علیرضا یدوی

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers and zinc foliar application on the physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration of black cumin under different irrigation regimes, a split factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Zarghan, Fars province, in 2017 and 2018. Irrigation regimes (providing 100, 75 and 50% of the irrigation water requirement) as the main plot and biofertilizer (mycorrhiza, Phosohate Barvar2, mycorrhiza + Phosohate Barvar2, no biofertilizer) and foliar application (zinc foliar application, no foliar application) were considered sub-plots. In both years of the experiment, the reduction of irrigation water decreased the nitrogen concentration of aerial organs (45%), chlorophyll a (70%), soluble protein (37%), relative water content (40%), biological yield (46.6%), and grain yield (56%) of black cumin. However, it increased traits such as proline (1.35 times), soluble sugar (60%), and electrolyte leakage (1.1 times). Biofertilizer application, especially in combination (mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2), and zinc foliar application increased all the traits mentioned except electrolyte leakage. So in 50% irrigation, the combined application of biofertilizer compared to no application of biofertilizer increased the grain yield by 46% and 49.7% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The results showed that the application of biofertilizers and zinc foliar application moderates the negative effects of drought stress in black cumin by improving nutrient absorption and physiological characteristics.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant that is more than 2000 years old. Drought stress is one of the most limiting environmental factors in the growth and production of plants. Plant symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi and foliar spraying of essential elements can be one of the most effective solutions to deal with drought stress. This research also aims to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus and zinc sulfate foliar spraying on some biochemical traits and economic yield in St. John's wort under different irrigation regimes in a split factorial experiment with a basic randomized complete block design in three repetitions carried out during the three cropping years of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The main factor is irrigation regimes at three levels (100, 75 and 50% of irrigation needs); sub-factors were ZnSO4 foliar spraying at three levels (0, 3 and 6 per thousand) and inoculation with an AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) at two levels (inoculated and uninoculated). The results showed that the triple interaction of irrigation regimes + foliar spraying + mycorrhiza in all three years had a significant effect on chlorophyll content, proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and economic yield. Increasing irrigation stress had a reducing effect on chlorophyll content, economic yield, and the relative water content of leaves, but on proline, soluble sugars and malondialdehyde had an increasing effect. At each stress level, the highest economic yield was obtained in the treatment of 6 per thousand foliar spraying + inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Generally, foliar spraying of zinc sulfate + mycorrhiza increased the content of chlorophyll, sugar solvents and the relative water content of the leaf, caused the adjustment of the stress conditions and increased the resistance of the plant against drought, and by improving the quantitative and qualitative biochemical traits, it increased the economic yield of the St. John's wort plant.

Uptake and use efficiencies of phosphorus and some other nutrients affected by rate of phosphorus fertilizer and bio-fertilizers application. This experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers on the phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in rapeseed in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2019. The first factor included zero, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1 of phosphorus and the second factor included phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas and its non-use. Phosphorous increased the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The highest yield was obtained from 125 kg of phosphorus and phosphorus biofertilizer. With the consumption of 125 kg of phosphorus and biofertilizer, the highest phosphorus use efficiency and remobilization was achieved. The highest phosphorus harvest index was obtained from the applying 50 kg of phosphorus and no biofertilizer, and the highest phosphorus utilization efficiency was obtained from the applying 50 kg of phosphorus along with biofertilizer. Generally, using biofertilizer with phosphorus increased nutrients uptake and seed yield. In traits such as grain yield, grain and shoot phosphorus content, there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg of phosphorus + bacteria with the application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer alone, therefore, biological fertilizer can be substituted a significant part of chemical phosphorus fertilizer.

Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 

The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g-1 leaf fresh weight), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 

The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of linseed Norman variety.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in 3 replications in April 2012 in farm of Yasouj university. Experimental treatments during : T1-control (without fertilizer application), T2- application of 90 kg.ha-1 urea, T3- application of 10 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T4- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T5- application of Barvar1 biofertilizer (containing sAzotobacter (100 g.ha-1) T6- application of biofertilizer nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1 kg.ha-1), T7- application of 45 kg.ha-1 urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T8- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + nano biofertilizer, T10- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer, T11- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + biofertilizer Barvar1, T13- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 Tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer.

The results showed that different fertilizer treatments caused a significant increase in morphological traits, yield and yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage of linseed compared to the control.

One of the most important factors in reducing vigor of seed is the occurrence of water stress during seed development on mother plant. Also, the use of growth regulators in environmental stresses leads to the production of seeds with better germination ability. In order to study the effect of methyl jasmonate on germination indices and vigor of two bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in a RCBD design in two growing seasons (2015 and 2017). In this experiment, different irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off from bolting stage and irrigation cut off from the grain milking stage were investigated as the main factor, and two wheat cultivars Sirvan and Pishtaz and 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm of methyl as sub plots. The results showed that in both cultivars, germination indices decreased by stress, but application of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increased the germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight vigor, gluten and seed starch content in both years compared to the control. On average, at different levels of irrigation cut off and full irrigation, Sirvan cultivar showed higher germination percentage and rate than Pishtaz cultivar. Also, irrigation cut off from bolting stage had the greatest negative effect on the seed formed in the mother plant in different wheat cultivars. Overall, the results showed that among the treatments, the best methyl jasmonate application with a concentration of 100 mM was able to moderate the effects of drought stress and improve germination and qualitative traits of seed under stress and non-stress conditions and Sirvan had higher seed quality.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the important oil plants in temperate regions, which has great value for humans and livestock as a producer of oil and meal. Phosphorus plays an important role in improving the quality and quantity of oilseeds, including rapeseed. Sufficient sources of phosphate are needed by the plant for earlier development and rooting and more foliage production in a short period of time. Considering the stabilization of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers and environmental pollution, the use of biological fertilizers, especially the types of phosphorus-dissolving bacteria, play an important role in solving these problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the role of phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of canola under the influence of chemical phosphorus fertilizer management.

A factorial field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Yasouj University located in Deshtrum region in 2019. The first factor was triple superphosphate fertilizer at 6 levels (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure phosphorus) and the second factor included phosphorus biological fertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria at two levels (application and non-application). The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. Yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated.

The results showed that phosphorus and bacteria chemical fertilizers had a significant effect on all investigated traits. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and bacteria was also significant on all investigated traits except harvest index. The highest plant height (124.93 cm), number of lateral branches (4), leaf chlorophyll index (74.20), seed yield (5887 kg/ha) and biological yield (19411.4 kg/ha) were obtained in the treatment of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus and bacterial application. Also, with the consumption of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer and the use of bacteria, the highest percentage and oil yield was obtained. Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the treatment of application of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer + bacteria and the treatments of application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer (75, 100 and 125 kg) alone.

Considering the superiority of 125 kg of phosphorus fertilizer along with bacteria in terms of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield, it seems that these amounts of phosphorus fertilizer as well as the use of bacteria can be used to achieve proper yield in the experimental and also similar areas. Also, the results show that using bacteria can reduce the consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers.

Beans are one of the most important food sources in many parts of the world due to their high protein content. According to geographical conditions, drought stress in Iran is one of the most important threats to agricultural products. Disruption of photosynthesis, destruction of cell structures, reduction of stomatal conductance and plant growth are among the effects of drought stress. Today, the use of biofertilizers based on soil microorganisms is one of the main goals of sustainable agriculture to improve plant condition. In addition to improving soil structure, biofertilizers improve plant growth and yield under stress conditions by increasing root morphology, increasing nutrient uptake and increasing antioxidant power. Due to the negative effect of drought stress on crop yield, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on physiological characteristics and grain yield of red beans in different irrigation regimes.

  This experiment was performed as a split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Yasouj University in 2016. Experimental treatments include irrigation at three levels (normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering to the beginning of podding and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of podding to maturity) and biofertilizer at four levels (control (no application) Biofertilizer (application of mycorrhiza fungus, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and combined application of mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria). The red bean seed (phaseolus vulgaris) used in this experiment was a Derakhshan cultivar and the mycorrhizal fungus used was Funneliformis mosseae. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Phosphate barvar2) base on Pseudomonas putida Strain P13 and Pantoea agglomerans Strain P5 were used as seed inoculation at planting time. Sampling was done randomly at the beginning of podding stage and in the middle of grain filling with respect to the marginal effect in each block in order to measure percentage of electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water content (RWC), content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA).

  The results showed that different levels of irrigation were significant for traits such as RWC, electrolyte leakage percentage, MDA content, leaf proline content, leaf protein, soluble sugar concentration, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on all traits except the RWC. It should be noted that the interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer was not significant on any of the studied physiological traits except for MDA. Irrigation levels and application of biofertilizers also had a significant effect on grain yield, the combination of both biofertilizers was very effective on grain yield, especially in stress conditions. The grain yield was more than control in the case of irrigation cut-off in the flowering stage and in the case of irrigation cut-off in the stage of podding to maturity by 45 and 38%, respectively.

The results of this experiment showed that drought stress in the form of irrigation cut-off reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, increased the levels of physiological degradation and thus reduced the grain yield of red beans. In conditions of drought stress application of mycorrhiza biofertilizers and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, by reducing the damage caused by drought stress, prevented the reduction of bean yield. Also, the application of biofertilizers in normal conditions significantly increased the yield of red beans.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizer on physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration in linseed under irrigation withholding at different growth stages, a farm experiment conducted as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj University in 2017. Irrigation regimes (full irrigation, irrigation withholding at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity) and bio-fertilizer application at four levels (mycorrhiza fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer) were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest concentration of phosphorus (8.27 g.kg-1) and potassium (4.20 g.kg-1) in the leaf was observed in the treatment of mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer. In both stages of flowering and seed filling, irrigation withholding compared to full irrigation increased the soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, but reduced the relative water content and soluble protein of leaf.  The highest leaf prolin cintent (11.63 µmol.g-1) was observed in both biofertilizer combination treatments in condition of Irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of both type of biofertilizer increased soluble sugar concentration, soluble protein and reduced malondialdehyde levels. The highest grain yield was observed from application of mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2.The results indicate that linseed is sensitive to drought stress in the encapsulation to ripening stage (58% reduction). This damage modified by application of biofertilizer trough improving the absorption of nutrients and changing the concentration of osmolites.

To investigate physiological responses of black cumin to calcium silicate under salinity and drought stress condition with iso-osmotic potentials, a factorial experiment carried out based on the completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Iran in 2018. The first factor consisted of seven levels (salinity and drought stresses with iso-osmotic potentials of -2.4, -4.9 and -7.4 bar and control treatment) applied in Hoaglandchr('39')s solution. Salinity was applied with sodium chloride (NaCl) and drought with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). The results showed that at calcium silicate levels, salinity and drought stresses increased catalase and peroxidase activity, proline soluble sugars and malondialdehyde and also decreased leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content. Silicate application mitigated the stress effects so that increased catalase and peroxidase activity, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugars and decreased malondialdehyde content. In iso-osmotic potentials of drought compared with salinity, relative water content decreased but proline content, soluble sugars content, malondialdehyde content and catalase activity increased, indicating that black cumin sensitivity to drought is more than salinity based on physiological traits.

It is important to determine the optimum nitrogen and plant density to increase linseed quantitative and qualitative yields, nutrients uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to achieve the best nitrogen and plant density combination in linseed. The experiment was conducted in Yasouj University, Iran, as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. Treatments were nitrogen as main factor in five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha -1) and density as sub factor in three levels (50, 100 and 150 plant m-2). Maximum seed oil yield (982 Kg ha-1), seed yield (2525 Kg ha-1), grain protein (33.5 %),  seed mucilage (7.4%), seed phosphorus (0.41% ) and potassium (2.85%) were obtained from 100 kg N ha-1 at the density of 100 plants m-2. Maximum nitrogen use efficiency (79.5 kg kg-1) was obtained in 25 kg N ha-1 and 150 plants m-2 treatment, however the minimum (20.4 kg kg-1) obtained from minimum plant density and maximum nitrogen. Generally it is suggested the 100 plant m-2 density and 100 Kg ha-1 nitrogen to produce high linseed yield quantity and also quality in Yasouj region.

In order to evaluate the effect of different bio-fertilizer on agronomical traits and photosynthesis pigments of linseed under irrigation cut-off condition a farm experiment carried out as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj university in 2017. Irrigation regimes at three levels, full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity and bio-fertilizer application at four levels as mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi+Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. Results showed that the lowest grain and oil yield (93.7 and 32.9 g.m-2) and the lowest  capsule numbers per plant, seed numbers per capsule and 1000 seed weight and also the highest seed protein percent were achieved from irrigation cut-off at  beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 comparison with non-application of bio-fertilizer increased capsule numbers per plant, grain and oil yield, and protein percent by 25.5, 26.5, 33.1 and 17.4 percent respectively. Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 under irrigation cut-off at beginning of podding to end of maturity increased leaf carotenoid content significantly in seed filling stage sampling. Also in full irrigation condition at beginning pooding stage sampling, Use of mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 increased leaf chlorophyll content significantly.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid on physiological characteristics of safflower (Sofeh cv.) under salinity stress, a pot experiment was conducted in research greenhouse of agronomy and plant breeding department of Yasouj university in 2012. This experiment was carried out as a factorial in based on completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors consisted of salinity with three levels (0, 90 and 180mM NaCl) and foliar application with five levels including salicylic acid (0.5 and 1mM), ascorbic acid (200 and 400ppm)and control (without foliar application). The results indicated that increasing the salt concentration (Sodium chloride) lead to decreased total chlorophyll content, relative water content and potassium of leaf and increased prolin, soluble carbohydrate, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehid and sodium of leaf. Foliar application of 400 ppm ascorbic acid and 0.5 and 1mM salicylic acid increased prolin, soluble carbohydrate, chlorophyll and potassium of leaf and decreased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehid and sodium of leaf significantly but it had not effect on relative water content of leaf. Based on obtained result can stated that foliar by salicylic acid and ascorbic acid via increasing prolin and soluble carbohydrate and also decresed electrolyte leakage and sodium of leaf caused moderate the adverse effects of salinity stress on the safflower.

To evaluate the effect of delayed planting and irrigation regimes on yield, yield components and some agronomic traits of winter rapeseed varieties, two separate field experiments (I: optimum irrigation and II: terminal drought) carried out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-2016 cropping seasons at Zarghan field station, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Fars, Iran. In each experiment three planting dates (07, 17 and 27 October) and four winter rapeseed varieties; two open pollinated cultivars (Talayeh and Okapi) and two hybrids (Neptune and Elvis)) were assigned to main plot and randomized in subplot, respectively. The results indicated significant effect of irrigation and variety on all traits.The effect of planting date was significant on all traits except 1000 seed weight and number of seed per pod. Terminal drought decreased plant height, days to maturity, seed yield and yield components. The decrease in seed yield by terminal drought and delayed planting was 23.9 and 18.4%, respectively. The reduction of 17.2% of seed no. per pod by terminal drought stress and 16.2% of pods per plant by delayed planting caused yield reduction. The results also showed that the effect of terminal drought stress on seed yield and harvest index was much higher than the delay in planting. Tallayeh which maintained seed yield superiority under different conditions can be recommended as the suitable variety for similar growing conditions.

In order to study the effects of mycorrhizal fungi and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of red bean under water stress conditions, this experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. Irrigation as the main plot at three levels, without irrigation cut, irrigation cut off at the beginning of flowering to the start of podding, and irrigation cut off at the beginning of the podding to the maturity, and biological fertilizers as the sub plot at four levels as control, use of Phosphate Barvar2, use of Mycorrhiza and the combined use of them were used. The highest and lowest leaf area index, seed number per pod and biological yield were obtained in treatments without irrigation cutting and irrigation cutting at flowering to podding stage, respectively. The highest number of seeds per pod (3.91), leaf area index (3.29) and biological yield (6973.99 kg.ha-1) were observed in the combined application of mycorrhiza and Phosphate Barvar2 and the lowest, respectively as 3.06, 2.71 and 572.77 kg.ha-1 was achieved in the control. Mean comparison interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer on grain yield showed that in all three levels of irrigation, the highest and lowest of grain yield related to the combined application of mycorrhiza and Phosphate Barvar 2 and control (non biological fertilizer) respectively. The results showed that the use of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacterium reduced the effects of water stress by irrigation cuttings in red beans.

Given that saffron is a plant that its growth and development are coincided by apple tree inactive phase and also flowering and development stages have little interference with the tree, on the other hand because of synchrony of rainy seasons with plant growth, it can be a good candidate for agro-forestry in apple gardens of semi-arid regions as Iran. So this experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of corm weight and plant density on saffron yield. The experiment carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015-2016 growing seasons. First factor included of corm density in three levels (30.8, 40 and 57.1 corm.m-2) and second factor included of corm weight in four levels (≤6.0, 6.1-8.0, 8.1-10.0 and >10.0 gr). Rows spacing was 25 cm and corm spacing was set-out based on density levels. Results showed that maximum flower numbers, fresh and dry flower yield, fresh and dry stigma yield, corm yield, corm number and dry stigma yield in garden area were achieved from combination of 57.1 corm m-2 and 10< gr weight in two years. Maximum emergence percentage belonged to 10< gr corm in two years. Given that saffron yield consist of dry stigma yield and corm weight, it seems that sowing corm of 10< gr weight and 57.1 corm m-2 can produce proper yield, especially at first and second years, that apple trees canopy is not completed yet.

Mycorrhiza can be used as an efficient tool to increase nutrients productivity to achieve sustainable agriculture. This experiment conducted to investigate the interaction of phosphorus and mycorrhiza on growth characteristics and production of mini-tuber and nutrients uptake of seedlings under greenhouse condition. The experiment was arranged as factorial in completely randomized design with three replications in agricultural and natural resource research center of Hamadan in 2015. First factor included of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizophagus irregularis, (inoculated and non-inoculated) and the second factor was the amount of phosphorus (0.965, 0.482, 0.241 and 0.12 mM phosphorus according to H2PO-4 in Hoagland solution (100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of Hoagland complete phosphorus concentration (HCPC), respectively). The results showed that the maximum values of seedling establishment (98.3%), number of leaves (13.3), the number of mini-tubers (8.9), the total weight of mini-tubers per plant (53.2 g), shoot height (54.6 cm), phosphorus in mini-tubers dry matter (%0.38) and leaves (%0.363) observed in phosphorus 75% HCPC and inoculation treatment and no significant differences was seen relative to phosphorus 100% HCPC and inoculation treatment. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased the mini-tubers and leaves nitrogen, dry matter and weight of mini-tuber relative to non-inoculated treatments. Generally, respect to that there was no significant difference between 75% and 100% phosphorus in inoculation treatment, the applying of mycorrhizal fungi can reduce agricultural inputs consumption without any significant decrease in yield.

Weeds are one of the most important factors in reducing crop yield. Excessive use of herbicides for weed control because of the environmental pollution and ecological damaging effects does not have the necessary sustainability. One of the strategies to reduce the herbicides use in agriculture is use of intercropping systems with cover crops. Additive intercropping of different crop together through create an intense competition micro-ecosystem, provided the conditions that weeds damage would be minimized in these situations. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative usefulness of sweet corn-mungbean intercropping and its effect on weed control.
The experiment was conducted as factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of 6 levels of different cultivation systems (sweet corn and mungbean monoculture, intercropping of 20, 40, 60 and 80 percent of net density mungbeans with sweet corn) and the second factor was two levels of control and lack of weed control. Each plot had a length of 6 meters, including 4 rows by 60 cm distance. In monocultures, sweet corn (8.3 plant m-2 density) with 20 cm plant spacing and mungbean (8.23 plantm-2 density) with 7 cm plant spacing were planted. In intercropping treatments also sweet corn and mungbean were planted on both sides of the heap that plant spacing for sweet corn was 20 cm and for mungbean base on additive intercropping treatment were 8.7, 11.6, 17.5 and 35.8 cm respectively for creation of 80, 60, 40 and 20 percent of mungbean optimal density.
Weed competition reduced 1000 seed weight, seed number per row and canned grain yield of sweet corn by 13.8, 24 and 42.6 percent respectively. The highest (301.7 g) and lowest (281.8 g) of 1000 seed weight of sweet corn were related to intercropping of 20 and 80% optimal mungbean density with sweet corn, respectively. The highest (24.3) and lowest (20.6) of seed number per row of sweet corn were obtained respectively in intercropping of 40 and 80% optimal mungbean density with sweet corn. Compared to monoculture treatment the only intercropping treatments of 40 and 60% mungbean sweet corn increased the canned grain yield of sweet corn significantly.
Weeds competition and cultivation system had significant effect on 1000 seed weight, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index of mungbean. Treatments of 60% mungbean sweet corn intercropping and mungbean monoculture had the highest (40.8 g) and lowest (37.7 g) 1000 seed weight of mungbean respectively. Intercropping of sweet corn 20, 40 and 60% mungbean treatments increased number of pods per mungbean plant compared to pure culture significantly. In all of the intercropping treatments relative to mungbean monoculture the seed number per pod was increased. In the absence of weeds, intercropping of sweet corn 80% mungbean and in the presence of weeds, intercropping of sweet corn 60% and 80% mungbean had the similar mungbean grain yield (no significant difference) with the mungbean monoculture. Weed competition decreased the 1000 seed weight, pods number per plant and seed number per pod of mungbean about 13, 27 and 15 percent respectively. The highest weed dry weight (802.4 gr m-2) was observed in the pure culture of mungbean without non-significant differences with the sweet corn monoculture.
The lowest weed dry weight (465.9 gr m-2) was observed in the intercropping treatment of sweet corn 40% mungbean without non-significant differences with other intercropping treatments.
In all of the intercropping treatments the land equivalent ratio was greater than one (LER≥1) and ranged from 1.41to 1.89.
Based on the results of this experiment, additive intercropping sweet corn and mungbean in all of additive mungbean levels had the higher usefulness than monoculture of these species and in all of the intercropping treatments land equivalent ratio was more than one (LER≥1). The best additive intercropping treatment was sweet corn 40% mungbean.

Lack of water is one of the main factors in the reduction of agricultural production at arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients and key factor in achievement to favorable yield in crops. Organic sourceses in combined with chemical fertilizer can lead to soil fertility and increase crop production. Thus it seems necessary investigate the effect of different nutritional systems (Organic, chemical and integrated) and irrigation cut-off on yield and yield components of safflower.
The experiment was done on spring safflower (Isfahan-14 cultivar) as slit-plots arranged in a randomized completed block design with three replications. The main plot were including irrigation at the four levels (S0: full irrigation, S1: irrigation cut-off at the stem elongation stage, S2: irrigation cut-off at the flowering and anthesis stage and S3: irrigation cut-off at the grain filling stage) and subplot including different nutritional systems in the six levels (N0: no fertilizer, N1: 100 kg pure nitrogen from urea, N2: 75 kg pure nitrogen from urea kg nitrogen from organic manure, N3: 50 kg pure nitrogen from urea kg nitrogen from organic manure, N4: 25 kg pure nitrogen from urea kg nitrogen from organic manure and N5: 100 kg nitrogen from organic manure) (Organic manure was used poultry manure). This experiment was measured LAI, yield, yield components and water use efficiency.
The obtained results indicated that irrigation cut-off at different growth stages had significant effect on measured traits; so at treatment of irrigation cut-off at the flowering and anthesis stage, number of fill grain per head than full irrigation treatment decreased 21.5 percent. Also yield and yield components at integrated nutritional systems were more than chemical and organic nutritional systems. The highest grain yield at full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the stem elongation stage, irrigation cut-off at the flowering and anthesis stage and irrigation cut-off at the grain filling stage treatments was obtained from integrated nutritional systems of N2 (4291.7 kg ha-1), N2 (3211.7 kg ha-1), N2 (2653.3 kg ha-1) and N2 (3603.4 kg ha-1), respectively. The weater use efficiency at the S1 and S3 treatments in the all nutritional systems increased than S2 treatment.
Use of organic manures in combined with chemical fertilizers by moderating the effects of drought stress led to improvement yield and yield components of safflower under irrigation cut-off conditions. Therefore grain yield at S2 treatment in different nutritional systems of N2 and N3 was similar treatment of full irrigation and chemical nutritional system. Based on obtained results can stated that in safflower planting can by irrigation cut-off at grain filling stage and application of integrated nutritional systems somewhat compensated the decline caused by lack of available water.

Cultivar selection and proper plant density could be employed for increasing grain yield of any cultivar. With respect to the long history of sesame cultivation in Rostam region and the presense of local accessions and new cultivars in Fars provience, this study was carried out through a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Rostam region, Fars province in summer 2014. Effect of five plant densities (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 plants m-2) on yield and yield components of three of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) accessions (Nurabad local, Borazjan local and Darab 14) was evaluated. The results indicated that increasing plant density from 15 to 55 plants m-2 caused a significant decrease in seed oil content (40%), seed weight (14%), number of capsules per plant (8%), and number of branches per plant (88%) in three accessions. Increasing in plant density aslo resulted an increase in grain yield (68%), biological yield (66%), grain protein content (26%), oil yield (54%) and the number of seeds per capsule (9%). The local Borazjan had the highest seed oil (57.%). Finally, because of maximum yield (1982.48 Kg ha-1) Nurabad local can be suggested for planting at 55 plants m-2 in Rostam region.

In order to determine the critical period of weed control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sandra)a field study was conducted in the Mobarakeh region during 2013. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments were based on the days after emergence of sunflower in two series. The first series consisted of weed removal, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after sunflower emergence and then weed maintained until harvest. The second series consisted of weed maintaining till mentioned stages and then weed removal until harvest. Also, two control treatments (weed free and weed infested for all of the growth season) were applied. Results showed that with increasing period of weed interference, grain yield, oil yield, seed number per head and 1000 seed weight decreased significantly. Increasing period of weed control, above characteristics increased significantly. Increasing period of weed interference, weed dry weight significantly increased, but weed density first increased and then decreased. With increasing period of weed control, weed dry weight and density significantly reduced. Considering 10% acceptable grain yield losses, the critical period of weed control of sunflower was determined to be 12-40 days after emergence (between 4 leaves and flowering stage).

In order to study the effect of row spacing and plant density on quantity and quality yield of soybean in weed competitive condition, a field experiment was carried out at research farm of Yasouj Agricultural College in summer of 2011. Experiment arrangement was the factorial split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included weed (control and non control of natural weed flora) and sub plots involved factorial of soybean row spacing (with three levels 30, 45 and 60 cm) and plant density (with three levels 40, 50 and 60 plants.m-2). Results showed increased density and reduced row spacing increased soybean yield so that the maximum grain yield was obtained in 60 plants per square meter (2405 kg.ha-1) and 30 cm row spacing (2368 kg.ha-1). Weed competition reduced up to 37 percent soybean grain yield. Increasing plant density and decreasing row space increased oil yield, whereas weed competition reduced up to 38 percent oil yield. In addition, with increased plant density and reduced soybean row spacing, weed dry weight was reduced, so that the minimum weed dry weight was obtained in 30 cm row spacing (531.3g.m-2) and 60 plants per m2 plant density (523.2 g.m-2). The results indicating the effectiveness of the increase plant density and reducing row spacing of soybean for weed control.