mohammad taghizadeh

The aim of the research is to analyze the way the corona pandemic is represented among the users of the Persian Twitter social network. The research method, qualitative content analysis and the statistical population includes the most like tweets related to the Corona issue between March 2018 to March 2019, which were extracted from the social network monitoring system (8tag) using a targeted sampling method. The three-step coding of the selected tweets revealed 120 basic themes, 14 organizing themes and 3 overarching themes: “Political dimension: representing the gap between the people and the government”, “Social dimension: bio-social heterogeneity” and “Cultural dimension: from the representation of value conflicts to the representation of Iranian moods”. These themes reflect the users’ interpretation of the Corona epidemic in the context of the social, political and cultural conditions of the society and show that the Corona pandemic is not just a medical issue, but a social and multi-layered phenomenon which constructed by the users in three main political, social and cultural dimensions in the tweeter space. Most of the tweets are devoted to users’ criticism of management and policies in controlling and dealing with Corona, or to sharing experiences and feelings caused by encountering this disease, and tweets containing the need to change the social life in accordance with the conditions of the epidemic and making fun of the Corona situation.

This article explains the impact of oil price impulses, macroeconomic factors and the political effects of sanctions on the energy market, unemployment, budget deficit and business periods of the country for the years 1984-2020. Based on the SVAR model estimation results; An impulse from the oil price area increases the production gap by 13% and an impulse from the exchange rate increases the production gap by 8%. The results also show that an impulse from the years of embargo in the country's oil income, the government budget deficit and the unemployment rate increase the production gap by 1, 4 and 32 percent, respectively. Also, based on the results of variance analysis, 65.71% of the production gap is related to oil price impulses, 0.08% is related to foreign exchange impulse, 5.55% is related to the impulse of the sanctions years in the country's oil income, 6.34% is related to the export impulse. Nafti, 14.16 percent was related to budget deficit impulse and 6.24 percent was related to unemployment impulse. Therefore, the gap between production and supply and export of oil in our country does not move in the same direction. It seems that the creation of a suitable theoretical relationship between the discussed variables in our country is more than affected by the current economic policies of the government, it is undergoing fundamental changes in the structure and political and economic conditions. Therefore, the more the impulse effects increase in the country, the amount of investment in the production sector will decrease and it will worsen the country's production situation and cause the production to move away from the main path, so the government's attention to investment in the production and export sectors. It is necessary.

The dissatisfaction of the people of Khuzestan with the presence of the Arab conquerors, dissatisfaction with the actions of the Umayyads, the chaotic environment and social and political insecurity, heavy taxes, famine and drought, the climate compatible with the Arabian Peninsula, suitable communication roads between Saudi Arabia and Khuzestan, and the proximity This province provided the birthplace of the Khawarij and especially the violence of the Umayyads against this sect, the grounds and factors for accelerating the migration, acceptance and stabilization of the Khawarij in Khuzestan. In this way, the Khawarij, who emerged as a political, social and religious group in Khuzestan, were able to attract the attention of the people of this province with their idea of equality and seeking equality and avoiding racial superiority, and with their financial support, the Lashkarians and provide followers and engage in activities and fight against the central government in this region. So that in the seventies of the Hijri, a sect of them called Azarqa scattered in different parts of Iran. By attracting many supporters and enjoying the financial and military support of the people of Khuzestan, the Khawarij of Azarqa fought against the central government for nearly two decades, from 65 to 79 AH in this province. In this way, the large presence of Khawarij in Khuzestan during the Umayyad period made this region the main center of their conflict with the governors of the Umayyad government and added to the political and social insecurity and dissatisfaction of the people

In the Iranian legal system, according to Article 183 of the Civil Code, which considers cryptocurrency contracts as a kind of agreement between two or more people who accept it together, and from this perspective, cryptocurrency contracts can be subject to Article 183 above. ; It should be noted that cryptocurrency contracts are a kind of contract within the framework of Iranian civil law. - Analytically and using library resources, it answers the question that from the perspective of the Iranian legal system, what is the position of cryptocurrency contracts in the field of joint ventures? The result of the present study is that due to the lack of specification in the civil law on the necessity of traditional contracts, cryptocurrency contracts are also a type of contract. Of course, these contracts are more similar to commercial contracts in the Iranian legal system than they are to civil contracts in the field of joint ventures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting athletes' satisfaction with the quality of sports insurance services. The method of the present study was descriptive survey and field data collection. The statistical population of the study was all student-athletes of the University of Tehran in the academic year 1399-1400 and the sample of the present study was available to 230 people. Data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of Yazdani et al. (1398) whose reliability was 0.86. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests such as mean, frequency percentage and inferential statistics tests such as Kolmogorov-Smironov test (K-S), Friedman rank test and one-sample t-test using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that athletes had moderate satisfaction with sports insurance services. Also, among the components of research, guaranteeing the most important component and equipment was the least important component in improving athletes' satisfaction with insurance services; Therefore, in order to develop insurance in sports, it is necessary to implement the identified solutions within the framework of a large and comprehensive program in all dimensions and levels of sports. This issue can be applied to the development of insurance in sports and gaining its expected benefits in all sectors of sports.

 

The concept of entropy has been widely extended to other fields, including information theory and economic research. The economic financial sector of any country is the supplier of financial resources and real economic activities, which are divided into two parts: the money market and the capital market. In this paper, two criteria, approximate entropy and standard deviation have been used to measure the fluctuations of the four indicators of the Tehran Stock Exchange to check that another criterion other than the standard deviation can be used to measure the fluctuations of the stock exchange indices. The data are for the years 88 to 95. The results show that the maximum amount of data for these indicators was obtained between the years 92 to 93. After studying the reason for the fluctuation of the indicators in these years, we realized the reason for the unrealistic growth of the stock market per year. There have been 92 triples in the exchange rate in 91 and the emotional reaction of investors to the new government. The results of these two measurement criteria also indicate that in addition to the standard deviation, another method such as approximate entropy can be used to measure the fluctuations of stock indices because the results of this criterion are the same as the standard deviation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges of the country's football academies. The research method of this research was mixed and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, in the qualitative part of the research, open and semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in the field of football schools. The result of this part was the output of a closed questionnaire, which was used in a quantitative part. The statistical population of the study was in the qualitative part of all football experts and heads of football delegations. According to the desired theoretical saturation, 15 interviews were conducted. According to the researcher's access, 226 comments were selected as the research sample. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 12 professors of sports management. Data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics and analyzed by SPSS software version 22. The results showed that economic factors, social and cultural factors, managerial factors, facilities and equipment and government ownership of clubs were the challenges of football academies.

P53 is a tumor suppressor protein with numerous missense mutations identified in its gene. These mutations are observed in a vast number of cancers. R213G is one of them which has a role in metastatic lung cancers. In this research, R213G was studied in comparison with the wild type via molecular dynamics simulation.

For the three-dimensional structure of the wild-type P53 protein, chain A was used from crystallographic structure with PDB ID: 1TSR.  For R213G mutation, residue 213 of this structure was changed to glycine. Molecular dynamics simulation was repeated twice for 15 ns using Gromacs 5.1.2 software package, AMBER99SB force field, and TIP3P as water model. RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, and potential energy analyses were performed on resulted trajectories.

RMSF analysis showed that the R213G mutation changes the flexibility of 11 residues including R-248. These residues are not near the mutated position, but all of them are located on 220-250 fragment of this domain or are residues in the neighbor of this fragment. The radius of gyration and potential energy results confirmed a reduction in stability of this protein as a result of this mutation.

RMSF analysis of R213G mutation beside the changes in stability and radius indicated that this mutation could greatly affect the P53 interactions with other macromolecules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting athletes' satisfaction with the quality of sports insurance services. The method of the present study was descriptive survey and field data collection. The statistical population of the study was all student-athletes of the University of Tehran in the academic year 1399-1400 and the sample of the present study was available to 230 people. Data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of Yazdani et al. (1398) whose reliability was 0.86. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests such as mean, frequency percentage and inferential statistics tests such as Kolmogorov-Smironov test (K-S), Friedman rank test and one-sample t-test using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that athletes had moderate satisfaction with sports insurance services. Also, among the components of research, guaranteeing the most important component and equipment was the least important component in improving athletes' satisfaction with insurance services; Therefore, in order to develop insurance in sports, it is necessary to implement the identified solutions within the framework of a large and comprehensive program in all dimensions and levels of sports. This issue can be applied to the development of insurance in sports and gaining its expected benefits in all sectors of sports.

Insurance of participants in sports is an important priority today, which covers the moral and administrative commitment of athletes against possible injuries during training and sports travel (Weihung, 2013), one of the appropriate tools to protect athletes against injury, insurance It is a sport. Sports insurance is a contract according to which the Sports Medicine Federation undertakes, in case of an accident, to compensate the damage caused to the athlete by paying a certain amount (Nedayi et al., 2020). Due to its potential, the insurance industry can play an important and effective role in improving the performance of sports. The opportunities created by the insurance industry can reduce the risks and dangers of sports in various dimensions and greatly reduce the loss of life and property in this area. Therefore, the development of insurance in sports can bring countless benefits to the pillars of sports. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the health of athletes during sports competitions, so in the present study, the researcher is the percentage of the answer to the question of what are the factors affecting athletes' satisfaction with the quality of sports insurance services?

The method of the present study was descriptive survey and the data collection was field. The statistical population of the study was all student-athletes of the University of Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021. Available sampling of the present study was performed on 230 people. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of Yazdani et al. (2019) entitled "Assessment of athletes' satisfaction with sports insurance services" whose reliability was 0.86. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests such as mean, frequency, and inferential statistics tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K – S) tests to determine the normality of the data, Friedman rank test to prioritize research variables, and t-test. A single sample was used to compare the means using SPSS software version 25.

The results showed that among the variables of guarantee, reliability, responsiveness, empathy and equipment, respectively, had the most role in the present study, which indicates the development of improving students' satisfaction and increasing their educational activities from sports insurance services.

In general, the results show that the quality of sports insurance services played an effective role in satisfying student-athletes of the University of Tehran. Has caused sports insurance in Iran to be limited to compensation for sports damages in the sports environment; Therefore, the development of insurance in sports requires sufficient knowledge in this field, because without insurance knowledge, the capacities and characteristics of insurance can not be used to support the development of insurance in sports by gaining sports, managerial and social benefits to knowledge and cultural issues. Organizational and managerial participation paid attention to the development of insurance in sports.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs as a consequence of an autoimmune attack against pancreatic-β cells. Due to a lack of a clear understanding of the T1D pathogenesis, the identification of effective therapies for T1D is the active area in the research. The study purpose was to prioritize potential drugs and targets in T1D via systems biology approach. Gene expression data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pancreatic-β cells in T1D were analyzed and differential expressed genes were integrated with protein-protein interactions (PPI) data. Multiple topological centrality parameters of extracted query-query PPI (QQPPI) networks were calculated and the interaction of more central proteins with drugs was investigated. Molecular docking was performed to further predict the interactions between drugs and the binding sites of targets. Central proteins were identified by the analysis of PBMC (MYC, ERBB2, PSMA1, ABL1 and HSP90AA1) and pancreatic β-cells QQPPI networks (HSP90AB1, ESR1, RELA, RAC1, NFKB1, NFKB2, IKBKE, ARRB2, SRC). Thirteen drugs targeted eight central proteins were identified by further analysis of drug-target interactions. Some drugs which investigated for diabetes treatment in the experimental models of T1D were prioritized by literature verification, including melatonin, resveratrol, lapatinib, geldanamycin, eugenol and fostaminib. Finally, according on molecular docking analysis, lapatinib-ERBB2 and eugenol-ESR1 exhibited highest and lowest binding energy, respectively. This study presented promising results for the prioritization of potential drug-targets which might facilitate T1D targeted therapy and its drug discovery process more effectively.

Candida auris is a globally emerging yeast pathogen that has shown not only resistance to most anti-fungal drugs but also thermo-tolerance to temperatures higher than the mammalian’s body temperature. Although it has been only a decade since the fungus was identified, its spread of infections has been rapid and quasi-epidemics have been reported. Co-occurrences of the fungus infections in all five continents are one of the strangest aspects of this fungus. All isolates, despite slight genetic differences, belong to a common genetic ancestor. However, different clades appear to have independent evolutionary paths. We have discussed the relationship between the acquired thermal tolerance of C. auris and the environmental temperature changes with the genetic affinities of the isolates.

This basic science survey was carried out at the Shiraz University of medical sciences from July to December 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was used to compare the temperature sensitivity of C. auris and the species with which it is genetically related. The sequences of Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the growth temperature ranges for C. auris and yeasts belonging to the Candida haemulonis complex as well as other environmental yeasts isolated from different geographical areas of the world were randomly selected and evaluated. Their phylogenetic relationship was investigated with the mapping of the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences.

Study of temperature ranges which the fungi are capable of growing clearly shows that all species of C. auris can tolerate temperatures higher than the mammalian body temperature. Genetic distances, as well as geographic distances between species of C. auris are visible during phylogenetic studies. These results illustrate the possibility that, despite these distances, the temperature tolerance attribute for each C. auris clade was independently and under a common external pressure such as global warming.

The results of this study have discussed the increased incidence of emerging fungal infections due to climate changes; however the role of other contributing factors in the spread of these infections needs further investigation.

FAD is the cofactor of FAD-FR protein family. Sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component is one of the main enzymes of this family. Based on applications of this enzyme in biotechnology and industry, it was chosen as the subject of evolutionary studies in 19 specific species.

Gene and protein sequences of sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component, 5S rRNA sequences, and taxonomic tree were extracted from 19 selected bacterial species. Then, phylogenetic trees of 5S rRNA and gene and protein sequences were compared with each other and with taxonomic tree. Phylogenetic trees were drawn by Mega7 software using neighbor-joining algorithm and taxonomic tree was extracted using NCBI taxonomy browser.

By comparing the corresponding tree pairs, the percentage of equivalent species and the mean equivalence score of species were calculated for each tree pair. The gene-protein tree was allocated the highest scores in both quantities. In comparing the taxonomic tree with three other trees, gene-taxonomy tree achieved the highest percentage in the mean equivalence score and protein-taxonomy tree obtained the highest percentage of equivalent species.

Based on the results of the present research, the best replacement for each of the trees investigated in this study regarding evolutionary relations was identified. In other words, this study helps detect which evolutionary tree can be replaced for another evolutionary tree.

Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is one of the most important proteins in blood that can bind a wide range of components and different drugs such as Warfarin and is also circulated in the body by HSA. Therefore, studying HSA is very significant in pharmacology. In this research, dynamic behavior of residues of Warfain binding site of HSA has been investigated.

Firstly, PDB format of HSA was downloaded from RCSB (PDB ID:2BX8) which was in complex with Azapropazone. After that, molecular dynamics simulation was during 30ns by GROMACS package. CHIMERA software was used to discover residues of binding site.

After RMSD analysis was done on residues of binding site, it was seen that Arginines 186 and 218 have a wide fluctuations in their RMSD plot. Also, two Lysines 185 & 190 have nearly wide fluctuations of RMSD, this fluctuations were less than Arginine's, however. Other residues such as Glycine 189 have few fluctuations. Fluctuations in RMSD have direct relationship with accessible surface area (ASA) of the residues.

The results show that the Warfarin binding site in HSA can have various conformational situations because of the dynamics of its residues.  This problem can be important to drug design. Overall, according to the results in this study, residues have been divided into 3 categories. Among them, Tryptophan 214 according to different articles is one of the most important residues site and based on our result, it stays on category of small mobility.

The rate of variation in various genes of a bacterial species is different during evolution. Therefore, in systematic bacterial studies many researchers compare the phylogenetic tree of a particular gene to the standard tree of an rRNA gene. Regarding the importance of 16SrRNA gene and the evolutional process of RecA protein family, we investigated the changes in the selected phylum of bacterial RecA family in comparing with the 16SrRNA gene. For this purpose, sequences of the RecA protein family were extracted from Uniprot database and categorized by using CD-hit algorithm. One species was selected from each category. Then we found 16SrRNA complete sequences for same species. After determining the index, based on the Average Alignment Score (AAS), the 16s-taxonomic tree was obtained. Furthermore, Similar calculations were considered for corresponding RecA proteins phylums. By comparing amount of AAS in 16srRNA phylums and RecA phylums, we observed that the Actinobacteria phylum is the closest to the header phylum in the 16s-taxonomic tree, but the same phylum in the RecA is the most distant to the header phylum; and the position of the cyanobacteria phylum remains the same in both trees, which indicates the least amount of changes in the genus and species of this phylum. The 16s-taxonomic tree which is presented in this study for the first time is different from the available bioinformatics algorithms for tree drawing. Finding the species with the highest and lowest rates of changes, can be a type of prediction method for indicating the reasons why bacteria become resistant to drugs over a long period of time.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of marketing capabilities on firm performance considering the moderating role of organizational power. The target samples of this study were employees of the Maral Industry Company of Urmia from spring 1396 to autumn 1396. The Cronbach’s coefficient of each variable is greater than 0.8. The values are greater than 0.8. Also the average variance extracted (AVE) values are greater than 0.5. The three conditions of this study were coincident with good convergent validity. Findings confirmed that the validity of the proposed model for evaluating the impact of marketing capabilities on firm performance considering the moderating role of organizational power. In addition, the results showed that marketing capabilities significantly influenced firm performance

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. New methods are substantive in order to have a better understanding its pathogenesis and also identifying new therapeutic targets for the disease. The aim of this study was to use network biology approach to identify potential key markers involved in MS pathogenesis.
In this study, gene expression profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 26 newly diagnosed MS patients and 18 controls, which obtained from Array Express Database, were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to construct PPI sub network. The sub network underwent further topological analysis by Cytoscape software.
Gene expression profile analysis unraveled 3062 differential expressed genes (FDR Therefore, network-based analysis could identify new markers which can be further explored as potential therapeutic targets for MS

Recently, 6 crystallographic structures of the pharmacologically important human serotonin transporter protein (5-HTT) were reported. In the present survey, two of these crystallographic structures and two homology models were used to study the distribution of 5-HTT’s residues based on their position and orientation. The aim here was to understand the structural and functional roles of membrane helices better in transporters and the costs/benefits of using homology models in such studies.
The membrane helical segments of 5-HTT were identified using a KD-hydropathy plot. The classification of membrane helical residues into 4 groups (Lipid-facing, Lumen-facing, Right and Left) was done using a novel method considering residue positions. Also two 3D structural models of 5-HTT were generated using MODELLER based on templates with 38% and 60% similarities.
Findings: Although the majority of hydrophobic residues in membrane helices were in the Lipid-facing cluster, a considerable percentage of them laid within the Lumen-facing cluster. In the Lipid-facing cluster, Ile, Leu, Val, Thr, Ala and Phe were the most frequent residues, respectively. Thus, their 3D positioning patterns were responsible for most of protein-lipid interactions and the functions of these interactions.
Discussion & Judging by the correlation coefficients, Lipid-facing and Right clusters are the most similar. This suggests that helices may rotate during the outward-inward conformational switch of the transporters. Our model-crystal structure comparisons demonstrate that in the case of membrane transporters, using a template with 38% similarity, results in poor modeling of the membrane helices. These findings can help us understand the structure and function of membrane helices in transporter proteins better.

Today, in most of the cities of the world, its necessary to prepare the urban land use plans, in order to make a balance and interaction to develop the different parts of the city. Relying on urban planning knowledge, such plans are made for a certain period of time. The time period set for development plans, sometimes causes challenge during the implementation. The main reasons of challenges are subjects that were not mentioned or have been omitted because of the large scale of the plan. An important part of spatial development plan is the way of encountering these challenges. Some of these challenges are caused the need to change approved plans, spatially about land use change. As Land use plan is the operational aspect of urban planning, it has become the concentrate of urban planners in the world. In this case, the changes in official documents for land uses, is a challenging point. The feasibility of plans is a strategic point. Most of professions in urban development claimed that it is necessary to change some land uses because of rapid spatial evolutions. The mechanism of land use change is an important task. In the case of Iran, there are many institutional problems that cause formal and informal changes in land uses. It seems that urban development plans in Iran are not well-defined to cope with uncertainties for change. in this case, this article is considering the different experiments for land use change mechanisms in two kind of countries, developed (Britain and United states) and under developed (India and Turkey) ones. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is studying the system of urban management in different countries to recognize the mechanism of land use change after improvement of development plans. Also the comparative study of the process of such changes in studied countries is the other objective of this paper. Method of data collection was library research while qualitative and comparative analyses were used to organize the topic. This study could step ahead in order to update the land use planning system, proper process of making change in it and use the true methods of planning used in Iran and other parts of the world. In all cases, the land use change occurred in two situations: first the changes of formal documents and second the changes that the stakeholders demand for them. In the UK, there are categories (classes) for land uses, and the change from one class to another one needs permission. In the U.S there is a flexible manner in land use plans with the help of variances. These facilities for land use change are in the processes of land use planning in India. There are two proposed land uses, one is the main land use and the other is the secondary land use. The second land uses make the plan flexible for change. The final decision maker is not the local government, but the main national state. In Turkey, the change in land use would be occurred after the amendments of main urban land use plan. The main ministry in national scale is responsible for monitoring the changes in land use plans. In Iran, the changes would happen if the stakeholders demand for it. This article clarifies that the changes in proposal land uses are inevitable, so the processes for managing them is the strategic point. In the final step, the principals of land use change mechanisms derived from the successful land use planning systems, are analyzed in Iran regarding the experts, professional actors and decision makers’ viewpoints. By applying the Delphi method, the main actors who has significant role in land use changes in Iran were defined. The analysis shows that market leaders play an important role in land use changes. On the other hand the opportunities and constraints of applying the principals improving land use change mechanisms were defined and evaluated by the professionals. The results show that the importance of hierarchy of national to local order is as well as the flexibility of land use plans to consider inevitable changes. The results show that for the principal of stakeholder’s participation, the uncertainties of regulative systems is the main constrain and the role of strategic planning with emphasize on the performance of plans is the main opportunity. For the principal of environmental considerations, the local organizations, NGOs and new approaches in land use planning which emphasize on ecological aspects of urban activities are the main opportunities in Iran and as well as the previous principal, the lack of regulative mechanisms to perform environmental considerations is the main constrain.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. To develop efficient treatments for T1D, it is required to identify suitable therapeutic markers. Systems biology offers approaches to better understanding of functional elements in the disease. Our aim was to investigate larger number of candidate markers in T1D by topological analysis of constructed PPI based on gene expression.
In this study, gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children was prepared from Gene Expression Omnibus and analyzed to get differentially expressed genes. Then, these genes were mapped to PPIs data to construct related subnetwork. Five topological features were calculated by Cytoscape software. Finally, degree, betweenness and closeness centrality features were utilized to identify candidate markers.
2467 differentially expression genes were obtained by statistical analyzing of gene expression profile in which 1024 were upregulated and 1443 were downregulated. After mapping these genes on PPI network, there was constructed subnetwork with 949 nodes and 1776 edges. By topological analysis of the subnetwork, we determined high degree nodes (hub) and high betweenness nodes (bottleneck). Then, 9 hub-bottleneck proteins that were more central (high closeness centrality) in the subnetwork were identified and introduced as candidate markers.
The obtained markers from network via systemic view can be considered as new diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for T1D

Protein flexibility, which has been referred as a dynamic behavior has various roles in proteins’ functions. Furthermore, for some developed tools in bioinformatics, such as protein-protein docking software, considering the protein flexibility, causes a higher degree of accuracy. Through undertaking the present work, we have accomplished the quantification plus analysis of the variations in the human Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 (hCDK2) protein flexibility without affecting a significant change in its initial environment or the protein per se.
The main goal of the present research was to calculate variations in the flexibility for each residue of the hCDK2, analysis of their flexibility variations through clustering, and to investigate the functional aspects of the residues
with high flexibility variations.
Using Gromacs package (version 4.5.4), three independent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the hCDK2 protein (PDB ID: 1HCL) was accomplished with no significant changes in their initial environments, structures, or conformations, followed by Root Mean Square Fluctuations (RMSF) calculation of these MD trajectories. The amount of variations in these three curves of RMSF was calculated using two formulas.
More than 50% of the variation in the flexibility (the distance between the maximum and the minimum amount of the RMSF) was found at the region of Val-154. As well, there are other major flexibility fluctuations in other residues.
These residues were mostly positioned in the vicinity of the functional residues. The subsequent works were done, as followed by clustering all hCDK2 residues into four groups considering the amount of their variability with respect to flexibility and their position in the RMSF curves.
This work has introduced a new class of flexibility aspect of the proteins’ residues. It could also help designing and engineering proteins, with introducing a new dynamic aspect of hCDK2, and accordingly, for the other similar globular proteins. In addition, it could provide a better computational calculation of the protein flexibility, which is, especially important in the comparative studies of the proteins’ flexibility.

Preliminary investigation was conducted on leafhoppers and plant hoppers fauna of rangeland and natural vegetation in Yazd province by repeated sweeping of rangeland plants and bushes with an insect net during 1994-1997. A total of 24 leafhopper and plant hopper species were collected on 14 host plants from various places. So far، 10 species collected on 6 host plants have been identified by M. Taghizadeh and late Hayek Mirzayans. Of these، 4 species were on common pistachio (Pistacia atlantica)، 3 on Hammoda salicornica and 1 on each of Halothamus subaphyllus، tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla)، saltwort (Salsola tomentosa) and saxaul (Haloxylon persicum). Detailed data such as host plant and date of collection are provided in table 1.

The physical interaction of proteins which lead to compiling them into large densely connected networks is a noticeable subject to investigation. Protein interaction networks are useful because of making basic scientific abstraction and improving biological and biomedical applications. Based on principle roles of proteins in biological function, their interactions determine molecular and cellular mechanisms, which control healthy and diseased states in organisms. Therefore, such networks facilitate the understanding of pathogenic (and physiologic) mechanisms that trigger the onset and progression of diseases. Consequently, this knowledge can be translated into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the results of several studies have proved that the structure and dynamics of protein networks are disturbed in complex diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. Based on such relationship, a novel paradigm is suggested in order to confirm that the protein interaction networks can be the target of therapy for treatment of complex multi-genic diseases rather than individual molecules with disrespect the network.