فهرست مطالب پرویز مولوی

Postpartum Depression (PPD) may affect mother-infant attachment and other family relationships, and may even threaten the safety and health of mother, infant and other children. Despite the relative efficacy of most cognitive therapy methods in controlling or reducing the symptoms of PPD, their application has faced many shortcomings due to a lack of explanation of the main cause of the disorder and deficiency in providing appropriate treatment strategies. Also, less research has been done on the effect of detached mindfulness-based metacognitive therapy on meta-worry, cognitive distortion, and other symptoms of PPD.

The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of metacognitive therapy based on detached mindfulness on reducing meta-worry and interpersonal cognitive distortion in women with PPD.

This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method using a two-group pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of the study was all women referred to Golestan Urban Health Center in Ardabil City from 2018 to 2019. Sampling method was convenience sampling. Using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (1996) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (1987), 40 people were selected (20 in experimental group and 20 in control group). Then, for the experimental group, the protocol of detached mindfulness-based metacognitive therapy was performed during 8 sessions in Golestan Urban Health Center in Ardabil City, and the results were analyzed based on meta-worry and interpersonal cognitive distortion scales by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The results showed that in the experimental group the average posttest scores of meta-worry and interpersonal cognitive distortion were significantly different from the control group. In other words, after therapeutic intervention meta-worry (F = 317.62; P = 0.001 <0.05) and interpersonal cognitive distortion (F = 331.39; P = 0.001 <0.05) meaningfully decreased in the experimental group.

The results of this study indicated that detached mindfulness-based metacognitive therapy, by improving the thinking process, identifying negative metacognitive and correcting beliefs, and providing appropriate cognitive responses, is an effective therapeutic approach in treating PPD symptoms and reducing meta-worry and interpersonal cognitive distortion.

Attempting to recognize specific QEEG markers in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders is the one of main interests of research in quantitative electroencephalography. The purpose of the present study was to compare the absolute power of brain waves in the frontal area in people with major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The method of this study is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all individuals with major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to the mental health Clinic of Fatemi Hospital in 2019 in Ardabil, Iran. 15 people with major depressive disorder and 15 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected by purposeful sampling. Furthermore, 15 normal individuals were selected via the sampling method from the relatives of patients. Psychiatric diagnosis and structured clinical interview, Beck depression inventory, and Foa et al. obsessive-compulsive inventory were used to collect data. The QEEG recording was performed at the Psychological Laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the data were analyzed by Neuroguide software.

The results showed that the absolute power of delta (F= 3.444), theta (F= 51.566), alpha (F= 217.1144), and beta (F= 175.555) waves differ between people with depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder compared to the control group. The delta, theta, and alpha absolute power at frontal lobes of patients with obsessive-compulsion significantly increased, and the alpha and beta absolute power at frontal lobes of patients with major depressive disorder significantly decreased compared to the control group.

These results showed that the pattern of brain waves can be posed as an index for diagnosing and follow-upping of the therapeutic outcomes of major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Furthermore, it can be used in designing neurofeedback interventions for these disorders.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the improvement of emotion regulation and dysfunctional attitudes in people with Borderline personality disorder. The study method was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a waiting-list group. The statistical population of the study was all those people with borderline personality disorder who were referred to Fatemi hospital of Ardabil, Iran in the autumn of 2018. Thirty-two patients were selected by convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned to two experimental (16 members) and waiting-list (16 members) groups. Members of both groups were individually responded to scales of emotion processing (EPS) Baker, Thomas, Thomas and Owens (2007) and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) Weissman and Beck (1978). Then, the intervention was performed by the transcranial direct electrical stimulation device on the experimental group members for 10 consecutive days for 20 minutes by placing anode in region F3 and cathode in region F4 individually. Whereas the group of waiting-list participants did not receive this intervention. Then, a post-test was performed on both waiting-list and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with SPSS-24 software. Results showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in intrusion, suppression, uncontrolled impulses, discordant and dissociation components of emotion regulation and perfectionism, need to others confirmation, need to others satisfaction, and suggestibility of performance evaluation components of dysfunctional attitudes (P<0.05). These results reveal the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on improving emotion regulation and dysfunctional attitudes in individuals with a borderline personality disorder. Given to high resistance to psychological therapies in people with borderline personality disorder, these results can promise new neuropsychological interventions for this disorder.

Postpartum depression has an effect on reducing maternal attachment and family relationships and can be a threat to the safety and well-being of mother, infant and other children.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of meta-emotion combined therapy on anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with two-group pretest-posttest method. The statistical population of the study was all women referring to Golestan Health Center in Ardabil in the years 2018-19. Sampling method was available. Using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, 40 subjects (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) were selected. Then, for the experimental group, meta-emotion combined therapy protocol was performed during 12 sessions and the results were analyzed based on experimental avoidance and anxiety sensitivity scales using covariance statistical method using SPSS software version 18.

The results showed that the mean scores of post-test anxiety sensitivity and experimental avoidance in the experimental group were lower than the control group. In other words, meta-emotion combined therapy on reducing anxiety sensitivity (F=129.89, P=0.001>0.05) and experimental avoidance (F=229.10, P=0.001>0.05) is effective.

The results of this study showed that the meta-emotion combined therapy, through emotion regulation and reduction of negative emotions, is an effective therapeutic approach in reducing anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression.

One of the major factors affecting the development of any organization is its employeeschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) mental health. Due to the job sensitivity of nurses, it is necessary to pay attention to their mental health. The present study was to investigate the Prediction of nursechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s mental health based spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction.

Research method is of descriptive type. The population of the research consists of nurses of medical educational centers of Ardabil (N = 1026). The statistical sample (n = 351) was specified by Morgan table and was selected through accidental class sampling method. To collect data, 3 standard questionnaires including SCL-25, SWLS and kingchr(chr('39')39chr('39')) spiritual intelligence were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and regression analysis) with the SPSS-22 software.

The analysis of the data showed that Spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction to be able to predict the mental health nurses. Form the components of Spiritual intelligence, two components: Transcendental Awareness (β =- 0.41) and Conscious State Expansion (β = -0.21), also spiritual intelligence (β = -0.30) and life satisfaction (β = -0.17) able to predict nursechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s mental health.

Results of this study showed that Spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction can predict mental health among nurses, therefore it is essential that managers of health centers, planned to promote Spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction at their discretion. Through improving Spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction, improved mental health.

 Considering the important role of moral intelligence in changing people's attitudes towards different behaviors, it seems necessary to pay attention to the importance of this variable in different jobs especially in the medical profession due to constant and direct contact with human clients. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate The Role of Moral Intelligence of Emergency Physicians in Predicting Satisfaction of Patients Referred to Ardabil Hospitals.

 The present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all physicians and patients referring to the emergency department of Ardabil hospitals. In this study, 56 physicians working in 4 teaching hospitals of Ardabil city and 392 corresponding patients were selected by Available sampling method. For data collection Lennick and Kiel’s (2005) Moral Intelligence Questionnaire and Salami S & Samouei (2012) Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression using SPSS 22 statistical software.

 The obtained data from this study showed that there is a significant positive correlation between physicians 'moral intelligence and patients' satisfaction (r=0.528, p=0.001). Also, the results of regression Analysis showed that physicians 'moral intelligence can predict the 26/6 percentage of patients' satisfaction (p<0/001).

Ethical Considerations: In the process of conducting this research, all ethical considerations related to human studies such as obtaining informed consent and maintaining the confidentiality of the participants in the research were observed.

 According to the results of the present study, it can be said that moral intelligence is an important factor in patients' satisfaction of received medical services, therefore, it is suggested that skills training such as communication enrichment, empathy, responsibility and compassion therapy be used in physicians' training courses.

Bipolar disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. To treat and prevent the recurrence of the symptoms of this disorder, it is necessary to obtain information about treatment methods such as group cognitive-behavioral therapy with different techniques.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy with the drug in reducing the signs and symptoms of bipolar type -I disorder.

This is a pilot-experimental study (pre-test and post-test). The statistical population of this study was all patients with type-I bipolar disorder admitted to Ardabil Fatemi Hospital in 2018. In order to select the statistical sample, by using the available sampling method, 24 people from the mentioned population were selected (based on psychiatric diagnosis) and were replaced in two groups (experimental and control). SCID and Yang Mania scales were used to collect the data. Then, the data were entered into SPSS-21 software. For statistical analysis, Levn and covariance test were used.

The results of statistical analysis showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug had a significant effect on manic indicators and reduces its symptoms in patients with this disorder (P=0.05).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used as a complementary therapeutic, along with pharmacotherapy, to reduce the signs and symptoms of type-I bipolar disorder. Also, according to the results of this study, the use of a team approach based on the cooperation of a psychologist and a psychiatrist in the treatment of mood disorders is recommended.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of theoretical training versus practical training of medical ethics to the students in the Psychiatric ward.

The research method was quasi-experimental. The study population consisted of all medical students undergoing an internship in a psychiatric ward in Ardabil Fatemi hospital. Students were evaluated from April 2016 to June 2016. Using a convenience sampling method, 36 individuals were selected and randomly assigned in two groups: 18 students in the theoretical training group (group 1) and 18 students in the operational training group (Group 2). Moral Competence Questionnaire and Professional Ethics Checklist in psychiatry were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Mean and standard deviation, ttest and Cohen's effect size index were used for statistical analysis.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in the Moral Competence Questionnaire and the pre-test of the Professional Ethics Checklist. After the training, the mean scores of group 2 were significantly higher than group 1 in the post-test. The two large differences were in Autonomy and Privacy respectively. Finally, according to Cohen's scale, the effectiveness of practical training was greater than theoretical training. Ethical Considerations: Making students aware of the research, and getting informed consent, keeping confidentiality of individual results, not involving results in the evaluation of students' educational performance.

Practical training of professional ethics was more effective than theoretical training and merely emphasizing on theoretical training could not lead to adherence to professional ethics. Therefore, it is essential that during general practitioners' training, in addition to theoretical classes, other practical methods be used.

Anthropometric indices are one of the reliable criteria for assessing children's health status, since the mother's psychological characteristics and conditions can greatly affect the quality of her relationship with the child. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal mental health and children's anthropometric indices in mothers and children referred to Ardabil health centers in 2015.

 This is a descriptive-analytic study of cross-sectional type. 117 mothers and their children (under 5 years old) referred to the health centers of the Ardabil city were selected by random sampling method. To collect the information needed from mothers, a demographic questionnaire and a GHQ-28 questionnaire were used. Children's anthropometric indices were used to collect the information about children. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software, using correlation analysis and independent t-test.

 The results of this study showed that 59% of women were suspected of having mental problems which included social functioning problem (94.9%), anxiety (38.5%), physiological (41%) and depression (5.14%). Also, the means of weight and height indices of children were 37.84±31.31 and 39.57±32.17, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed that 69.2% of children had a weight index of less than 50 and 61.5% had a height index of lower than 50. Also, statistical results showed the correlation only between the maternal somatization subscale with child weight (p<0.01). For others, no correlation was observed between the variables with the weight and height indices of the child.

The data obtained from this study show that the mental health of mothers can play an important role in the growth and development of children. Therefore, health care providers' awareness of changes in women's mental health status is important for planning toward improving their mental health and the anthropometric indices of their children.

In Iran, a significant group of warriors and veterans suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts have been made to evaluate a variety of psychological treatments. This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of stress management training on reducing perceived stress in veterans with PTSD. In this semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group conducted in 2017-18, 22 veterans with PTSD, who were hospitalized in Issar Psychiatric Hospital of Ardabil, were selected by available sampling method and they were randomly assigned into experimental group (11 veterans) and control group (11 veterans). The data collection tools were Perceived Stress Scale and Mississippi PTSD Scale. Patients in the experimental group received stress management training for 10 sessions. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software, using one-variable ANOVA, covariance analysis and multivariate variance. There was a significant difference between perceived stress scores and PTSD symptoms in post-test stage, and stress management training reduced perceived stress and PTSD symptoms in veterans with PTSD in the experimental group (p=0.001). Stress management training is effective in reducing perceived stress and PTSD symptoms in veterans with PTSD

Background & objectives: This study was conducted to compare the basic psychological needs and different levels of Theory of mind between mothers of oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity / attention deficit disorder children The statistical population of the study included all mothers of childern with oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity/attention deficit disorder in psychiatric clinics of Fatemi hospital of Ardabil in 1396-1397. These mothers were randomly assigned in to two groups (35 people in group ODD & 35 people in group ADHD). The instruments used in this study were: Theory of mind, basic psychological needs and Children's Symptoms Questionnaire (CSI-4 Parent Form). The collected data were entered into SPSS-21 software and analyzed by data analysis method. Multivariate variance (MANOVA) was used. The results of the analysis of variance finding show that is no significant difference between mental theory (p>0.407, F=0.697) of basic psychological needs such as competency (p>0.336, F=0.393) self-determination (p>0.597, F=0.283) and communication (p>03.387, F=0.760) between two groups of mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity disorder/attention deficit. These results show that the importance of paying attention to the basic psychological needs and the theory of the minds of mothers of these children in improving the educational status of social communication and emotional assessments and cognitive development of the child.

Considering the high role of psychological factors in somatic disorders, especially in dermatologic disorders, the prevalence of personality disorders in psoriatic patients was studied. Among patients referred to Dermatology Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil, 81 patients with psoriasis (case group) and 80 without skin disease (control group) were evaluated. The two groups were matched in terms of age and sex. The severity of psoriasis was determined based on the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) index as mild, moderate and severe by the dermatologist. The traits and personality disorders were assessed and compared between two groups using MCMI-III questionnaire. There was a significant difference in depressive, dependent, obsessive and hystrionic personality traits or disorders between two groups. There was a reverse correlation between the severity were more common psoriasis and obsessive and dependent personality disorders, so they among mild and moderate psoriasis patients. This study emphasized the role of psychological factors in course of psoriasis. Better strategies for prevention and treatment of psoriasis will be achieved by a careful examination of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional patterns of cluster C personality. It is also necessary to provide psychotherapy services to these patients along with drug therapy.

Considering the importance of prevalence studies in disease management, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Ardabil province. In this study, 1035 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 were selected using cluster random sampling and examined with a digital version of the K-SADS in terms of psychiatric disorders. In the present work, 24 types of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents were evaluated. Sampling was done in the general population and interviews were conducted at the door of the house. Assessments were carried out by experienced psychologists. The point and interval prevalence (with 95% confidence interval) were calculated for disorders. Data were analyzed using SPSS ( v.22) software. Hyperactivity, oppositional defiant, enuresis, and separation anxiety disorders had the highest prevalence in the studied sample. In contrast, psychosis, autism and panic disorders had the lowest prevalence. Depression had a moderate prevalence (1.7%) among other disorders. The overall prevalence of disturbances was 31.7%. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Ardabil children and adolescents was high. According to this rate, etiologic studies are necessarily needed for disorders with have high prevalence and health systems should design and manage preventive plans for the general public.

Health promoting behaviors is one of the most important factors in the physical and mental outcomes of cancer patients. The Current study was conducted in order to determination of the role of health beliefs and Illness Perception in predicting Health Promoting Behaviors of patients with cancer.
In this cross sectional study, 125 cancer patients, hospitalized in the Hematology section of Imam Khomeini hospital in Ardebil in the autumn of 2015 that were selected by convenience sampling, participated. For collecting data, the Illness Perception questionnaire, the Health Belief indexes and the Health- Promoting Lifestyle Profile were used. Gathered data were analyzed via Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS19.
The results showed that the Health promoting behaviors in cancer patients positively correlated to the General Health Threat (r= -0/18, P The results of this study indicate that the beliefs about the situation and the outcomes of the disease and the quality of the Illness Perception in cancer patients have a role in their tendency for doing the Health promoting behaviors.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and emotional expression in predicting online self-disclosure in students using social networks.
In this study, 324 students using cyberspace at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili were selected by cluster sampling method and questionnaires, compassion, emotional expression and online self-disclosure responded.
The results showed a positive correlation obtained between components of kindness and mindfulness and negative relationship between components of self-judgment, isolation and overidentification with online self-disclosure. Also expressed positive emotions and express intimacy positive correlation and expressed negative emotions had significant relationship with the online disclosure. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the total of these variables explained 62% of self-disclosure online.
The author of the research concludes that based on these results, the role of emotional expression and self-compassion as predictors of online self-disclosure had special attention.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that disrupts normal brain activity due to abnormal electrical discharge of brain cells. Mood swings, depression and anxiety are the common complications in epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to compare alexithymia in patients with Tonic-clonic epilepsy, Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), and healthy individuals.
In this casual-comparative study, sampling was performed by convenience sampling method. The study population consisted of all epileptic patients and the study sample included 134 participants (N= 74 Patients and N= 60 healthy people) individuals aged 18-35 years. Among the patients, 14 were excluded due to lack of selection criteria and 60 samples (N= 29 with myoclonic and N= 31 with Tonic-clonic epilepsy) remained.
Data regarding alexithymia was gathered by Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and analyzed by ANOVA, Scheffé post - hoc test and t-test were performed for independent groups.
Findings showed that the mean of Alexithymia in those with JME, tonic-clonic epilepsy and normal individuals were 64.44, 61.41, and 54.24, respectively. The difference between the two groups with myoclonic and tonic-clonic epilepsy was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant difference found between those with tonic-clonic epilepsy and normal individuals (T= 6.82; p Epilepsy is accompanied by reduced processing of emotional information such as alexithymia. Individuals with tonic-clonic and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy are less qualified for recognizing and describing emotional information, and their intellectual orientation is mostly external. Also, since the location of discharge in both types is widespread and similar, no significant difference in alexithymia was observed between the patients with tonic-clonic and myoclonic epilepsy

Aims: Emotion-Focused Therapy is a short-term intervention which can target a constellation of disturbances characterized as complex PTSD stemming from war. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of treatment focused emotion on emotional dysregulation, hopelessness and suicidal ideation in post-traumatic stress disorder veterans.
The research method was semi experimental (with pre-and post-test) with a control group. 50 war veterans with PTSD based on sampling methods were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The data were collected by checklist- military and, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Eight 1/5 hours emotion focused therapy sessions were conducted in experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS 23 software using multi-variable covariance analysis.
Findings: The effects of pretest stage having been controlled, the mean posttest scores of the groups were significantly different in emotional dysregulation, suicidal ideation and hopelessness (p Teaching emotion focused therapy can reduce emotional dysregulation, suicidal ideation and hopelessness in posttraumatic stress disorder veterans.

Nursing is one of the important professions for public health. The purpose of the present research was to investigate Morningness- Eveningness in relation to sleep quality and occupational motivation in nurses working in health centers of Ardabil.
A descriptive-correlational design was used to conduct the study. The statistical population comprised of nurses working in the hospitals of Ardabil in 2015, in which using the cluster sampling method, 198 nurses working in Ardabil’s hospitals were selected to the study. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of Pittsburg's sleep quality, Morningness-Eveningness (CSM) and the scale of occupational motivation were used. The multi-variant variance analysis and pursued test were used to analyze the data.
Data analysis identified Morningness-Eveningness of the 198 nurses participated in the study as follows: morning-type (20%), evening-type (14%) and 66% of the subjects had a combination of morning-type and evening-type (mixed-type) of work shifts. By comparing three groups of evening-type, mixed-type and morning-type was found that evening shift nurses have a lower sleep quality. Moreover, evening work shift nurses had a lower professional motivation in comparing with nurses who were working in morning and rotational shifts. Also, significant correlations were found between the Morningness with sleep quality and occupational motivation of the participants.
The results show that sleep problems is a major problem among nurses. This problem is greater among the nurses working in evening work shifts which can decrease the professional motivation of nurses. Attention to the circadian rhythms of individuals may help to reduce these problems.

Job stress has been assumed as the strongest cause of mental and physical health problems. There are various stressors in the work environment of the teachers. These factors can reduce the quality of teaching, and cause health issues among them. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health with job stress in teachers.
This was a descriptive study and consisted of all teachers who were teaching in Malekan city in 2012-2013 school years. Two hundred teachers (116 males and 84 females) selected via random sampling method. Data gathering tools were Bagulini's and colleague's Job Stress, Siberya shring's Emotional Intelligence, and General Health (GHQ-28) Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using step-by-step regression in SPSS-16.
The results showed that the variables of emotional intelligence and mental health altogether explained 82% of variations in teacher's job stress. Also anxiety had the greatest role in this prediction and could explain 61% of the changes.
This study indicated that components of emotional intelligence and mental health can significantly predict job stress among teachers. In order to promote job productivity in teachers, we recommend training the components of emotional intelligence and competence in the workplace also routine life.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of real and imaginal exposure-response prevention methods on the improvement of patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 45 patients (from psychiatry clinics and psychology center of Fatemi Hospital of Ardabil) with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The samples were selected through accessible sampling and were randomly put into three groups of real exposure - response prevention group (15 patients), imaginal exposure-response prevention group (15 patients), and control group (15 patients). In order to collect the data, Maudsely's Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Clinical Structured Interview based on the DSM-IV were used. The raw scores from the pre-test and post-test were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe’s test. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between both experimental (real and imaginal exposure-response prevention) and control groups. It was also manifested that real exposure-response prevention method, in comparison to imaginal exposure-response prevention method, was more effectual in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Accordingly, it can be claimed that to reduce the symptoms of obsession, real exposure-response prevention is more effective than imaginal exposure-response prevention. To explain this finding it can be said that the real encounter with fear stimulating situations -in comparison to imaginal exposure- creates more anxiety and this anxiety and apprehension caused real exposure response prevention to overcome the imaginal exposure.

Breast cancer is one of the most common and serious problems in women health in which pain is one of the most obvious manifestations that is influenced by many internal and external factors. Hence, the current study was conducted to determine the role of denial and Alexithymia on pain perception in women with breast cancer. This correlational study was conducted on all women with breast cancer who referred to the clinical centers of Namazi Hospital in Shiraz at the second half of 2014. Considering the inclusion criteria like subjects’ age between 18 to 60 and the guidance school education as the minimum level of education, a number of 50 patients with breast cancer were selected by the method of purposive sampling method. The subjects were asked to respond to cancer denial interview, fill out the questionnaires of Alexithymia, and the visual assessment scale of pain individually. The collected data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation coefficients and multistage regression. The findings showed that pain is negatively and significantly correlated with denial (P<0/001, r=-0/52) and positively and significantly correlated with Alexithymia (P<0/01, r=0/40) and difficulty in identifying feeling (component of Alexithymia) (P<0/05, r=0/30). Regression analysis results also showed that 43% of the whole variance of pain can be explained by denial and Alexithymia. The results showed the role of denial and Alexithymia on the level of pain perception in women with breast cancer which expresses the importance of psychological factors on the level of pain perception in these patients.

Chronic psychiatric patients not only become inactive members of community but also the heavy costs of their maintenance and rehabilitation burden on society and their family. According to importance of subject, this study aimed to investigate the role of percieved social support in predicting positive and negative syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. In this descriptive-correlational study, 124 patients have been selected among patients with schizophrenia hospitalized in Issar Psychiatric Hospital and Rehabilitation Centers in first 3 mounths of 2014 in Ardabil, Iran and completed Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and a researcher made demographic checklist. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis on SPSS-16 software and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean age of participants was 36.34±9.09 and their education level was mostly (58%) primary or illiterate. Results showed that there is a negative relationship between patients positive symptoms index and their family, some others and total social support (p<0.01) and also between negative symptoms index and patients friends, some others and total social support (p<0.05). Results of multivariate regression analysis showed that 11% of positive and negative symptom syndrome are explained by percieved social support in patients with schizophrenia (p<0.01). Percieved social support has relationship with positive and negative syndrome of patients with schizophrenia and measures to increase resources of social support and promotion of patients percieved social support can be used as an effective intervention by clinicians, patients and their family.

Social phobia is one of the common anxiety disorders characterized by fear of social situations, shame and embarrassment in communicating with unfamiliar people. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing anxiety and depression in students with social phobia. An experimental pretest-posttest with control group design was used to conduct the study. The population consists of all female students in Ardabil city, 2013-2014 academic years. Using a multiple-stage cluster sampling method, a representative sample consists of 400 students was selected for the study. Then, among the students those with social phobia (based on the cut-off point), 34 participants were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 17 people (one experimental group and one control group). The participants in experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy for 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. Anxiety, depression and social phobia questionnaires were administered to the two groups before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics and multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) were used for data analysis. The results of data analysis showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy reduces anxiety, depression and social phobia of students in the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.001). The present study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy for students with social phobia can be used as a psychological intervention along with other intervention mechanisms.

Students’ academic achievement and its related factors is one of research priorities in the educational programs. Due to success in the studying, students achieve a position that can use the maximum Internal (individual) and external (environmental) power to attain their higher educational goals and gain needed conditions for successful social life. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to investigate individual and environmental factors affecting educational achievement of Ardabil medical students. This study was a case-control research. Statistical sample were consisted of all 200 medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Through checking educational dossiers of students, the scores of two semester in academic year of 2009-2010 obtained, and accordingly, statistical samples of successful students (score >16) and unsuccessful (score>16) were identified and 32 persons were selected for each group by simple random sampling. For data collection, demographic questionnaire, Raven Intelligence Test for Adults, Cooper smith Self Esteem Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were used. Data analyzed using descriptive-analytical tests in Spss v.19 software. Results showed that, among 64 students, 34 people were males, of which 16 (47.1%) were in successful and 18 (52.9%) in unsuccessful groups and among 30 girls participated in the study, 16 persons (53.3%) were in successful and 14 (46.7%) were in unsuccessful groups. Results showed that there werent a significant relationship between gender and marital status with academic achievement, but there were statistically significant relationship between residence variables, averaging diploma, employment, being native, socio-economic status, self-esteem, depression and IQ with the progress or lack of academic achievement. So, most of students with higher academic achievement were non-residential, unemployed, native and graduated with high diploma score, higher socioeconomic level, higher IQ and self-esteem and lesser depression level)p<0.05 (. Residential place, diploma score, being native, socioeconomic status, self-esteem, depression and IQ level are some of factors affecting academic achievement. Conditions should be created to identify the student personal and environmental conditions that affect academic achievement to take the necessary steps to improve their academic

Students bullying، especially in the adolescence period، is a prevalent problem in the schools، that emotional dysregulation is posed as a one cause of it. Considering this issue، the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between emotion regulation and emotion expression styles with bullying behaviors in adolescent students. The method of this study was correlation. Whole male students of secondary and high schools in Ardabil at 90-91 educational year comprised statistical population of this research. Two hundred thirty students، were selected by multistage cluster sampling method، responded to the questionnaires of bullying/victimization، emotion regulation and emotion expression. Gathered data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests. The results showed that victimization by bullying has positive relationship with cognitive reappraisal (r = 0. 15، p <0. 02)، emotion suppression (r = 0. 47، p <0. 001)، and positive expression (r = 0. 25، p <0. 02)، but has negative relationship with impulse severity (r = -0. 35، p <0. 001)، and negative emotion expression (r = -0. 43، p <0. 001). Furthermore bullying has a positive relationship with cognitive reappraisal (r = 0. 14، p <0. 03)، impulse severity (r = 0. 31، p <0. 003)، and negative expression (r = 0. 29، p <0. 001)، but has negative relationship with emotion suppression (r = 0. 28، p <0. 001)، and positive expression (r = 0. 24، p <0. 001). In sum emotion regulation and emotion expression styles explained 36 percent of the variance of the victimization by bullying and 19 percent of the variance of the bullying. This research demonstrated that emotion dysregulation at the adolescent period plays important role in bullying and victimization، thus the training of emotion regulation abilities is suggested as the one of interventions methods for this behavioral problems.