فهرست مطالب yadollah jannati

Addiction is a detrimental phenomenon to the economy, health, and the foundation of families. family members who do not have intimate parent-child interactions or strong bonds tend to take drugs more frequently. The interdependence of spouses is one of the effects of living with addicts. This study was designed to determine the relationship between attachment style and interdependence of spouses of patients with maintenance drug use.
This is a descriptive-correlational study done on 98 spouses of patients with maintenance treatment referred to the addiction treatment clinic of Sari Zare Psychiatric Hospital, selected by simple random sampling in 1400. Research tools included the Collins and Reed Adult Attachment Scale and the Spin-Fisher Interdependence Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and linear regression).
The mean and standard deviation of the total score of closeness, dependence, and anxiety attachment styles and interdependence were 11.88±2.21,12.11±2.60,11.71±4.50,60.65±12.0, respectively. Interdependence and insecure attachment had a significant negative connection, according to the partial correlation coefficient (P<0.05). there was a positive correlation between cross-dependence and bilateral-anxiety attachment (P<0.05). Results of multiple regressions showed to predict the interdependence of attachment styles, only the anxious-ambivalent style can significantly predict a 31% variance of the interdependence of spouses of addicts undergoing maintenance treatment and also showed a significant relationship between correlation with substance use time, birth rate and experience of stressful events in the last 6 months.
The results showed interdependence had a significant relationship with their attachment style and it is necessary to pay attention to their spouses along with addicted patients, and to spouses who have an anxious mutual attachment to prevent interdependence. It is recommended that for future research, about the cultural and historical roots of Iranian society, the present study should also be conducted in other cities to examine the effects of cultural differences among families.

One of the factors influencing the quality of patient care and the desirable outcomes of nursing services is the mental workload; most individuals prefer specific coping strategies to reduce stress and mental workload in stressful situations. Coping strategies are a set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral efforts to change stressful situations. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental workload and coping strategies in nursing students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the year 2019.

In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, 160 students were randomly selected from three nursing and midwifery faculties in Sari, Behshahr, and Amol. Data were collected using the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) mental workload questionnaire and the Lazarus and Folkman emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies questionnaire. The data were then analyzed using SPSS version 20.

A total of 88 females (55%) and 72 males (45%) with a mean age of 22.52±1.98 years participated in the study. Fifty-two (32.5%) used a problem-oriented strategy, and 96(60%) used an emotion-oriented strategy. The mental workload mean score was 72.80±14.55 and a statistically significant relationship was found between mental workload with age and physical demand subscale (P=0.032 and p=0.028, respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between the mental workload and coping strategy in both genders (P=0.171 and P=0.397, respectively). Moreover, no significant association was found between the mental workload and the overall coping strategy score (P=0.066).

Nursing students had high scores for mental workload, which can negatively impact the quality of care provided by them. Additionally, the most frequently used coping strategy among these students was emotion-focused coping. The use of problem-focused coping strategies reduces emotional distress, decreases mental workload, and enhances individuals' efficiency. Considering the obtained results, there is a need to develop and provide appropriate solutions in the field of education, focusing on problem- focused coping strategies rather than emotion-focused strategies, to increase the efficiency of students.

Occupational violence can have a negative effect and mental burden on the way emergency medical service personnel provide services. The aim of this study was to determine verbal violence against emergency medical service personnel and related factors at the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among emergency medical service personnel of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Totally, 264 individuals were selected using the systematic random sampling method. The data were collected using the Occupational Violence Questionnaire and Goldenberg GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS.

During the past year, 240 emergency medical service personnel experienced occupational violence in the following forms: verbal (65%), cultural (6.9%), and sexual (3.1%). There was a statistically significant relationship between verbal violence and marital status (p=0.049) as well as age (p=0.04), and crisis in the past 6 months of the personnel (p=0.02). Patient companions were the main perpetrators of violence, and the most common response to violence was to ask the assailant to calm down. The most common violence against staff in the last mission was verbal and cultural violence. There was a statistically significant relationship between violence during the last mission and the type of employment, age and professional experience of the personnel.

Considering the predictability and controllability of violence, in addition to improving training, prevention methods, reforms related to the factors that cause violence, and the implementation of courses and workshops can be considered as effective steps to reduce violence against emergency medical personnel.

Due to stressful work conditions, nurses are constantly exposed to various emotions and stressors such as anger and moral distress that threaten their mental health. On the other hand, self-esteem is one of the personality traits essential for people's mental health and improving their performance.

The present study investigates the relationship between anger, moral distress, and self-esteem in nurses.

This analytical correlational study was conducted on nurses working in the hospitals affiliated with the non-profit organization of Mazandaran Social Security Insurance from August to November 2018. Two hundred nurses were selected for this study via stratified random sampling. The study data were collected using the Cooper-Smith self-esteem inventory, Hamric moral distress scale, and state-trait anger expression inventory. The collected data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and path analysis was used for testing the conceptual model. 

The mean±SD age of the nurses was 36.24±5.37 years. The mean ±SD anger, self-esteem, and moral distress scores were 113.68 ± 15.04, 26.61 ± 3.49, and 65.66 ± 35.88, respectively. The results of the path analysis model suggested an inverse causal relationship between self-esteem and moral distress (P<0.05). This model also indicated a significant inverse relationship between self-esteem and anger (P=0.01).

As the results show, the nurses' self-esteem can mitigate the adverse effects of moral distress and anger. These results show the significant psychological interventions in controlling anger and promoting self-esteem and reducing moral distress among nurses.

Stigma and burden of care in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia have negative effects on the patient and their families. This research aimed to determine the effect of self-care training based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on perceived stigma and caregiver burden of schizophrenic patients.

This randomized clinical trial included 80 caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Sari Zare Hospital. Participants in intervention group received self-care training based on ACT in 8 sessions twice a week, while the control group received only routine care. The scores for stigma and care burden were measured in both groups before and after the intervention using Shamsaei stigma questionnaire and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI, 22-item). T-test and paired t-test and descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data.

The mean changes of the total score for perceived stigma before and after the intervention were found to be significantly different between the intervention group (65.45±6.79) and the control group (80.25±10.34)(P<0.05). Also, intergroup comparison showed a significant difference in mean changes of the total scores for burden of care before and after the intervention between the intervention group (44.35 ± 6.37) and the control group (55.05 ±10.29) (P <0.05).

According to current study, self-care training based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy will improve perceived stigma and reduce burden of care in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and such non-invasive interventions are recommended.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made the grief process more complicated and brought about loads of unexpressed grief.

The present study aimed to determine the severity of grief reactions following the death of first-degree relatives (FDRs)due to COVID-19.

This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the grief score of people aged over 18 with the experience of losing one of their FDRs (i.e., father, mother, and siblings) due to COVID-19. Convenience sampling wasemployed to select the participants. The instrument used in this study was the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ-34) which was completed via phone calls. The inclusion criteria entailed a willingness to participate in the study, the age range of above 18, and experience of FDR’s death. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were severe discomfort and restlessness while talking on the phone. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were employed to diagnose the factors affecting grief using SPSS software (version 22) with a significance level of 0.05.

The findings indicated that the mean score of GEQ was 67.22±19.24(ranging from 34 to 126). In this study, 54.5%, 40.2%, and 5.3% of subjects experienced low, moderate, and severe levels of grief, respectively. The grief score showed a positive relationship with the gender of the mourners and marital status; nonetheless, it was negatively correlated with subjects’ employment and the age of theirdeceased FDRs.

As evidenced by the obtained results, among the subscales of mourning, the highest scores were related to the dimensions of justification, coping, and guilt. Communication and social support were reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, the provision of online mental health services can be a useful way to treat and help the bereaved.

Reducing healthcare injustice is a moral imperative. People's benefits from these rights differ dramatically from one place to another. Understanding justice in medical care services has created many problems due to ambiguities. The present study aimed to explain the experiences and perspectives of nurses, patients, and nursing students about clinical justice. This study was a qualitative one based on conventional content analysis. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions were used to collect data. Interviews were conducted with clinical nurses, nursing students, and hospitalized patients in hospitals of Behshahr (Mazandaran province). Purposive sampling was used and the interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and finally 73 (19 nursing students, 29 clinical nurses, and 25 hospitalized patients) participants entered the study. Interviews were recorded, and handwritten and then were coded and categorized based on conventional content analysis and themes were extracted. The analysis of data revealed four main themes including “equal treatment”, “good manners”, “care and attention”, and “clinical competence” and 9 subthemes including “ethnic discrimination”, “socioeconomic discrimination”, “unaccompanied patients”, “forgiveness”, “respect”, “attention to patients’ needs/problems”, “allocation of sufficient time”, “ability to prioritize” and “theoretical and practical competence”. The findings of this study suggest that by equal treatment, avoiding ethnic and socioeconomic discrimination, paying attention to the patients' needs and treating them well, and enhancing the level of theoretical and practical skills, it is possible to help create justice in patient care.

Context:

 Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, and poor sleep quality is a risk factor for it.

This study aimed at determining the effect of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on sleep quality of patients with major depression. Settings and Design: This single-blinded randomized clinical trial in Psychiatric Clinic in Yahya Nejad Hospital, Babol, Iran, during 2019.

Eighty major depressive patients with sleep disorder were recruited from those referred to Psychiatric Clinic in Babol City, Iran. They were assigned into intervention and control groups(forty participants in each group). The intervention group inhaled lavender essential oil and the control group received almond oil as placebo. Sleep quality of the participants was measured before and after the intervention. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was performed employing statistical tests including Chi-square, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, ANCOVA, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

The intervention and control groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics and the mean score of sleep quality before the intervention (P > 0.05). The patients in the intervention group had a better quality of sleep comparing to that in the control group, and the difference was statistically meaningful (P = 0.001).

Aromatherapy with lavender essential oil has positive effects on sleep quality in depressed patients. It can be used as a noninvasive complementary method to improve sleep quality in patients with major depression.

Social support is generally accepted to act as a protective factor against stressful situations. However, the extent of its effect on the depression and lifestyle of myocardial infarction (MI) patients is not known. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the role of perceived social support in predicting major depressive disorder and lifestyle components in MI patients.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2019 on 176 MI patients chosen through the purposive and convenience sampling methods from the Heart Center Hospital of Mazandaran, Iran. The required information was collected by three standard questionnaires, including the social support appraisals (SS-A) scale by Phillips, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II). Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correlation coefficient were performed. The significance level in this study was considered as P-value<0.05.

The findings of the present study indicated that social support could predict depression by 48% and a significant negative correlation was found between social support and depression (r=-0.47, P=0.01). Moreover, social support had a significant impact on lifestyle components and was shown to predict health accountability (R2=0.691, β=0.289), spiritual growth (R2=0.672, β=0.256), stress management (R2=0.285, β=0.122), and interpersonal behavior (R2=0.586, β=0.175). In addition, it affected these factors significantly.

Providing opportunities for further social support for MI patients paves the way for enhancing health-promoting behaviors and reducing depression in this group of patients.

Covid-19 pandemic led to quite a lot of changes in the people’s life style and governments’ policies during 2020. Education aspect was not an exception; due to the need to social distancing and breaking the chain of transmission, E-learning became more common. The present study aimed at determining the opinion of education users about E-learning during Covid-19 outbreak. To accomplish this review study, all the papers (both in Persian and English) related to E-learning in Covid-19 pandemic from January to December 2020 were searched using the following keywords (both in Persian and English): covid-19, electronic education, E-learning, distance learning, modern education, student, and university. The search was done in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar and Science Direct. In this study, 200 relevant papers were found. After omitting the repeated cases, the eligible papers were extracted and analyzed. The findings of this study revealed that education users were not satisfied with E-learning due to many obstacles and preferred conventional classrooms. However, most of the studies highlighted the use of virtual education and acknowledged it as an appropriate method of education in these days. Lack of adequate infrastructures and educational equipment led to challenges for learners and teachers. Therefore, it is recommended to eliminate these shortcomings so that this type of education can be even used after controlling Covid-19. All in all, new ways of education (distance learning and virtual teaching) have had great contributions in achieving the educational goals.

Self-efficacy is central to behavior, especially preventive behaviors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Identifying the factors that lead to increased self-efficacy in individuals can pave the way for necessary decisions to change the behavior of the society. This study aimed at determining the relationship between people’s self-efficacy and perceived severity and sensitivity to preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in Sari, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 268 patients attending certain health centers in Sari, 2020.The subjects were selected using convenience sampling. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was administered online consisting of three sections.

The mean age of the study population was 36.81±8.6 years and 17.5% of the patients were confirmed cases of Covid-19. Among the people studied, 81.3% used soap and water to disinfect their hands. There were significant correlations between self-efficacy and perceived severity (B: 0.163, CI 95%: 0.068-0.257) and perceived sensitivity (B: 0.164, CI 95%: 0.060-0.267). Perceived sensitivity and severity also predicted 10% of the variance in self-efficacy.

Perceived severity and sensitivity to Covid-19 preventative behaviors could affect people’s self-efficacy.

Epidemiological transition of acute and infectious diseases to non-communicable ones, aging population, together with rapid lifestyle changes all have given rise to prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Thus, it is of utmost importance to reflect on lifestyles especially in this period. The main purpose of this study was to assess lifestyle in patients affected with myocardial infarction (MI).

This study was cross-sectional study who examining health-related lifestyle behaviors in patients with MI in 2019. To this end, a total number of 176 patients were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods. The research instrument was also the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) as a standardized self-report questionnaire. The data analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 22) and the generalized linear models were used. Moreover, coefficient at significance level less than 0.05.

The results of Wilks’ lambda distribution revealed that the effect of gender on the linear combination of the dependent variable (i.e. lifestyle) was significant and 11.4% of changes in this variable had resulted from variation in gender. Besides, the results demonstrated that health responsibility scores in men were on average 2.703 lower than those obtained by women. This relationship was also significant and its effect size was by 3.3% (p=0.016).

It was concluded that the concept of lifestyle can be an analysis tool to better understand differences between genders, as an effective variable in adopting a healthy lifestyle, especially in patients suffering from MI.

Social support is an important feature that can play a major role in creating, maintaining, and promoting health in addition to neutralizing and influencing stressors. Therefore, social factors affecting health are of great importance. This study aimed at investigating the correlation between social support and lifestyle components in patients with myocardial infarction.

We performed a descriptive/analytical cross-sectional study in patients (n=176) with myocardial infarction in 2019. Patients were selected by purposive and convenience sampling. The Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) and Social Support Appraisals Scale (SS-A) were administered and data were collected via direct interviews and patients’ records.

The mean scores for social support and lifestyle were 18.32 ± 0.31 and 147.47 ±7.01, respectively. The study showed that social support was significantly associated with physical activity (r = 0.31, P <0.001), spiritual growth (r = 0.29, P <0.001), and impersonal communication (r = 0.26, P <0.001).

Social support especially in patients with heart disease can affect interpersonal communication, spiritual growth, and physical activity. So, families, friends, and health care providers should support patients as much as possible.

Nowadays, given the increased violence in medical centers and emergency medical personnel encounter with various types of violence, it is important to assess the related factors as well as their frequency and take actions to decrease them. This study aims at investigating physical violence against 115 emergency medical personnel and its related factors in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on emergency medical personnel of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 240 individuals were selected through systematic random sampling. Occupational Violence Questionnaire (Four sections: demographic information, physical violence, response to violence and violence in the last mission) and Goldenberg GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire were used to gather data, which were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

According to the results of this study, 29.6 percent of personnel experienced violent physicalaggression during their work and the most violent acts were physical coarsening (54.9%). 76.1percent of violent actions occurred on the scene of the accidents and co-rider of the injuredperson were initiators of violent behaviors (73.2%). There was a statistically significantcorrelation between violent aggressive actions and recent uprisings of the country in the past sixmonths (p=0.02). The percentage of aggressive actions against the personnel in their lastcommission, were verbal insults (82%), physical aggression (14.6%), the cultural joke (3%) andsexual misbehavior (0%). The aggressive actions and insults in their last commissions of thepersonnel were correlated with their type of employment (p=0.03), age (p=0.03) and workhistory (p=0.01).

There is a high prevalence of physical violence against emergency medical personnel. Accordingly, providing the target personnel with communication skills and anger management
trainings and pursuing violence by authorities seems essential to eliminate occupational violence

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children that affects the health of parents. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of ADHD children. This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design which was carried out in 80 parents of ADHD children. The participants were selected using convenience sampling from Sari Zare Clinic, Iran, 2018. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n=40) or control group (n=40). Mindfulness education was done in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week for the intervention group. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Luthans psychological capital questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test and covariance test. Before and after the intervention, significant differences were found between the mean values for psychological capital (60.65 ± 7.61 vs. 80.58 ± 7.59), hope (15.86 ± 3.37 vs. 21.36 ± 3.37), resilience (14.34 ± 2.85 vs. 19.34 ± 2.68), optimism (15.65 ± 2.70 vs. 20.22 ± 2.76), and self-efficacy (15.2±2.35 vs. 19.89±2.59) in intervention group. The scores after the intervention showed the significant effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of children with ADHD (P <0.05). Mindfulness education is recommended to increase the psychological capital and its dimensions in the parents of ADHD children

Background and Satisfaction of caregivers of hospitalized patients is one of the pillars of good quality in patient care. Providing appropriate trainings on this issue could lead to improvements in patient recovery. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a training program on satisfaction of caregivers of patients who had Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. An interventional study was done in 69 caregivers of hospitalized patients in intensive care unit in Sari Fatemeh Zahra Hospital. The samples were randomly allocated into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the caregivers of the hospitalized patients alongside routine information received training starting one day before their patient’s surgery until 24 hr before discharge. The Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FSICU) was administered to measure the satisfaction of caregivers in both groups, 24 hr before discharge. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Independent t-test, and Chi-square. Compared to the control group, a significant difference was found between the mean score for satisfaction in intervention group after the training program (58.3±11.56 vs. 81.28±6.08), (P<0.001). Caregivers reported highest level of satisfaction with medical personnel performance and the lowest with making decisions about patients. According to the findings, nurses can increase caregivers’ satisfaction from nursing care by providing them with training programs and improve patient care after heart surgery

Hospitalization at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often leads to some psychiatric problems in the family of the patient. This study aimed at determining the effect of family-centered care on depression¡ anxiety and stress of family caregivers of open-heart surgery patients from admission to discharge.
In this randomized clinical trial¡ 45 caregivers from patients’ families were selected based on convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received routine hospital information as well as informational and emotional care¡ from the day before the surgery to 24 hours before discharge from the hospital. On the other hand¡ the control group received only routine information. Depression¡ anxiety and stress rates of the caregivers in both groups were assessed by the DASS21 Questionnaire before the surgery and 24 hours before discharge. To analyze the data¡ chi-square tests¡ t-test and paired t-test were used.
The findings indicated that both groups were homogeneous in demographic characteristics. The mean score of depression¡ anxiety and stress in the control group on the day before the surgery was 7.27 ± 4.8¡ 9.50 ± 5.8¡ and 11.54 ± 4.7¡ respectively. In the experimental group¡ the rate of depression¡ anxiety¡ and stress were found to be 6.52 ± 3.4¡ 10.73 ± 3.6¡ and 11.69 ± 3.6¡ respectively. The results showed that in both groups¡ there was a decrease in the amount of these three variables 24 hours before hospital discharge. However¡ the amount of decrease was statistically significant in the experimental group (P > 0.001).
According to the results¡ family-centered care reduced depression¡ anxiety and stress in families with ICU patients¡ 24 hours before discharge compared to the admission day. Thus¡ this method can be used for family caregivers during hospitalization of their patients.

Background and Spiritual well-being is one of the essential aspects of health in coping with disease. Since one of the major bases of diseases is spiritual insecurity due to lack of spiritual dimension, this study aimed to investigate spiritual health and its related factors in hemodialysis patients.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 81 hemodialysis patients referring to the Imam Khomeini Hospital of Sari, Iran, in 2015. Sampling was performed by stratified census method. The data was collected using a demographic form and Palotzian and Elison spiritual health questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive and analytical statistics, including mean and Pearson correlation coefficient, were used in SPSS 20.
The mean scores of spiritual, religious, and existential health were 70.93±16.79, 36.54±8.71, and 34.39±8.61, respectively. There was not a significant relationship between gender, number of family members, number of children, residence condition, hookah use, marital and economic status, and spiritual health of patients (P>0.05). However, a significant relationship was found between age, housing condition, and smoking status of the patients with their spiritual health (P The results of the present study showed that most of the patients had an average spiritual health and that their religious health was slightly higher than their existential health, which is normal in our culture. Lack of spiritual health, particularly in chronic disease patients, is a predisposing factor for many mental, social, and somatic problems. Therefore, spirituality and religious practices such as praying play crucial roles in accepting the disease.

Background and Patient satisfaction is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by several factors, amongst which nursing care is one of the most important one. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patient's satisfaction with nursing care in Behshahr public hospitals, Iran, 2014.
This cross-sectional study was performed in 300 patients using available sampling. Data was collected by Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI) and analyzed by SPSS applying descriptive and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact test).
The results showed that only 3% of patients were completely satisfied with services delivered, 20% were moderately satisfied and 77% were dissatisfied with nursing care. The highest level of satisfaction with nursing care was found to be in cardiac intensive care unit and the lowest satisfaction level was observed in internal medicine ward for women. Among different variables, the type of ward was found to be significantly correlated with patients’ satisfaction level (P Our investigation revealed low levels of patient's satisfaction with nursing care. There is a direct correlation between health organizations and patient satisfaction, therefore, constant evaluation of services delivered seems to be essential. Moreover, identifying related factors and presenting operational strategies would be helpful in eliminating the factors causing patient dissatisfaction.

Background and Violence is defined as unnecessary hostile behavior in clinical environments, which may lead to psychological abuse by colleagues. This systematic review aimed to evaluate violence and its associated factors among nurses. In this study, we searched for articles and patented documentations published until December 2014 via databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iranian Journal Database (Magiran), Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex and Iranian Biomedical Journal. Using keywords such as violence, horizontal violence, lateral violence, prevalence, predisposing factors and bullying, we found 84 articles out of 19,000 search results. Violence has a variable definition in different cultures. Violent behavior in clinical environments is influenced by factors such as age, gender, work experience, work shifts, working hours and employment status of medical staff. In nurses, violence could lead to adverse outcomes, such as physical and psychological damages. According to the results of this study, male and younger nurses are more frequently exposed to violent behavior compared to female and elder nurses. Therefore, nurses should be informed on the adverse effects of violent behavior. In this regard, authorities and management of medical centers should show zero tolerance for violent behaviors on behalf of nursing staff.

Background and Nominating spouse & marriage is of the factors influencing individual's psychological health & life style, whose role in reducing individual & social disorders has been proved. In order to plan fundamentally & upgrade the youth's knowledge about Koranic & religious marriage criteria, it is critical to get to know their opinions. The present study has been conducted pursuing the goal to determine Koranic & religious marriage criteria from Mazandaran Medical Science University single student's point of view. The study method as analytical-descriptive has been performed using random sampling method with 360 single girl & boy subjects as sample from Mazandaran Medical Science University in 2013.The research tool is a questionnaire encompassing personal features, marriage criteria & the reasons behind marriages decline. Marriage criteria are determined at 5 levels including "very important, "important', "somewhat important ", "less important",& "highly unimportant' and the reasons behinds marriage decline are defined at 5 levels as "absolutely agree"," agree', "somewhat agree ","disagree", &"absolutely disagree". The findings derived by SPSS V.20 have been analyzed by descriptive statistics & Chi-square 2 inferential test. In this research, 67.2% of the girl & boy students were in the age range 18-22 years old. 70% of the students have been studying in semesters 1-4.The findings have displayed that the criterion as honesty (96.9%) is one of the Koranic recommendations to all Muslims as one of the most significant. The student's perspective about parent's agreement, common religion, good-temperedness and the spouse not committing sin, not having criminal &judicial record, emphasized criteria in Islam, has revealed meaningful relationship in the two genders. According to the research findings, the student's marriage criteria are based on the dominating culture & religion in the society. Thus in order to provide the student's religious health, efforts have to be made to rigorously plan for institutionalizing it so that the girl & boy students come to a better & more optimistic view about this good deed tradition, that is, marriage.

Background and Human dignity is amongst the main human rights and violence in workplace is a worrying issue for every person. The prevalence of violence in medical staff led the authors to study about violence in nurses and related factors in critical care units in educational hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. A descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 2014 in which 481 nurses were recruited using stratified random sampling. Data was collected through Dumont Horizontal Violence Questionnaire (including 49 questions) and analyzed in SPSS v.21. Among the participants 16.6% had shown violent behavior towards their colleagues. It was also found that 34.9% of nurses have been exposed to violence at least once a month. The findings showed that head nurses were exposed to violent behaviors from hospital managers and physicians more than others. Data analysis indicated that peer violence was more prevalent in hemodialysis unit, while in CCU and ICUOH nurses were involved in violence from hospital managers and physicians. This study demonstrated that many nurses are exposed to violence, therefore, educating and training hospital personnel on anger management could reduce the rate of violent behavior.

Menopause plays a pivotal role in women’s life comprising of approximately one third of it. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the significance of this period. This study aimed to determine the age of menopause and its associated factors in postmenopausal women in Babol, Iran This cross-sectional study was conducted by cluster sampling on 300 postmenopausal women identified by doorstep questioning of the homes in selected areas. The questionnaires consisted of information on the menopause age, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche, first pregnancy age, duration of hormonal contraceptive use, left-handedness, occupation, menstrual regularity, exercise, smoking habits, couple’s education degree, marital status, family size and the number of births and abortions. The collected data were registered into checklists and The Holmes & Rahe Stress Scale was used for the assessment of the variables. In total, the average age of menopause was 50.02±0.21 years, the average length of marriage was 42.10±0.63 years, age at last pregnancy was 35.15±0.35 years and the lactation duration was 106.02±3.5 months. A significant correlation was found between the length of marriage, age at last pregnancy, stress scores, lactation duration and the menopause age (p<0.001), while some factors such as BMI, regulation and age at menarche, duration of hormonal contraceptive use and exercise were found to have no significant correlations with the onset of menopause. According to the results of this study, the mean age of menopause in Babol is within the normal range and it is associated with the length of marriage, age at last pregnancy, stress scores and lactation duration.

Since families are responsible for supporting their patients in most cases، paying attention to them is considered as a significant element in the treatment process. Families who are not able to adapt to the hospitalization of their beloved patients in the intensive care units may suffer an emotional crisis. That is، they may show some reactions such as shock، anger، frustration، anxiety، and depression، particularly within 72 hours after the hospitalization. Even in some cases، they may experience more stress than the patients. A review of the related studies shows that the most important needs of the families include being assured that the patient is receiving appropriate treatment and sufficient care، and being informed of the patient’s status، proper prognosis about the treatment process، and the possible consequences. Moreover، the least significant need of the families has been reprted to be their physical comfort. It can be concluded that family-centered care increases the satisfaction of the treatment process and decreases the psychological problems in the families. Therefore، each of the treatment team members in intensive care unit (ICU) should support the family members in dealing with the stressful situations. Evaluating the family needs and performing some essential interventions to fulfill their needs will be effective in declining their anxiety level during the crisis.