mohammadali khaliji

This research, titled The Role of Smart Technologies in Enhancing the Ecological Passive Defense of Tehran Metropolis, investigates how smart technologies can be utilized to reduce ecological vulnerability and enhance Tehran’s resilience against natural and human-induced threats. As the capital of Iran, Tehran faces challenges such as rapid urbanization, air pollution, water scarcity, and natural hazards like earthquakes and floods, which have rendered its ecosystem fragile. Ecological passive defense, a preventive approach to protecting infrastructure and natural resources without relying on military tools, is of critical importance in this context. Smart technologies—including the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data—can strengthen this defense through real-time monitoring, threat prediction, and optimized resource management. The study employs a descriptive-analytical and survey-based methodology, collecting data via a researcher-designed questionnaire from a sample of 100 individuals (professors and experts in ecology and passive defense in Tehran). The sample size was determined based on standard practices for path analysis to ensure sufficient data for meaningful results. Findings indicate that the variable Quality of Life and Ecological Health has the most significant direct impact on ecological passive defense, with a beta coefficient of 0.434, while Sustainability and Balance of the Urban Ecosystem plays a key role with a beta of 0.345. Additionally, smart technologies contribute to reducing vulnerability by enhancing ecological infrastructure and urban resilience through improvements in quality of life. The results suggest that the lack of integration between these technologies and passive defense programs remains a primary challenge in Tehran’s ecological management.

Cities, as centers of wealth, energy, and technology accumulation, play a key role in the process of sustainable development. Since cities are the focal points of economic, cultural, and social activities, proper planning and optimal use of resources can lead to sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life at the national level. In this regard, development strategies for cities should be designed in a way that aligns with both today's needs and future visions. The goal of regional development strategy is to improve the economic, social, cultural, and environmental conditions of various regions within a country. This strategy is designed to reduce regional disparities, improve living conditions in less developed areas, and optimize the use of local resources and competitive advantages of different regions. The objective of this research is an analytical study of the future of regional development in Makran. The research method, in terms of purpose, is applied, and in terms of type,  is descriptive-analytical, based on future studies models with documentary and survey synthesis. The future of regional development in Makran can fall into three scenarios, depending on how resources are managed, governance, and cooperation between different sectors. Optimistic scenarios can lead to sustainable growth and development in the region, but in intermediate and pessimistic scenarios, serious challenges may slow down or even halt the development process. To achieve a positive and sustainable future, attention to integrated governance, investment in infrastructure, and effective management of natural resources is of great importance.

Reducing the level of vulnerabilities and man-made crises and raising the level of flexibility of the physical environment of cities against the tensions caused by threats and also minimizing the rehabilitation time, as well as promoting and improving people’s living standards and in general, making cities resilient against threats is one of the most important factors that should be considered in cities. In this regard, this article has tried to identify and cluster the drivers of physical resilience in Tehran metropolitan area with the passive defense approach using the structural analysis method. Theoretical data were prepared by document method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical population consisted of 20 urban experts based on snowball sampling. 48 stimuli were counted and identified, which were processed by structural interaction analysis method in MICMAC software. The findings indicate that the drivers of protection of public facilities and infrastructures (from retrofitting to reconstruction), access to relief agencies (crisis management center, etc.), access to the main road network, radius of access to open spaces, access to firefighting, technical standards, construction principles and patterns, strength of buildings with public use (school, hospital), reconstruction and improvement of unstable buildings, the existence of temporary accommodation centers in the region, the absence of vital and sensitive uses in crisis-prone areas, the number and level of coverage of hospitals and clinics in the area, permeability and compliance with capacity matrices, desirability and compatibility in land use planning of the region as the most key factors on the future trend of physical resilience of Region 4 were selected with the passive defense approach.

Many activities of daily living take place in urban public spaces and some of these activities are inevitable. An ideal urban space is one in which civil justice is observed and all citizens and even vulnerable sections of society can use this space. Respect and respect for culture is one of the most important issues for the elderly. The presence of the elderly in management and citizenship participation can also play a very important role. The issue of neighborhood houses, mosques in the administration of neighborhoods, and helping to solve urban problems are also very important issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the problems and challenges of the elderly in urban areas. The research was applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of research method. The components are evaluated in six sections. Mean and regression tests were used to assess the challenges of the elderly in urban areas. The statistical population includes the elderly in District 13 of Tehran, 120 people were selected by available non-random sampling method. Findings show that the coefficients of the regression model of respect and culture are rejected at the level of 0.05, but the other variables are not rejected at the level of 0.05. Elderly satisfaction varies according to the degree of respect and culture, so respect and culture at the same time predict the satisfaction of the elderly. But safety, transportation, ease of access, respect and culture, the establishment of smart homes, and the allocation of government funds at the same time are not predictors of elderly satisfaction, so the most important predictor of elderly satisfaction is respect and culture. The results show that there is a significant linear relationship between the criteria of problems and challenges of the elderly in urban space with the satisfaction of the elderly in Tehran. The most important predictors of elderly satisfaction are transportation and government budget allocation, respectively.

Tehran metropolis does not have a specific, defined and formal system for managing the institutional capacity of urban management; But this system is managed and transmitted by relying on the structures, methods and common norms of urban and rural governance. The fragmentation and fragmentation of urban management in the city of Tehran due to the different institutions and organizations that originate from the city government model, the lack of capacity for inter-institutional and intra-institutional interaction can be seen as the result of the official dominance of the power institutions and the non-alignment of informal institutions with their policies and programs. The purpose of the research is to policy the key factors and variables affecting the institutional capacity of urban management. The research method, from the point of view of the goal, is of the type of applied-developmental research, in terms of the main research methods, it is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Also, the type of data in the research is a survey, and the main tool used to collect data is interviews with managers, experts of Tehran municipality and university professors in the form of a questionnaire, which is a suitable narrative tool. The sampling method in this study was simple random sampling and the sample size was determined to be 100 people with a measurement error of ten percent. The findings of the research show that the strongest component of the desired institutional capacity is the readability and transparency of laws and regulations, with an average of 3.37, and the lowest average belongs to the component of inter-institutional capacity, which indicates the weakness of the institutional capacity in Tehran metropolis. The results show that the components of communication resources and the ability of institutions have a far greater contribution compared to other components in predicting the dependent variable, such that a unit change in the standard deviation of communication resources and the ability of institutions causes the standard deviation of the variable to increase. dependent (institutional capacity of urban management) to change by 28 and 18 percent. While a unit change in the standard deviation of participation only causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable to change by 2%.

The city as a physical symbol of the cultural, social, political and economic situation in each period is a criterion for evaluating the developments of society in that era and urban space is a domain as a scene of reciprocal action that has certain boundaries and makes it possible to concentrate social actions in any way possible. Strengthening and expanding the appropriate, active  and  dynamic and vibrant urban space as one of the strategic goals of improving the quality of urban artifact environments is always at the top of the work of urban planners and planners. Especially., today, the quality of vitality of public arenas has  been  degraded and the incidence of social creativity in urban places has been diminished, identifying the contexts, factors and components that can consciously or unconsciously affect the occurrence of social creativity is a concern that has attracted the attention of urban planners and designers. According to this issue, identifying the unconscious factors in the environment and their impact on social creativity is the main issue of this study .To achieve this goal, the users of urban space, i.e. residents of three neighborhoods of  Manba Ab, Newside and Ameri  of Ahvaz, were selected as the statistical population of the study. The sample size was calculated equal to 380 people and was distributed among the members of the statistical population by random sampling method. Data analysis was  performed using factor analysis models and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Amos software. The findings showed that 13 identified factors could explain more than 68.54% of the variance of social creativity in urban places. The results also showed that the factors of social capital and motivation for the occurrence of talents and abilities, the responsiveness of space and the experience of creating places, culture, tradition and beliefs of the society, originality, diversity, uniqueness of space and furniture ranked first to fourth among the factors affecting creativity in urban places.

Tourism is one of the most profitable industries, in a way that many countries are trying to find a place in the market based on the competitive advantages and attractions they offer for tourists. Halal tourism is one of the types of tourism. Halal brand addresses one of the problems for Muslims in the tourism industry. Although the religion of Islam encourages people to travel and see the world, the cultural structure of many countries are very different from the existing laws in Islam and the forbidden things in it.  

Identifying and analyzing the method (strategies and solutions) of implementing and expanding halal tourism in Qom Province is the aim of the research.

According to general purpose, the present research is an applied study, and in terms method is descriptive which explains the correlation, and it was carried out in the summer of 2021 in Qom Province.

Geographical Context:

 The scope of research in this study is Qom Province.

The findings of the research show that the legal and institutional variables have the greatest effect on halal tourism in Qom Province. The economic variable with an average of 2.1 has the least effect.

Cultural, geographic and legal heritage variables have a much greater contribution compared to other variables in predicting the dependent variable. In other words, one unit change in the standard deviation of cultural heritage and the amount of demand and legal, causes 96 and 23 and 92 per cent changes in the standard deviation of the dependent variable (halal tourism).

Terrorism is one of the organized crimes that, due to the lack of a comprehensive legal definition and the lack of a single procedure of the countries at the national and international level in the face of this crime, has faced the police missions with major challenges. In other words, in order to prevent the crime of terror and arrest the suspects before their destructive actions, on the one hand, the police should have special powers to collect evidence against the suspects of terrorist crimes, and on the other hand, these powers should not interfere with the international obligations of governments to respect fundamental rights. Violate humanity. This research deals with the calculation and comparison of the special powers of the police against the suspects of terrorist crimes in the legal systems of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union.Research

The research method is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is a qualitative research that collected the necessary data through documents and libraries and then analyzed the findings.

The findings of the research indicate that after numerous terrorist attacks in the territory of EU member states, the rights of the suspects of terrorist crimes have changed significantly.The author's

unlike the European Union in limiting the rights of suspects of terrorist crimes and granting special powers to the police, in the Islamic Republic of Iran; There are no separate regulations in this regard compared to the suspects of other crimes, and legislation is necessary to pass regulations on granting special powers to the police to remove obstacles and prevent arbitrary actions with the suspects of terrorist crimes.

In recent decades, following the unprecedented expansion of cities, pedestrian services in urban areas have gradually decreased. With the excessive increase of cities, urban spaces should be moved towards vitality and pleasantness for citizens. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to assess the vitality quality of urban sidewalks on Salman Farsi Street in Ahvaz. The research method is confirmatory-analytical. The statistical population of the research was randomly selected 100 people who are present on the sidewalk. Data analysis was done using SPSS software tests, Friedman, Chi-square, T, multivariate regression statistical tests. According to the results of the questionnaire, some of the priorities of the lively sidewalk from people's opinions are: variety of uses, security and safety, organization and improvement, morale and culture, pause space and city furniture. In addition, the creation of a sidewalk is considered as one of the people concerns, and the components of security, culture, creativity and diversity have the greatest effect.

Land use planning refers to measures widely used by the public sector to influence the future distribution of activities and settlements. These measures aim to create a rational space organization of different land uses and create more links among these land uses, balancing the demand for development with environmental protection requirements, and achieving the government's social and economic goals. Therefore, in land use planning, measures are taken to coordinate the spatial effects of policies of other sectors, to achieve an optimal distribution of economic development among regions (even in societies that adhere to the free market approach or adjust desirable changes in different land uses). The aim was structural, content, legal, managerial, and social pathology of land use plans and programs in the country. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Interviews were used for collecting the data, and an attempt was made to calculate the influencing variables in the form of a questionnaire using a Likert scale to obtain the opinions of experts who had been identified by mean and correlation tests. There is a positive correlation among the components of land use. In this sense, with the increase of each component, the other component also increases, and with the decrease of one, the other decreases as well. There is the highest relationship between legal and administrative components with a score of 0.704, and the lowest relationship is related to social and structural components. Extended AbstractIntroductionGiven that the management of competing demands for land, especially the methods used by the public sector, is needed to influence the future distribution of activities, which is understood as a measure for the regulation and transformation of space, land use planning is interconnected to land use regulation. Generally, land use planning has been emphasized as a fundamental process for creating and implementing a long-term strategic planning horizon with an integrated policy-making approach emphasizing on achieving goals rather than land use regulation. These interpretations of land use planning have various meanings. Generally, land use planning is regulating the relationship among man, the land, and human activities to make appropriate and sustainable use of all the human and spatial facilities of the land to improve the material and spiritual condition of the community over time. To organize activities and their balanced distribution, both in the form of laws and regulations and in the form of study plans (including the studies of the management and planning organization of the physical plans of the road and urban development of Guilan province), many efforts have been made. However, these measures could not be effective in the appropriate distribution of activities by the capabilities of Guilan, and the issue of inappropriate distribution of facilities and the improper use of the capabilities and talents of Guilan is one of the challenges in this province. Therefore, the main objective of the research is the structural, content, and legal pathology of the land use planning and programs in Guilan province. The neglect of land use planning and centralization and strong statism and reliance on oil revenues have caused the lack of attention to people's contributions and regional resources and incomes and the lack of local and regional development of the country and the great distance among regions.MethodologyThe basis of this research according to its analytical approach is the performance of land management components in the form of augmentation attitude and integrated intervention. Therefore, the research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this study, the components of social, institutional, legal, structural, managerial, and content pathology have been used. The research population of this study included professors, elites, and experts of municipal, governorate, program and budget, road and urban organizations. The sample included 50 people who were randomly selected for weighting by the Delphi method. The data collection required for the research was collected in the form of the following items: Documentary and library study: the available information and statistics of Guilan province about the pathology of land use were obtained. Questionnaire: the information related to the institutions, and local capacities of different departments of management, in the community under study has been obtained. Interviews: in some cases, to get to know and understand more deeply the issues of land use planning from the institutional and synergy aspects of land use, interviews have been conducted with experts and elites in this field.Results and discussionThe findings showed that the average difference among the components was positive in the lower and upper limits, which indicated that the average value obtained was higher than the test value. Therefore, the difference between the mean of the components is significant. Therefore, the difference among the average components was significant. The significance level (P-value) obtained in all components was 0.000. This level of significance indicates the difference among the obtained means. Therefore, the difference between the average of the components and the standard average was significant according to the obtained level of significance. In pathology-related components, the structural component of the mean difference was lower. The obtained significant level showed that the obtained mean was less than the desired mean and the management of Guilan province is not favorable, this can be considered as one of the main reasons for the institutions and actors of the province and the macro-management. The variables of content, participation, and transparency were unfavorable and had a lesser contribution to the current urban management. However, according to the described conceptual model, the component of optimal urban governance in the land use process is considered a development lever because governance and synergy are prerequisites for land use planning.ConclusionThe results showed that the highest mean is related to the legal component (84.66), and the lowest mean value is related to the structural component (66.24). In the ranking of the components of land use, the legal component 34%, management 21%, and social 16% respectively had the highest score and rank in the pathology of land use, while the content and structural components were in the following levels. Content, participation, and transparency variables were disadvantaged and contributed less to current urban management. According to the correlation model, there is a higher relationship between legal and managerial components with a score of 0.623, and the lowest relationship is related to social and structural components.Funding There is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the workConflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Social activities in the community are fruitful due to the use of proper and efficient management. Meanwhile, metropolises, as one of the manifestations of life and social activities, suffer from disorder and anomaly without proper urban management. The management of metropolitan areas has many complexities and must have integrated organizational and governmental arrangements. The most important challenge in these areas is the growing borders and political divisions, which will lead to political divisions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the pathology of management in metropolitan areas of Tehran. This applied research is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes municipality, governorate, road and urban development organization in Tehran. To determine the sample size, Morgan sample size determination table was used. 50 samples were determined and the data was collected using questionnaire and interview. The dimensions of Tehran metropolitan management were identified by counting 22 variables in the form of components of participatory governance. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the studied components at 95% confidence level. Pathology shows the validity of the variables. The variables of institutional flexibility, institutional structure, citizens' awareness of the implementation of programs, transparency of laws and legal coherence show one of the important and effective missing links in the failure of the institutionalization of metropolitan management in Tehran.

Throughout history, what has led to great strides toward success and positive change in human lifestyle has been derived from the evolved idea of creativity. Creativity plays an essential role in all aspects of human life and affects it. Urban spaces as a meeting place of social, economic, cultural and political forces, etc. have a special place in the emergence of creativity. Creative urban spaces bring vitality, dynamism, vitality, population to the urban environment and are the basis for creativity and innovation. How creative urban spaces are spaces and design features and components; What are the effects of designing such spaces? The main issue is the present study. In this regard, Ahvaz metropolis and urban spaces were selected as a case study. The present research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was selected from 100 specialists, experts and pundits in the field of urban studies who are fully acquainted with the city of Ahvaz and are providing services in this city. Stratified and purposeful sampling method was used to distribute the research questionnaires. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.974 and was evaluated at an excellent level. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and factor analysis model and Bartlett sample adequacy test. Findings show that 9 factors alone can explain up to 74% of the total variance. Among the identified factors, including emphasis on the identity of social capital and cultural planning in design, emphasis on natural and cultural features in order to stimulate creativity and emphasis on symbolism with a focus on social discourse alone amounting to 49% of the total variance of design factors Explain the effect of spatial creativity.

Many activities of daily living take place in urban public spaces and some of these activities are inevitable. An ideal urban space is one in which civil justice is observed and all citizens and even vulnerable sections of society can use this space. Respect and respect for culture is one of the most important issues for the elderly. The presence of the elderly in management and citizenship participation can also play a very important role. The issue of neighborhood houses, mosques in the administration of neighborhoods, and helping to solve urban problems are also very important issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the problems and challenges of the elderly in urban areas. The research was applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of research method. The components are evaluated in six sections. Mean and regression tests were used to assess the challenges of the elderly in urban areas. The statistical population includes the elderly in District 13 of Tehran, 120 people were selected by available non-random sampling method. Findings show that the coefficients of the regression model of respect and culture are rejected at the level of 0.05, but the other variables are not rejected at the level of 0.05. Elderly satisfaction varies according to the degree of respect and culture, so respect and culture at the same time predict the satisfaction of the elderly. But safety, transportation, ease of access, respect and culture, the establishment of smart homes, and the allocation of government funds at the same time are not predictors of elderly satisfaction, so the most important predictor of elderly satisfaction is respect and culture. The results show that there is a significant linear relationship between the criteria of problems and challenges of the elderly in urban space with the satisfaction of the elderly in Tehran. The most important predictors of elderly satisfaction are transportation and government budget allocation, respectively.

The greenbelts of the cities are the places of spatial organization and connection of natural, social, economic and physical forces and processes in the context of the geographical environment, and they shape the relations and flows of different people and the environment on the political system. Meanwhile, political economy and its affected components are one of the influential indicators on the changes and transformations of urban spaces. The physical-spatial developments of the urban area of ​​Tehran are a function of the political economy of the space more than any other variable, which leaves its effects on the state of its physical, economic and social indicators. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective components of political economy on the integrated management of the urban area of ​Tehran and to solve its problems. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the structural equation technique is used to identify the influential and effective components of the political economy on the spatial organization of the urban area of ​Tehran. The results show that four components, economic, physical, policy-making, institutional, and political economy, explain the Tehran's greenbelt by 86.48 percent, and among the components of the research, the institutional component with a coefficient of 0.956 and the second component of systemization with a coefficient of 0.945 have the greatest influence on the integrated management of urban greenbelt.

Most of the cities in Iran are deteriorated and inefficient. Deterioration penetrates urban realms in both partial and complete ways. In the realms of deteriorated fabric, the human, financial, economic, social, and cultural capitals of the country are at risk due to unexpected events. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the urban public realms in the deteriorated fabrics of Tabriz district 8.

This correlational descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 50 experts and elites of Tabriz municipality in district 8 of Tabriz in 2019, who were selected by random sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that evaluated public urban realms with perceptual, social, physical, and functional components in the form of 18 variables. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25 software using one-sample T, and Pearson correlation tests, and multiple regression analysis.

The 18 variables were able to explain 98% of the variance of urban public realms in the deteriorated fabric (R2=0.980). The variables of performance and activity mixing and activity compatibility had a much more significant effect in predicting the dependent variable than other variables so that a change in the standard deviation of performance and activity mixing and activity compatibility caused the change of standard deviation of the dependent variable at the rate of 83% and 77%, respectively.

The social component has the most influence on the deterioration of Tabriz district eight and the functional and perceptual features are in the second and third ranks. Variables of performance and activity mixing and activity compatibility have more share compared to other variables in the prediction of the deterioration of Tabriz district 8.

Today, the tourism industry is regarded as the most inclusive service industry worldwide that serves as a substantial source of economic prosperity (job creation, foreign exchange earnings, poverty mitigation, etc.) and elevated exchanges and social interaction. For this, areas with a high potential in tourism should take proper strategies to hold the economic and socio-cultural benefits of this industry. Free trade zones in Iran, particularly Kish, Qeshm, and Chabahar, can primarily consider the tourism industry and attract tourists to achieve economic goals, as declared in the law governs the establishment of free zones and also in the economic, social and cultural program of the country. Herein, this work attempts to identify appropriate strategies for tourism development in Qeshm Free Trade Zone to develop the tourism industry and economic-cultural sectors. For this, the strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) and opportunities and threats (foreign factors) were identified using the SWOT technique and the opinions of experts and specialists. The multi-criteria decision model ANP (an analytic network process) was used to prioritize and rank internal and external factors and determine the ultimate value of a collection of internal and external factors, aiming to prioritize and adopt the best strategy in the form of SO, WO, ST, and WT solutions. And the final value of each of these solutions was respectively 0.28, 0.39, 0.23, and 0.49. Initial results indicated the supremacy of the offensive strategy with the highest value (0.49) that is considered as the predominant strategy. The foremost strengths and opportunities in the region include investment in the private sector, security for tourists, the distribution and variety of tourist attraction sources, and the participation of indigenous people in the Qeshm region.

Security is related to the satisfaction, comfort of citizens and the desirability of life in the form of sustainable human development and an indicator of quality of life. Accordingly, the present study has been conducted with the aim of pathology of the security of metropolises with emphasis on greenbelt management of Tehran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey in nature and is of analytical type. The statistical population was 856565 people, of which 383 people were selected for the statistical sample using simple random based on Cochran's formula. The panel of experts confirmed the face validity of the questionnaire and the reliability of different sections of the questionnaire was calculated from Cronbach's alpha formula in SPSS 20 software.

In terms of the content of an integrated approach to security management, the lack of coalitions between security experts, the multiplicity of attitudes and political views have the greatest impact on the vulnerability of the Tehran's greenbelt. Also, there is a relationship between the components of legal and managerial segregation with a score of 0.786, and the lowest relationship is related to the legal and structural components.

Weakness of approved rules, plans and programs, and lack of budget and security equipment are among the variables affecting the security of the Tehran, and in this regard, it should be said that managerial, legal and structural vulnerabilities cause insecurity, lawlessness, cultural differences and insecurity. Security against the greenbelt of the Tehran metropolis.

Today, due to insufficient attention to the role of citizen participation in the planning, management and decision-making process, many metropolitan areas have been instilled in citizens that they are somewhat incapable of influencing society and the future of the city. therefore the role of women in promoting social and economic activities is crucial. The talent and ability of women in civic engagement promotes and elevates society in the knowledge-based age. Women's entrepreneurship and participation are important indicators of development. Socio-economic studies of women's participation in community affairs also indicate that social and cultural factors and society's different expectations of men and women are important barriers to women's participation. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to investigate the functional participation of women in urban spaces. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and applied research. The components have been evaluated in four economic, cultural, political and social sectors. To measure the impact of women's participation, Pearson test and path analysis were used. The results show that the highest participation rate in district 20 of Tehran municipality is social participation with 2.52 and the lowest political participation with average 1.65. There is also a relationship between economic and cultural components with a score of 0.688. Also, the average critical value in the social component 3.89 has the highest value.

Security is the forefront of a healthy society and a foundation for the development of human societies. The well-being of a community depends on maintaining and maintaining the security and sense of belonging. In the meantime, the need to address the issue of urban security is important since the interdependence between security and development is inevitable. Security is the cornerstone of economic, social and environmental development. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the security of the city in the cities of Kurdistan province and determine the factors affecting the insecurity of urban areas of this province.

The applied method was descriptive in nature and methodological in terms of nature and methodology and the statistical population was 384 based on Cochran formula. Has been studied economically and socially.

The findings show that with increasing heterogeneity between cities, the matrix value of similarity of security indices increases. Also, the dimensions of security perception, which is the most important part of the research when it comes to the results of the research, honor security has the highest mean as well as the lowest mean of life security.

The results show that Baneh and Bijar cities are in favorable urban security status based on research indicators and Marivan-Dehgolan-Sarouabad cities are in poor urban security status.

The spatial distribution of facilities and services of a city is intimately connected with sustainable development based on social justice indices. because the equitable distribution of services and facilities can provide a basis for balanced development of regions of a city, to create social crises and complex spatial problems; Therefore, the city planning process should take strict attention to spatial and equitable distribution of facilities and services.The purpose of this research is to investigate and understand how and how to distribute services in the areas of Tabriz, determining the main criteria defining the level of development of social justice and presenting mobility programs to the process of social justice is one of the main goals of this research. is descriptive-analytical. Also, in order to identify the various dimensions of social justice in the urban areas of Tabriz, using the latest statistics and information for 2016, 32 different indicators have been studied in terms of 6 components of demographic, economy,physical, transportation, educational, health and medical, and among 10 regions, and the results It has been evaluated using the FA Analysis Model. In this paper, firstly, using FA analysis, the indexes were reduced and extracted the set of factors involved in the level of social justice, and then, using the standardized score rating method, Tabriz regions were ranked. show that the distribution of facilities and services in the areas of Tabriz is not balanced and coherent. As for regions 6, 3, 2, in terms of having all facilities and services, they are ranked 1 to 3 in comparison with other area.

Today, big cities in the developing countries are growing very fast. These areas swallow all the facilities, services and the capital of the country. However, they tackle with different types of urban problems such as housing shortage, increasing the unemployment rate, the issue of marginalization, transport problem and failure in the supply of other urban services, as well as Environmental degradation. On the other side, other parts of the country, including central cities, towns and rural areas are lagging the development and are facing stagnation and stop in their progression.
The overall goal of this research is to determine the effect of Bonab City, a city located in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran, in the process of the development of the surrounding settlements (area) and evaluation of its performance in the economic and demographic fields. The type of the research is applied research and the required data has been collected from the results of the last official census of Population and Housing in 2011. The research uses descriptive-analytic method which has been performed by using location coefficient models, Elasticity methods, longitudinal graphical approach of Izard, method of George Charbo and Tony Garnier.
The results show that Bonab is self-sufficient in the agriculture and services sections. The actual employment rate is %93.44 and the dominant role of the city is a multi-role city. According to the Izard model, the industry and services sections have relatively favorable situation. Therefore, reaching to a superior position in the national and regional level requires the compiling and executing strategic plans and special attention of the country mega-scale decision making authorities to the unique and hidden capacities of Bonab city.

The cities, during their life will change and develop due to different factors, but a good city is a city which its physic provides the requirements of its residents with respect to the time changes. Uncontrolled expansion and development of urban areas is the major issues and challenges for urban planners and managers at various levels. The objective of the present study is to examine the factors influencing on the emergence and formation of the spatial and physical Structure of Ghonabad city. The research method is descriptive – analytical one. And the quantitative model (Holdern), GIS tools, using indicators of physical, economic and demographic explanation have been used for the above purpose. Preliminary results show that the growth pattern of the city is formed from East to West. Ghonabad population changes in different periods, although several factors have influenced on the increase or decrease, Nevertheless, the city's population growth rate was higher than the average growth rate of urbanpopulation of the province and the country and is the indicative of areas of population growth in the city. Also according to calculations model of Holdern, 49% of Ghonabad growth has been due to the uncontrolled and sprawl growth of the city and the remaining 51 % of the city's population growth is due to the growth of the urban population.

Today tourism industry is as an important source of income in the world and yet effective factors which are contributing to the cultural exchange countries has the largest movement of people in peace time and one of the most promising development activities that are referred to as the gate of development. Tourism is a complex and contradictory phenomenon. It’s a beneficial industry, balanced economic development in the regions. In recent decades the development of the tourism industry make it as one of the main economic activities of developed countries , have led planners to increase tourism income, paying attention to two important issues: first the satisfaction of tourists and to promote the enjoyment and quality of the tourism experience and second trying to protect the interests of host communities. Currently many countries get their economic and social benefits from tourism and used tourism revenues for infrastructure development in the region. Tourism is one of the most developed industries in the second half of the twentieth century and is often used as a key for economic growth in both developed and developing countries. In fact the main objective of the internal and external tourism development is the socio-economic development of target areas. The importance of tourism in the modern era, more than anything, depends on the economic cycle which has a high potential in terms of dynamic, local and international economy. The criteria for determining the center of tourist areas and a needed infrastructure and adjusting the inequalities is among the region. In 2000, about 700 million tourists have visited around the world. According to the latest report of World Tourism Organization (WTO) France is the most visited in terms of the issue among international travelers (75million tourist) and the United States with ($74.5 billion) has the highest tourism income in the world. Mediterranean country such as Turkey has the highest record in past four years. Tourism industry can bring many benefits for different communities. These five main interests include: infrastructure development, transportation, energy and communications, processing and supporting area for the development of industry, agriculture construction, nutrition and services, attracting direct and indirect foreign investment, paving the ground for an increase in national income, the development of employment opportunities and creating positive changes in the other parts of the economy using multiplication factor of tourism industry. The appropriate atmosphere of tourism in production and reproduction of region influence on economic and cultural development. For better understanding the atmosphere, the constructive process of physical including infrastructure and tourist services (hotels, restaurants, stores, etc.) visiting places (monuments, recreation, cinema, theater, museums, religious places, etc. ) social and cultural characteristics and behavioral area is very important. This study is aimed to rate the cities of Semnan province in terms of tourism infrastructure and investigate the influential factors in attracting urban tourism. Factors include accommodation facilities, including hotels, inns, and restaurant catering units between roads, the offices of passenger services, the number of commercial cultural and artistic exhibitions, public parks and tourist area among Semnan province which has been analyzed. Tourism is presented as a multi-purpose activity. In this study is to pay attention to tourism infrastructure and their spatial distribution within the cities of Semnan province rather than rating and ranking the city in terms of tourism. In this way we can realize the comparative comparison and tourist attractive and the performance of tourist atmosphere. Besides the spatial pattern of tourism infrastructure provided for balanced development.
With an emphasis on systematic approach, in this paper the analytical method was used. This means that at first the required information and statistics related to the tourism infrastructure among the cities of province were collected. Then through MCDM models, we ranked the cities and determining the important coefficient of infrastructure criteria
Discussion and This study is aimed to rate the cities of Semnan province in terms of tourism infrastructure and investigate the influential factors in attracting urban tourism. Factors include accommodation facilities, including hotels, inns, and restaurant catering units between roads, the offices of passenger services, the number of commercial cultural and artistic exhibitions, public parks and tourist area among Semnan province which has been analyzed. Tourism is presented as a multi-purpose activity. In this study is to pay attention to tourism infrastructure and their spatial distribution within the cities of Semnan province rather than rating and ranking the city in terms of tourism. In this way we can realize the comparative comparison and tourist attractive and the performance of tourist atmosphere. Besides the spatial pattern of tourism infrastructure provided for balanced development.
In this paper, according to urban infrastructure and services used by tourists in the host society paid attention to rating and ranking of cities of Semnan province on one hand to tourism. On the other hand its way presented a model to strengthen the centers and areas which has low tourist attractions.
We found that residential infrastructure such as hotels, motels and other residential units and catering, travel agencies, the number of bus companies, cultural and artistic exhibitions, public parks and recreational areas have an important role in tourism development.
First identifying tourism infrastructure for each city and then prioritization was based on VIKOR models. In fact in the first stage only with regard to the role of infrastructure in attracting the attention of tourists, ranking these three places respectively; Shahrod, Semnan and Damghan. Then with regard to all standard and the comparison of paired criteria ranking the cities of Semnan province is as follows. Finally based on Kapland methos Shahrood was place first and then Semnan, Damghan , Garmsar and Mahdishare as placed in next order respectively.

Municipal services in towns and especially in urban neighborhoods in the formation of the system plays a very important and vital. As prerequisite for the sustainable development of cities and urban neighborhoods in urban services. Today، urban services inappropriately due to problems in distribution، such as density، environmental pollution، human displacement، separation، where groups. The population، has caused most of the key public service distribution of urban elements for increasing the level of social welfare of the people of the city and the heart of urban management. In this context، the aim of this study was to evaluate the features and capabilities of municipal services city of Bonab in the neighborhoods level and descriptive research analytical methods. Studies have indicated that the spatial distribution urban services in the neighborhood took to the imbalance which is needed for more and better public services. Therefore، in order to select the proper indicators، following the review، (training، equipment and facilities، user، religious، commercial and cultural، sports and green space) statistical methods and techniques and a few indexes decision making using VIKOR، rating municipal services in the city of Bonab. The initial results show that despite ranking places between 2 neighborhoods and Tulip alley، in the first place.

The concept of environmental hazards on rural planning is considered necessary andimportant that it be comprehensive and constructive cooperation of the villagers in themodulation of plans and programs of the risks of conflict efficient management this sphereprovide. This article aims to assess natural hazards - human capabilities and limitations of theassay, resulting in Gonbarf village life and the village in order to develop the best strategiesand environmental planning. To achieve this purpose, the method of SWOT-AHP hybridmodel that utilizes the SWOT technique, attempt to identify the strengths and weaknesses(internal factors) and opportunities and threats (external factors), and the use of the AHPmodel and Likert preference polls and Rankings internal and external environmental factorsand determine the final value of internal and external factors and adopt the best strategy and astrategy for prioritization approaches in terms of SO, WO, ST, WT. The results of the modelcombination strategy of SWOT-AHP analysis tables indicate the superiority of naturalfeatures - human hazards, so that the final result of the evaluation and assessment of internaland external factors indicate that the strength (with a total value of final 0.233) andopportunities facing the region (the sum of the final value of 0.324) weaknesses (the sum ofthe final value 0.230) and the threats surrounding it (with a total end value of 0.213) is higherand thus the overall strategies of the invasive strategy should be formulated in such a wayenvironmental opportunities and can be used strengths