD, CP and WSC were obtained at the third cutting and maximum ADF and NDF were obtained at the first cutting. In terms of forage yield some populations, such as 8199, 3800, Oshnavieh, 9147, 8799 and Isfahan camposit were superior to other populations. High digestibility populations (2759, 19402, PLC, 12542, 3001 and Oshnavieh) and high protein populations (8199, 15353, 2759, 3062, 15364 and 19402) had the best forage quality among populations. Regarding quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage, these populations could be considered as desired parents for developing synthetic varieties.

The genus AnthemisL. (Asteraceae) as medicinal plants are used both for pharmaceutical purposes and in folk medicine. In order to study of seed priming effects on seedling growth of two species of Anthemis spp., an factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in 2014-2015.A factorial experiment consisting three factors: 1) two species including Anthemis tinctoriaL. and Anthemis triumfettii (L.) DC. which formed the three levels of factor A, and 2) five conservation methods including: medium-term storage (active cold room 4 °C for 10 years), long- term storage (basic cold room-18 °C for 10 years), regenerated seeds in open air 22 °C for 2 years (Control) and aged seed under accelerated ageing )40 °C,98% of Relative humidity) for 48 and 72h made up the five levels of factor B, and 3) five priming treatments were including: Control (without priming), osmopriming (PEG -0.3Mpa), hormonal priming (Giberlic acid 250 and 500 mg/L), hydropriming (imbibitions with distilled water) were levels of factor C. Data collected for seed emergence percent, root and shoot length, seedling length, vigor index, seedling weight and three proxidase, catalaz and super oxid desmotaz (SOD) enzymatic activities. Result of analysis of variance showed  that effects of species, conservation and priming and their interaction were significant  for many of seedling traits and enzymatic activities. According to the results, the higher values of seedling emergence, vigor index, seedling length were obtained in A. tinctoria. In contrast, peroxidase and SOD enzymatic activity were the higher in A. triumfettii. All species had higher seedling growth by using osmopriming. Both  osmo and hormonal priming method were effective in recovery of deteriorated seeds. The mean of all traits of three species were higher in base cold room (-18 °C) than active cold room (4 °C) and this a sign effect of low temperature on seed viability. The root length were higher in accelerated ageing test (48h and 72). It was due to positive effect of priming on improvement of deteriorated seed by increasing root length. The more seed emergence characteristics were obtained with effect of osmopriming (PEG 0.3Mpa), and, hormonal priming (Gibberellic acid 250 mg/L). Regarding to result of this research work, It was proved that two priming technique osmopriming using (Poly ethylene glycol) and hormonal priming (Gibberellic acid ) were effective method for improvement of aged seed of  Anthemis spp.

In order to study of Salsalic acid and Ascorbic acid pretreatments on the enhancement of aged seed germination and seedling growth of Tanacetum polycephalum in laboratory condition, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in seed technology laboratory in research institute of forests and rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2015. The factors A were seed deterioration in four levels as: seed preservation in basic cold room (-18°C), active cold room (+4°C), aged seeds (by Incubation in saturated humidity and temperature 41°C for 48h), and control. Factor B were seven levels of seed priming as: osmopriming (PEG -0.3Mpa), hormone priming (250 and 500 ppm of Ascorbic acid and Salsilic acid), hydro priming (distilled water) and control. Data were collected for germination traits as percentage and speed of germination, primary root, shoot seedling length, vigor index and seedling fresh weight. Result of analysis of variance showed significant differences between seed deteriorations and seed priming levels for all of traits expect seedling fresh weight (P<0.01) and their interaction effects were significant for all traits except root length and vigor index (P<0.01). Result of seed deterioration treatments showed that the higher root length with average values of 21.31 and 19.73 cm and higher vigor index with average values of 32.01 and 20.81 were obtained in basic and active cold room, respectively, indicating the positive effects of cold temperature on increasing 8 and 52% of latter traits in base store than that for active store. The mean comparisons of priming technique showed that both osmo-(PEG) and hydro priming (distilled water) had significant effects on increasing root length and vigor index. The result of priming by seed deteriorations interactions for aged seed showed that the higher mean values for seed germination and speed of germination were obtained by hydropriming and higher mean values of shoot and seedling length were obtained by hormonal-priming (Ascorbic acid 500 ppm).

Chamomile (Anthemis haussknechtii Boiss. & Reut. and Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss.) are annual, medicinal and aromatic plant belong to Asteraceae family. This two species have special important in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Current study was carried out to investigation of different pre-treatments for enhancement of seed emergence potential, rate of emergence and vigor in some populations of Anthemis haussknechtii and Anthemis pseudocotula For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete design with three replications. The first were six populations and the second factor were six pre-treatments levels including osmopriming (0.5% and 1% of potassium nitrate (KNO3)), hormon priming (125 ppm and 250 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA3)), hydropriming (as control with distilled water) and moist chilling (4 °C) in greenhouse conditions. The results showed significant differences between population, treatment and their interactions (p<0.01). Priming improved means of manty traits in some populations. In comparing between populations, 19320-Zanjan population had higher seed emergence characteristics higher than the other five populations. It was concluded that giberellic acid and potassium nitrate had higher effects on emergence characteristics than moist chilling and control. It was concluded that hormonal priming and osmopriming as physiological treatment, enhanced seed emergence characteristics and seedling vigor in some populations of Anthemis in greenhouse conditions.

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits and resistance populations to powdery mildew in sainfoin plant Onobrychis vicifolia) Extended Abstract 1 – Inroduction: Powdery mildew is an important disease in the major areas of crop sowing in Iran, which is mainly caused by the Leveillula taurica mushroom with the form of Oidiopsis taurica .This Fungi is capable of contamination of 700 species belonging to 59 plant families including pepper, tomato, alfalfa and cotton (Correll et al., 1987). Symptoms of this disease including: necrotic spots with white mucous membrane covering on leaves, plant growth retardation, infestation of leaves, fine grains and wrinkling of seeds and, consequently, reduction of crop(Sharifnabi and Banihashemi, 1990). The highest damage caused by L.taurica is the major cause of Powdery mildew of sainfion in the rangelands of Lorestan province, with the second and third cuttings (Sepahvand et al.2000). This disease has been observed in different areas of sainfion cultivation in Zanjan province. In this research, theseeds 17 populations of Sainfoin were sown and evaluated using Randomize Block Design with thee replications in field of Khirabad station of Agricultural and natural resource of research and education center Zanjan from 2014 to 2016. The quantity traits including: Fresh and dry forage weight, medium infection percentage and disease severity index of the populations were evaluated for three cuttings during three years. The quality traits including:protein content (CP), Dry material digestibility(DMD), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), insoluble fiber in acid detergents (ADF), insoluble fiber in neutral detergents (NDF), ash content (ASH) and crude fiber (CF) were measured. Two population 15364, 1601 with fresh forage yield (9240, 8608)kg/ha) and dry forage yield (3048 and 3057)kg/ha were higher than other populations.The crude fiber, insoluble fiber in neutral detergents of two populations of 8799, 4083 (36.48, 36.9) were lower than other populations, therefore for this reason they have high quality of forage. Three populations of 3001, 15353 and Oshnavieh were tolerant to powdery mildew disease due to low disease severity index and also they have high quality forage due to high dry material digestibility. This result confirmed by Alizadeh et al. (2012) because with an experiment , they concluded that three populations of 3001, 15353 and Oshnavieh were tolerant to powdery mildew disease due to low disease severity index. The dendrogram of cluster analysis and the main component of (byplot) have defined that three populations of 3001, 15353 and Oshnavieh were grouped in a group and were superior than other populatios for their tolerance to powdery mildew disease. Three populations of 3001, 15353 and Oshnavieh were tolerant to powdery mildew disease due to low disease severity index and also they have high quality forage due to high dry material digestibility. Key word: Sainfion, powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica, tolerance, yield and forage quality References Alizadeh, M.A., and Jafari,A.A., 2013. Evaluation of sainfion (Onobrychis viciaefolia) with response of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica)in field condition. J. Res.Genet and Plant Breed. Forest and Rangeland, 28(1): 48-58. ijrfpbgr.rifr-ac.org. Correll, J.C., Gordon, T.R., and Elliott, V.J., 1987. Host range, specification and biometrical measurements of Leveillula taurica in California. Plant Disease 71:284-251. Sepahvand, K., Moridi, M., and Nazari, S., (2000): Evaluation and identification of powder mildew of range land plant in Lorestan province, Research project Final report , 2000, Pp: 58-71

Cultivation and domestication of medicinal plants is a predominant priority for their essential oil production and growing in wide range of climatic conditions in steppic and semi steppic regions of Iran. The seeds of wild plants species have high viability, but they have no uniform emergence in the field. The seeds enhancement process through seeds priming, leads to elevated germination percentage and seed vigor, therefore, rendering the prime seeds suitable for the cultivation. In this research, the seed emergence characteristics of three species of Ziziphora genus (Ziziphra clinopodioides, Ziziphora tenuior and Ziziphora capitata) and three species of Thymus genus (Thymus lancifolius, Thymus kotschyanus and Thymus daenensis)  were examined by using osmopriming (polyethylene glycol), hormonal priming (gibberellic acid), matrix priming (vermiculite, perlite, zeolite,), hydropriming (distill water), and control (without priming) in seed technology laboratory  of natural resource gene bank in Research Institute of Forest and rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2015. The maximum seedling length and seedling weight were observed in T. lancifolius via matrix priming.  The T. kotschyanus application of Gibberellic acid and hydro-priming, led to increasing seedling length and seedling weight, respectively. For the species of Z. clinopodioides, the seed priming using vermiculite, led to the increase of seedling length and weight of up to 34% and 17%, respectively. The seed treatment with perlite caused higher seedling weight (13%) of Z. capitata to that of control. The result showed that priming with solid material (matrix priming) had more effect on the seed enhancement.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a widely used medicinal plant possessing several pharmacological effects due to presence of active compounds. In order to study of seed priming effects on seedling growth of chamomile, an experimental design, based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in 2014-2015. Experimental factors were A) three chamomile accessions as code of gene bank 8959 (Brojen), 15123 (Arak) and 23879 (Isfahan), B) five conservation methods including: medium-term storage (active cold room 4 C for 15 years), long- term storage (basic cold room-18 C for 15 years), regenerated seeds in open storage 22 C for 2 years (Control) and aged seed under accelerated ageing (40 C,98% of relative humidity for 48 and 72h) and C) priming treatments including: without priming /(control), osmopriming (PEG-0.3Mpa), hormonal priming (Gibberllic acid 250 and 500ppm), hydropriming (imbibition with distilled water). Data collected for seed emergence percent, root and shoot length, seedling length, vigor index, seedling weight and three Proxidase, Catalase and Super Oxid Desmotaz (SOD) enzymatic activities. Variance analysis showed significant effects of all factors and their interactions except accession by conservation interaction effects for seedling length (P

This research has been conducted to establish a wheel-point device and evaluate its efficiency (precision, accuracy and time) with respect to the estimation of canopy percent in a pilot Artemisia stand in Khabr region of Baft, Kerman province, Iran in 2015. Several transects with different lengths (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 m) were established using the randomized sampling block with 5 replicates. Measurement of canopy percent of dominant species and the associated ones was done by transects as linear-contact (control treatment) and wheel-point device. Data standard deviation of each treatment, relative error of each treatment to control and time criterion have been considered as precision, accuracy and time indices for sampling and evaluating the efficiency Results indicated that in the sampling by the means of linear-contact method (control method), the optimum sampling length was given as 30 m concerning three statistical states involving the dominant species, associated ones and total species population. Also, results have shown that in sampling by wheel-point device method in order to consider the statistics of dominant species, the optimum transect length was estimated as 60 m; when the statistics of associated species and total species population are regarded, the optimum length was 120 and 150 m, respectively. According to the results of regression model with respect to data given by wheel-point method and transect (control), determination of coefficient was computed as 57 and 67% for the dominant and associated species, respectively.

In order to evaluation of morphological traits and essential oil yield in wild chamomile (Tanacetum parthenium (L) Schultz-bip.), 61 populations were sown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Alborz research station in Karaj, Iran during 2012-2014. Data were collected and analyzed for length and width of canopy diameter, plant height, number of flower, shoot fresh and dry weight, growth degree days (GDD), essential oil percentage and essential oil yield. Mean comparison of the traits showed that population of 26500- Hamadan with fresh -dry weight as (15545, 6218) kg/ha, respectively, had higher areal yield. The highest amount of essential oil percentage and essential oil yield with average values of 1.03% and 22.30 kg/ha were obtained in populations of 14340-Hamadan and 27158-Foman, respectively. Population of the 29813-Boyer Ahamad with 417◦C had lowest GDD and with (65 days to flowering) had lowest time of flowering. They were considered as early maturity population compare with other populations. From the result of this study, it was concluded that the earlier maturity populations with higher shoot yield coupled with higher both essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were recommended for produce new improved varieties and cultivation in dryland farming system in Alborz and Zagross regions, Iran.

Anthemis with 39 native species belongs to Asteraceae family. Essential oils of the flowers, leaves and stems with special components are used in pharmaceutical industries. In order to study essential oil content and composition of different accessions of Anthemis pseudocotula, the seeds were collected from provinces of Golestan, Yazd, Semnan, Tehran, Zanjan and Bushehr and were sown at Alborz experimental station. In addition to terminated flower bearing shoots at flowering stage, whole sample flower bearing shoots of A. pseudocotula were sampled and their essential oil were extracted byhydro-distillation method and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. Results of essential oil analysis of different accessions showed that essential oil yields of Zanjan and Golestan 1 were 0.2% and 0.03 %, respectively. Thirty-two components were recognized in eight accessions that were different in number, type and percentage. Their main components were β-thujone (Golestan 2, Golestan 3, Tehran, Yazd, Bushehr and Golestan 1 were 62.9%, 36%, 33.1%, 26.1%, 20.4% and 13.9% respectively), Z-β- farnesene (Bushehr, code 29717, Yazd, Golestan 3, Zanjan, Tehran and Golestan 1 were 38.1%,21.9%,16%,15.7%,14.4%,13.3% and 12.2% % respectively), and caryophyllene oxide (Yazd, Golestan 1 and code 29717 were 20.4%, 20.1% and 17.7% respectively). Some components belonged to specific accession, so that myrcene, Z - β-ocimene, dihydro carveol, myrtenol and caryophyllene oxide in Zanjan, camphor in Golestan, (E,E) –α- farnesene in Bushehr and 1,8-cineole in Golestan and Zanjan accessions. Based on the results, in order to gain some components with high percentage, we need to select specific accessions.

The chief intention in this study was to investigate the sociological demands of women in the press of constitutional era with an emphasis on the first edition of New Iran newspaper in 1948. This newspaper published women’s writings that had a demanding approach towards their social rights and also played a great role in their awakening, awareness, and the fruition of their social demands. Documented, descriptive-analytical method was applied in an attempt to gather information in this review. The importance of addressing this era is also due to the active presence of women for the first time in a guild-like association. This era, when women bring up their social demands, their most fundamental request was opening schools for girls and providing education for girls. The fruition of women’s social efforts to get their social demands in the form of girl schools is the focal purpose of this revision.