mohammad fesharaki

Nowadays, elderly has a high prevalence and older people face psychological problems. Educational interventions of nursing homes` staff can affect their satisfaction and performance. In this study, the effect of employeeschr('39') humorous intervention on depression, anxiety and stress among elderly residents in selected nursing homes in Tehran was investigated in 2018.

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on two groups of 30 elderly people in Tohid (intervention) and Farzanegan (control) nursing homes. The staff of the Tohid center received the training of humor in 7 sessions of 90 minutes. Demographic questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21) were used for data gathering. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-v23.

The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic variables and depression, anxiety, and stress in the pretest stage (p>0.05). In the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in anxiety and stress in the elderly (p<0.05). The results of covariance analysis indicated the efficacy of intervention in reducing anxiety and stress, so that 43% of variation of anxiety and 25% of variation of stress were due to independent variable.

According to our findings, staff humor training is effective in reducing the anxiety and stress of the elderly. Because of its low cost, its capability and safety, it is recommended that the conditions for using this intervention are provided in the nursing homes.

the most common painful and frequent invasive interventions in children’s hospital is venipuncture. The purpose of this study was to compare the two techniques of auditory distraction (Hear music) and mentally (bubble maker) in venipuncture induced pain in hospitalized children.
This clinical trial was done on all ill children hospitalized in 5 sections of 12 wards in children’s subspecialty hospital in Qom. The subjects were selected through gradual random sampling method and were randomly placed in two experimental groups and a control group (32 in bubble maker, 32 in hear music and 32 in control group). A bubble maker toy and cheerful chidish music was used to create distraction. The Oucher pain tool was used to evaluate severity of pain. Data was analyzed by SPSS software ver.22.
one –way ANOVA results showed a significant difference of pain intensity between the bobble maker group and the control group and also the music group with the control group (p˂0.001). The pain intensity in the bobble group was the least and in the control group was the highest and there was a significant difference between the two groups of music and bubble maker (p= 0.009).
the results of the children’s distraction in three groups of bubble, music and control showed that there is a significant decrease in mean score of pain intensity in bubble group. So, active distraction (bubble maker) may effectively reduce the pain intensity in 6-12 years old children.

With emotional intelligence, man regulates his life and takes less risky behaviors. A nurse does not only need knowledge and skills; it is also important to deal with different people. Emotional intelligence helps people to think harder under better conditions and have more effective communication with others. Therefore, this study examines the effect of emotional intelligence training on improving communication skills among nursing students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. The present study was a semi-experimental design with pre and post design. The statistical population of the study consisted of 96 nursing students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences selected by random sampling method in 2016. The communication skills were measured before and after education using the Quinn Livestock Communication Skills Questionnaire over the course of 8 consecutive weeks in 90-minute sessions. To analyze the data, these tests were used: mean and standard deviation, paired t-test and independent t-test. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The mean of self-reported score of Communication Skills of students before education was 111.44 and after education was 123.30. The highest score related to the skill component was to receive and send the message and the lowest score related to the skill of communication with decisiveness. There was a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and communication skills and its components (P <0.01). Findings showed that emotional intelligence training had a significant effect on
Improving communication skills and its components (P <0.01). Considering that increased emotional intelligence is an effective way to improve the communication skills of nursing students, it is suggested that emotional intelligence education be considered in the field of medical sciences.

One of the most fundamental causes of medical errors is the lack of proper communication between the members of the treatment team. The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced the surgical safety checklist (SSC) for surgical safety to provide a safe environment for patients undergoing surgery, improve communication between surgical team members, and prevent potential medical errors. This study evaluated the communication patterns of surgical teams in order to examine the ways to implement various guidelines of the SSC. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a trained researcher attended 48 operations from late September to late November 2018. The observer recorded qualitatively the communication behaviors of the surgical team in implementing various items of the SSC. The observations were subsequently examined in two general categories of verbal and non-verbal communications. The surgical procedures were observed at three stages: patient’s admission until entry to the operating room, entry to the operating room until anesthesia induction, and anesthesia induction until patient’s transfer from the operating room. In this study, 31 individuals took part in 48 different surgical teams. Observing the communication patterns revealed the lower frequency of verbal communication (13.27%) than that of non-verbal communication (32.12%). The most frequent failure in verbal communication occurred at the anesthesia induction stage (48.57%) and it was related to operating room equipment (6 out of 35 cases of failure). By contrast, the least frequent failure in verbal communication was associated with patient’s admission until entry to the operating room (17.14%). Various cases of communication failure were seen among surgical team members. It is proposed that appropriate training programs be devised to establish a successful communication environment for the correct use of SSC and further clarification of communication patterns in surgical procedures.

Hypertension is the primary cause of premature death in the world that leads to heart attacks, strokes and heart failure. Restless legs syndrome is one of the factors that may be associated with Hypertension. The aim of this study was determining the association between Hypertension and restless legs syndrome in patients with cardiovascular disease.
This cross-sectional study on 290 patients with cardiovascular disease admitted to hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences was done in 2016 with convenience sampling. For restless legs syndrome, restless leg syndrome screening questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential using SPSS v18. The significant level for all the tests was 0.05.
109 males and 181 females with a mean age of 56.1 ± 12.3 years participated in this study. 34.8% of patients have high blood pressure and 27.9% had restless legs syndrome. There was a significant relationship between hypertension and restless legs syndrome; the chance for hypertension in patients with restless legs syndrome was 3.5 times more than patients without restless legs syndrome (95% CI:2.1-6. 2, OR=3.6, p=0.0001).
There is a relationship between hypertension and restless legs syndrome in cardiac patients. It seems that evaluating restless legs syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension in cardiac patients is necessary.

The Quran has always been the fountain of inspiration for Muslims and the greatest school of education for the believers and truth-seekers. Quran is outwardly and inwardly full of beauties and mysteries which manifest themselves according to the disposition and understanding of those who appeal to it. To express their understanding, mystics and poets have often cited Quran and it is mirrored in their words impressively as it is. One such poet is Amir Khusro Dehlawi, the Indian-born Persian mystic-poet, whose poetry is valued as inspired by the Quran. The evaluation of the Quranic light and allusions in his "Noh Sepehr Mathnavi” helps better understand the formation of Quranic allusions in the Persian literature.

Researchers have expressed various comments on the source or sources of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Some of them believe that Ferdowsi used from oral and written sources, some of them just have known Abu-Mansouri's Shahnameh as Ferdowsi’s source and the others believe that Ferdowsi’s source is tradition of oral narration. We have a narrator and a poet in Shahnameh; no doubt the poet of Shahnameh is Ferdowsi, but the narrator of Shahnameh that he was the narrator of Shahnameh's source (Abu-Mansouri's Shahnameh) is a person who has one hundred twenty years old, he was from Chach and his name was Bahram. The features of Ferdowsi’s source become clarify for us with understanding the differentiation of words of the narrator and poet. Features that show us the source of Ferdowsi’s work was only a book and Ferdowsi was committed himself to use the Dehghan’s words for keep his narration. This caused a few Arabic words entered in the Shahnameh, and in some cases the old pronunciation of the word is preserved.

Saraj al-Din Hoseyni Owrangabadi¡ a 12th/18th century mystic and poet from Hyderabad¡ Deccan¡ has compiled a collection of 4322 select distiches by 704 Persian speaking poets¡ especially from among the followers of the School of Indian Style¡ variously designated as Montakhab-e Divanha (A selection from divans)¡ Majmu’e-ye sho’ara (A poets’ collection)¡ and Majma’ al-sho’ara (Assembly of sho’ara). The sole manuscript of this work in Iran is accessible under No 86 at the Minovi Library¡ and its facsimile is kept under No 2800 in the Centre for the Revival of the Islamic Heritage. According to the late Minovi’s note at the beginning of the manuscript¡ he himself has dubbed it Safinat al-mofradat.
The present study has introduced and expounded the manuscript. The results of the comparison of its distiches with those in the printed divans of their poets and in memoirs of poets prescribe a fresh redaction of the manuscript.

Heart failure is a life-threatening illness in which panic disorder, anxiety, depression, and death expectation are constantly experienced. This study, thus, determined to examine the relationship between spiritual health and depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with heart failure.
This study was a descriptive-correlational investigation that was performed on 150 patients with heart failure in selected Ardabil teaching hospitals in 2014. Data was collected using Demographic Questionnaire, Ellison-Paloutzian Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). They were, then, analyzed using SPSS, descriptive statistical method, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multivariable regression analysis.
The results of this study showed that the spiritual wellbeing level of most subjects (75.3%) was in the range of medium. Mean scores of religious and existential aspects of spiritual well-being were obtained to be 33.26±1.247 and 45.76±1.328, respectively. In addition, depression, anxiety, and stress levels of most research units were in the medium range. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress in all aspects of spiritual wellbeing (r=-0.592, P Results indicated that an increase in spiritual health would be a concomitant of a reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress levels in heart failure patients. Based on the results and importance of spiritual health, an improvement of proficiencies of medical and paramedical communities in offering spiritual healthcares appears to be mandatory.

Effective communication is a vital component of efficient nursing care. This study was conducted to assess the communication skills of nurses those working in Guilans’ teaching hospitals and some of related demographic factors.
This cross-sectional analytical study was carried on 210 nurses those working in teaching hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Nurses were selected through randomized sampling method. They asked to complete the communication skills questionnaire of Burton G (1990). Data was analyzed with SPSS version 21 by using descriptive and analytical statistics tests such as; Spearman, Mann-Whitney U, and kruskal wallis at significant level of P The mean score of total communication skills was calculated 60.66 ± 6.45. The mean score of verbal skill, listening skill, and so feedback skill were calculated in order to 21.58 ± 3.18, 18.71 ± 2.91, and so 20.36 ± 2.57 with respectively. Communication skills was significantly related with demographic variables such as age, marital status, past work experience, workplace, and so type of employment (P Communication skills of nurses in this study were calculated in moderate level, because of importance of communication to health care provider, all of managers should design appropriate training programs to improve communication skills.

Learning from peers is an authentic way to improve psychomotor skills and to reduce stress, in which monitoring the implementation of clinical skills, doing practice, strengthening sense of responsibility and active participation and privates take responsibility for their learning are performed. It can prepare them for their future roles and has lower cost compared to other methods. The purpose of this study was to define the effects of peer education on learning clinical skills in nursing students (interns and trainees).
In this semi-experimental study, 71 internship and 84 trainees were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. One researcher- made questionnaire was used to collect data to evaluate the clinical skills (40 questions consisting of two parts 20 questions about the standard of care and 20 questions standard clinical skill) before and after Internships. Content validity was used for testing validity and test-retest for reliability.
Mean (± standard deviation) score of clinical skills in intern students were 39.18±0.628 in the intervention group and 32.23 ±3.77 in the control group (P peer education is effective in teaching clinical skills and promotion of clinical education among junior students as well as own peer students.

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a developmental disorder that has been attracting the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists for a long time. The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of training in improving attention and working memory on continuous performance in ADHD children. This was a semi-expremental study performed on 44 ADHD children referred to psychiatric clinics in Babol city. They were equally divided into the experimental and the control groups. The performance of the members belonging to both groups was assessed using the continuous performance test in the pretest stage. Each member of the experimental group was then individually trained for 20 half-hour sessions (three half-hour sessions per week for a period of seven weeks) using attention and working memory improvement software. After the training period, post-test was conducted on members of both groups using the mentioned software. Results of ANCOVA indicated that despite increased continuous performance in both the experimental and the control groups in the post-test stage, the increased continuous performance in the experimental group was greater compared to the control group. Therefore, training in improving attention and working memory was effective in increasing continuous performance in ADHA children. Training in improving attention and working memory, and similar trainings, can be considered as complementary treatment method, or a substitute method for medicines.

TheCrimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease causing severe haemorrhagic fever outbreaks and is transmitted to healthy peopleeither by tick bites or through contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and immediately after slaughter. Most infected cases are reported to be among livestock industry and slaughterhouse workers. The present paper aims toevaluate the effect of CCHF on the awareness and functioning of the Livestock Producers and Slaughterhouse Workers in Shustar, Iran in the time span from April 2014 to March 2015.
For this semi-experimental study, samples were taken among livestock industry and slaughterhouse workers in the city of Shustar (40 livestock farmers and 160 slaughterhouse workers) by Stratified Random Sampling. Study tools included questionnaires and function observation checklists, both before and after training. First, the before-training questionnaires and checklists were completed. Then sample subjects were trained about CCHF and its prevention and transmission. A month after training, sample subjects completed after-training questionnaires and checklists. The statistical software SPSS, discriptive statistics methods including average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum scores, frequency and percentage, and also inferential statistics methods such as correlated t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test were used to analyze data.
findings of this study showed a significant difference between the awareness of CCHF among personnel before and after training (p= 0.001, t=7.4). Also, there is a significant difference in their functioning and attitude toward CCHF among them before and after training (p=0.001, t=11.95).
Results and analyzed data reveals that the training program leads to higher awareness of CCHF among livestock industry and slaughterhouse workers and, therefore, is effective. So the training program has been effective in increasing awareness and behaviour changing among livestock industry and slaughterhouse workers.

One of the radioactive sources in operating room is fluoroscopy which is used in a variety of surgical operations. Because the operating room walls are not protected by lead, this study was done to measure the radiation receiving dose at nearby room during fluoroscopic percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After randomization, we measured x-ray in distance of 0.5 m, behind wall (3.50 m), and 30 meter (background dose) in 40 urological procedures in a simultaneous manner for a period of two months by using 12 thermoluminescent chips, and compared the results using independent T test. The total fluoroscopy time was 66.90 minutes and the mean voltage used was 76.38 kV. Mean radiation dose for 40 procedures received at a distance of 0.5 meter was 0.426 ± 0.188 with minimum of 0.260 and maximum 0.689 mSv, while radiation dose received by a nearby room was zero. There was statistically significant difference between the amount of radiation received at distance of 0.5 meter and the adjoining room (P <0.05). The amount of radiation received at 0.5 meter was high and safety guidelines should be considered. Furthermore, the dose of radiation received in a neighboring room like the background dose was zero which means that working in adjoining rooms is safe.

Stress، as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases، affects the quality of life for patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress paths on the quality of life of patients with acute coronary syndrome. In this quasi-experimental study، 35 patients with acute coronary syndrome were selected by sampling purposively from hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. They received 3 sessions، each 45 minutes، education using «، the ways of coping with stress» lecture، and the booklets were trained. Data collection questionnaires were «World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)»، «Cohn stress» and «coping with stressful situations Endler and Parker (CISS)»، respectively. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics (T test and Wilcoxon) using SPSS-22 software. Mean scores of the responses to all three questions were significantly changed before and after training (P<0. 0001). This study showed that learning ways to cope with stress can reduce stress and increase quality of life; so it can be used as a helpful intervention in acute coronary syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of Persian version of the 25-item Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25). A psychometric instrument validation study was designed. Content validity, internal consistency, and stability were confirmed. A total of 288 participants (143 nurses and 145 nursing students) were selected based on quota sampling approach. The PCDI-23 showed good test–retest (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.89 for nursing students and 0.91 for nurses), internal consistency reliability (0.86), and acceptable face and construct validity. However, considering the results of analyses, excluding items 4 and 16 from the Persian version of the CDI is suggested. This instrument can be used to determine caring behaviors and nurses’ perceptions of the importance of caring behaviors among Persian language nurses.

The pictorial Shahnameh manuscript, in the name of second small Shahnameh, is an incomplete and scattered copy of Shahnameh. Based on the remaining pictorial pages of this Shahnameh and three other similar manuscripts in the 8th century Hijira which were thought to be written in Baghdad, this copy is regarded as the first pictorial Shahnameh manuscript till this day. Two hundred and eighty five pages of this manuscript are available in microfilms consisting of 51 pictorial pages and 234 non-pictorial pages. In accordance with the computer reconstruction which has been done on this manuscript, it seems that in principle, this manuscript was composed of two volumes in 602 pages equivalent to 301 or 302 pages and about 49700 couplets. About 280 pages are attributed to the first volume and 302 pages to the second volume. The computer reconstruction also suggests that this manuscript could be regarded as a complement to the Florence manuscript since the approximate rate of omission and surpluses of couplets is alike in both the second small Shahnameh and the incomplete manuscript of Shahnameh in the National Library of Florence (614 Hijira). Since this scattered copy of Shahnameh is unknown to the scientific circles in Iran, the purpose of this article is to introduce this manuscript.

Aging is not a disease but a personal– social experience, a critical and crucial process of human development and is considered as a natural process in life. Cognitive disorders of aging are a common problem which can be accounted for a very wide spectrum of aging disorders. This study was performed to examine the effectiveness of reminiscence groups on the elders’, cognitive status. This was a quasi- experimental study of time- series type. 45 elder people referring to day centers in Golestan Province were chosen using the available method and then were randomly divided into four groups which participated in 8 (1- 1. 5h) reminiscence sessions. Using a questionnaire, cognitive status of elders’ was evaluated before and after intervention. Data analysis was performed using spss v.14. The mean of the cognitive status, 24± 2 before the intervention and 25± 2 after intervention, showed a significant difference (P< 0.01). Using the information stated in the questionnaire, significant differences were observed in the cognitive status of the obtained results before and after the intervention (P< 0.01). According to the results, it can be said that reminiscence can improve the cognitive status of the elders’. Therefore, this effective, efficient, inexpensive and applicable therapy can be used in taking care of the elders’ or in the prevention of amnesia in them in care centers or at home.

Large numbers of overweight students live in the third world countries. They are confronted with physical and psychological incidences due to lack of education. Getting enough education would thus enable such students to control their weight and restart their daily activities. They would consequently be less influenced by complications resulting from the overweight phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a lifestyle adjustment course on overweight female elementary school students in Urmia (Iran) during 2011.

In a quasi-experimental study, 95 students with body mass index (BMI) > 85% were included. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects were collected through questionnaires. A lifestyle modification course, including 6 1-hour sessions in 1 month, was then held for the students. The participants were evaluated during the course and 3 months after the last session. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to analyze the collected data.

Our results showed of the efficacy of the lifestyle modification course to be moderate. The mean lifestyle score changed from 46.2 ± 17.3 before the course to 56.3 ± 13.6 after the educational intervention. According to Wilcoxon test, the difference between the two values was significant (P = 0.001). In addition, BMI decreased from 92.8 ± 4.6% before the course to 90.5 ± 3.4% after it. Paired t-test showed examined significant difference between these two values (P = 0.001).

The performed lifestyle modification course improved the lifestyle of elementary school students and reduced their weight. Similar educational interventions are thus suggested to prevent obesity-related complications.

This paper aims to explore the principles and criteria of meter in Persian poetry after giving preliminary introduction on rhythmical analysis of Persian poetry and the history of prosody as a science. In so doing, the literary dissection was used to reach to the conclusion that repeating musical harmony leads to rhythmical nature of couplet and hemistich. Some metrical deviations of Persian poetry are discussed as well.

Hafiz and his poetry have frequently been discussed from various perspectives, so much so that, it is to be feared that whatever is mentioned in the present paper has been uttered earlier. Repetitious subjects, irrational perceptions, generalizations, and philosophism in this regard are to the extent that have really become tedious.This paper aims at comparing Sadi and Hafiz in terms of considering principals of Islamic mysticism in their works. However, the author does not claim to state everything perfectly and the clear-sighted scholars are asked to express their views regarding this issue. Probably, the experts in this field believe that this comparison is not a proper one or they may say that the superiority of hafiz over Sadi in mysticism is evident. In any case, truly or falsely, the author of this paper thinks that Sadi in general has employed the principals of Islamic mysticism in his works more than hafiz. However, this issue is so extensive that a great book should be compiled to entirely make it clear.

Self-efficacy has an important role in applying scientific and professional knowledge and skills. Teaching methods can develop different skills such as decision making capability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of teaching method of lecture in comparison with lecture and problem based learning on nursing student's self-efficacy in Najafabad Islamic Azad University during 2008-2009. In this quasi-experimental study, 44 nursing students who had been admitted to the university in 2006, were selected through random sampling method. Then, they were assigned in to two experiment and control groups, randomly. The data gathering tool was the Iranian edition of Generalized Self Efficacy questionnaire (GSE10). The data were analyzed by version 15 of SPSS software using mean, standard deviation and independent t-test and paired t-test. The self-efficacy score increased significantly in both lecture (p<.004) and PBL (P<.001) groups. Although the mean score of post-test was higher in PBL group compared to the lecture group, no significant difference was observed comparing the mean of the difference between pre and post-tests in the two groups. According to this study, effective education can promote student's self-efficacy in order to carry out the related performance. Considering the higher mean score of the PBL group, it is recommended to pay more attention to this educational method in higher education curriculum.

The pure essence of poetry in composition of great poets is imperative which in its perfection literary devices and techniques is of utmost importance.  The poetry of such poets as Hafez and Saadi has such pure sublime quality and in comparison with Moulana’s poetry it could be said that it is more poetic.  However whatgives to poetry of Moulana such grandeur and sublimity is pure love and the manner he expresses his innermost feeling. In general two main factors of music and love are greatly influential in conveying Moulana’s pure feelings to reader.  How the music and its devices work and how his special kind of love finds expression in his poetry is the purpose of this article.

necessity of self-esteem is one of the natural human needs that achieves by following social norms and standards, development, success, right activities and right lifestyle. This study evaluated relationship between lifestyle and self-esteem of adolescent girls. This descriptive- correlation study was perfomed on 400 girls who had been eligible to participate in this study. They were selected by multi-stages sampling method. Required information was gathered by three questionnaires, including demographics, lifestyle (diet, sleep-rest, physical activity, sport, smoking and methods of prevention from stress) and coopersmith’s self-esteem. Self-esteem had significant association with consumption of dairy-products (p<0.0001), vegetables and fruits (p=0.008), sleep and rest (p=0.009), smoking (p=0.009) and prevention from stress (p=0.000), while it had not significant association with consuming meat (p=0.58), bread and cereals (p=0.060), confections (p=0.130), sport (p=0.124) and hookah (p=0.560). This study showed that there is a relationship between lifestyle (unsuitable diet, inadequate rest and sleep, smoking and unsuitable methods for preventing from stress) and self-esteem.

One of the major concerns regarding to the urban and intercity railways operation is ground born vibration. This phenomenon not only causes damages in railway substructures but leads to annoyance for people who live in track neighborhoods. Railway embankment including natural fills in addition to providing a suitable foundation for track could be considered as a potential solution to minimize these effects. Reviewing the analytical models to evaluate the railway vibrations, it could be understand that the effects of railway components especially the embankment on vibration reduction have not been investigated clearly. In the current study, through development of a new analytical model considering the railway dynamic load, in addition to study the effects of railway components on track vibration; the embankment effect in vibration reduction has been especially investigated. For this purpose the dominant differential equations on track dynamic behavior have been derived by replacing track components as a series of mass, spring and dampers under the railway sinusoidal load. Consequently, the governed equations have been solved numerically using a MATLAB code. In order to investigate the role of embankment in comparison to the other components, during the track dynamic analysis a series of parametric study have been accomplished on train axle load and speed as well as thickness, stiffness and damping of embankment. The numerical results show the remarkable capability of embankment material on vibration attenuation. As an important finding it has concluded that the embankment thickness up to 3 meter have a predominant effect on vibration reduction.