mohammadjavad pourvaghar

The present meta-analysis aims to compare the effect of acute and chronic exercise in hypoxia versus normoxia on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

In April 2024, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to find original studies. The inclusion criteria for this study included articles published in Persian and English-language journals, with human subjects, investigating the acute and chronic effect of exercise training in hypoxia against similar exercise training in normoxia and measuring serum or plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Standardized mean (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random model.

A total of 16 studies with 283 subjects and an age range between 15 and 30 years were included in the meta-analysis. The results of data analysis showed that acute exercise in hypoxia [SMD: 0.28, P = 0.06] and normoxia [SMD: 0.25, P = 0.13] did not lead to significant changes in VEGF immediately after exercise when compared to pre-exercise. However, exercise training in hypoxia condition leads to a significant increase in VEGF compared to exercise training in normoxia [SMD: 0.76, P = 0.001].

The results showed that acute exercise training in hypoxia and normoxia had no significant effects on VEGF. Chronic exercise training in hypoxia may lead to an increase in circulating VEGF values compared to exercise training in normoxia, which indicates the role of hypoxia in the beneficial effects of exercise training.

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation is used as a nutritional strategy to reduce muscle soreness in athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of BCAA supplementation on muscle soreness and muscle damage factors after exercise in healthy adults.

A systematic search of articles published in English and Persian databases until November 2023 (without limiting the year of publication) was conducted to the effect of BCAA supplementation on muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage, including creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin (MB) was investigated in healthy adults.

A total of 28 studies, including 528 subjects, were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that BCAA supplementation significantly reduced muscle soreness at 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise compared with the control group (P<0.05); however, it was not significant immediately after exercise. This supplementation caused a significant decrease in CK and LDH immediately, 48 hours after exercise, compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, BCAA supplementation caused a significant decrease in circulating myoglobin after exercise in athletes and non-athletes compared with the control group (P<0.05).

Using BCAA supplementation can be considered a useful and effective strategy for athletes to reduce muscle soreness (24-72 hours after exercise) and muscle damage markers, including CK (48-72 hours after exercise) and LDH (48 hours after exercise).

Changes in furin and adipoline in obesity conditions may lead to the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training on the serum levels of furin and adipoline in prediabetic obese men. In this semi-experimental study, 30 prediabetic obese men were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the exercise for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes with an intensity of 80 to 85% of a maximum repetition. The levels of furin, adipoline and insulin resistance were measured before and after the test. The results of covariance analysis showed the values of furin (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), and insulin resistance index (P=0.001) in the experimental group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant decrease and a significant increase in the level of adipoline (P=0.001). The intragroup results of paired t also showed a significant decrease in furin (P=0.001, -13.5%), insulin (P=0.001, -17.5%), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1) percent), insulin resistance (P=0.001, -40.8 percent) and a significant increase in adipoline (P= 0.003, 1.4 percent), in response to the exercise protocol. It seems that the levels of adipoline and furin are affected by indicators related to diabetes and body composition. On the other hand, probably high intensity in resistance training can be considered as an effective factor in improving inflammatory indicators.

Cytokines preptin and adropin have a regulatory role in energy metabolism, but their mechanism in response to exercise in obese prediabetic subjects is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of intense circuit resistance training on serum levels of preptin and adropin in obese men with prediabetes.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese prediabetic men were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the HIRT program with an intensity of 80-85% of one maximum repetition for 8 weeks and three sessions for 60 minutes each week. Serum levels of adropin, preptin, and insulin were measured on two occasions before and after the test. Data analysis was done using independent t test and paired t test at a significance level of P<0.05.

The levels of preptin (P=0.002), insulin (P=0.007), glucose (P=0.001), insulin resistance (P=0.001) decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. While the level of adropin showed a significant increase (P=0.003). Paired t results showed a significant decrease in preptin (P=0.001, -0.20 percent), an increase in adropin (P=0.001, 21.5 percent), and a decrease in indicators related to diabetes insulin (P = 0.001) P, -17.5 percent), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1 percent) and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -17.5 percent) in response to the exercise protocol (P<0.05).

Probably, HIRT exercises can have a beneficial effect on adropin, preptin and some diabetes indicators and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

The expression of chemerin and Vaspin bioactive molecules is done through the communication between adipose tissue and other biological systems of the body, which play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIRT training on the serum levels of Chemerin, and Vaspin, and factors effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in obese and overweight pre-diabetic men.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 pre-diabetic obese men (30 to 45 years old) were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in the HIRT program with an intensity of 80-85% of 1 repetition maximum for 8 weeks and three sessions each week for 60 minutes. The serum levels of Chemerin, Vaspin, and diabetes factors were measured on two occasions pre-test and post-test.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the values of Chemerin (P=0.001), Vaspin (P=0.001), insulin (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.001), and insulin resistance (P=0.001), were significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group. The intra-group results of paired t-test also showed a significant decrease in Chemerin (P=0.001, -0.90 percent), Vaspin (P=0.003, -16.6 percent), insulin (P=0.001, -17.5 percent), glucose (P=0.001, -19.1%), and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -40.8%) in response to the training protocol (P<0.05).

In general, HIRT training can have a beneficial effect on Chemerin, Vaspin, and some factors affecting diabetes and body composition in pre-diabetic obese men.

Adiponectin is one of the most well-known adipokines with anti-inflammatory effects that plays an important role in regulating the whole-body metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the circulating levels of adiponectin in individuals with and without metabolic disorders.

A systematic search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Jihad Center and Magiran using the keywords "HIIT" and "adiponectin" to identify Persian and English languages published articles until October 2022. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. I2 test for calculation of the heterogeneity and visual interpretation of funnel plot test and Egger test for assessment of the publication bias were used.

Data analysis of 28 interventions (24 studies) showed that HIIT resulted in a significant increase in adiponectin [0.40 CI: 0.12 to 0.68), P=0.004]. Also, the data analysis of eight interventions showed that HIIT led to a non-significant increase in adiponectin compared to the MICT [0.41 CI: -0.04 to 0.86), P=0.07].

The findings of the present study showed that HIIT is a suitable and efficient training method to increase adiponectin, especially in people with metabolic disorders.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important marker of angiogenesis that may increase in response to exercise. However, the effect of acute exercise on this marker has been reported inconsistently. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of acute exercise on circulating VEGF in adults.

In order to extract original articles, a comprehensive search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar until 2023 March 1 for studies investigating the effects of acute exercise on circulating levels of VEGF. The meta-analysis criteria included studies published in Persian and English language journals, studies with human subjects with an average age of more than 18 years, studies investigating the effect of acute exercise, and studies measuring serum or plasma VEGF levels. To determine the effect size, standardized mean differences (SMD) values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using CMA2 software. The level of heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test and the publication bias was also assessed with Egger's test.  Furthermore, subgroup analysis was performed for health status (with chronic disease and healthy) and type of exercise (aerobic, resistance and high-intensity interval exercise).

In total, 27 articles (49 exercise interventions) including 704 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results of data analysis showed that acute exercise did not lead to significant changes in VEGF immediately after exercise compared to baseline [0.17, (CI: -0.05 to 0.40, p=0.14). The results of subgroup analysis based on the health status showed that exercise had no significant effect on VEGF in healthy subjects [SMD: 0.10, p=0.40], while it tended to increase VEGF in patients [SMD: 0.30, p=0.05]. The results of the subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise also showed that resistance exercise [SMD: 0.58, p=0.008] leads to a significant increase and high-intensity interval exercise [SMD: 0.29, p=0.06] leads to a non-significant increase in VEGF, while the effect of aerobic exercise [SMD: 0.009, p=0.95] was not significant.

In general, the findings of this meta-analysis showed that the type of exercise plays an effective role in the responses of VEGF to acute exercise. Resistance and high intensity interval exercise may lead to an increase in circulating VEGF immediately post exercise, while aerobic exercise does not have significant effects. In addition, exercise may increase VEGF in people with metabolic-cardiovascular disease, whereas, it is not effective in healthy individuals.

One of the important and effective physiological systems in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is the local renin-angiotensin system. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on the function of the local renin-angiotensin system and the gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 18 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, and then they developed type 2 diabetes by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin and HFD for four weeks. After the induction of type 2 diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: 1. diabetes-non-exercise group, 2. diabetes-exercise group. Rats in the exercise group trained 5 days/week, 45 minutes/session for 8 weeks on a treadmill with a mean speed of 20 meters per minute. Blood was collected from rats and liver tissue was extracted and frozen in liquid nitrogen to check the expression of angiotensin II, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), At1 receptor and Mass receptor genes.

Results of the present study showed that HFD consumption and streptozotocin injection increased blood glucose in rats (P=0.001). The ANOVA test showed that eight weeks of aerobic training caused a significant decrease in the expression of angiotensin II (P=0.001), PEPCK (P=0.003), At1 receptor (P=0.001) genes and the amount of blood glucose (P=0.002) in diabetes-exercise rats compared to diabetes-non-exercise group. Moreover, aerobic training led to a significant increase in the expression of Mass receptor (P=0.001) in diabetes-exercise rats compared to diabetes-non-exercise group.

Eight weeks of aerobic exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes by reducing angiotensin II, At1 receptor gene expression, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing Mass receptor activity.

The effects of exercise and sirtuin1 on inflammatory markers may be a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks of combined training along with supplemental consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract on serum sirtuin1 levels and insulin resistance index in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. In this semi-experimental clinical study 40 elderly men with diabetes (age: 67.07 ± 1.50) were randomly divided into five groups: control, placebo, extract, training, and extract + training. Aerobic training (10 to 30 minutes with an intensity of 50 to 70% of maximum heart rate) and resistance training (30 to 40 minutes, 8 to 12 repetitions per movement, between 40 to 80% of a maximum repetition) were performed. Mulberry Leaf Extract was prescribed to the subjects in three doses (each dose, 2 capsules of 500 grams). The variables were measured 48 hours before and after the test. The training, extract, and training +extract groups, a significant decrease in insulin resistance index and a significant increase in sirtuin1 level were observed (P<0.05). results between the groups showed a significant difference in the index of insulin resistance (P=0.001, F=60.70) and sirtuin1 (P=0.001, F=15.38), and these changes in the extract + training group compared to training and extract groups are larger (P<0.05). It seems that prescribing a combined training along with the consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract the elderly with type 2 diabetes can have the greatest effect in improving insulin resistance and sirtuin1 in the elderly with diabetes.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks combined exercise and consumption of Mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of inflammatory and atherosclerosis indicators in elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

40 elderly men T2DM aged between 65 to 70 years old were purposefully selected and randomly divided into five equal groups (training, supplement, training+ supplement, placebo, and control). A daily dose of 1000 mg Mulberry leaf extract, 3 times a day, was used for 2 months by the supplement group. Training groups performed combined exercises for eight weeks, each week three sessions of 90 minutes.

The results showed that the amount of salusin-β and interleukin-6 in the training, training + supplement and supplement groups decreased significantly at the end of the study; Meanwhile, the level of salusin-α increased significantly in the training (P= 0.001), training + supplement (P= 0.001) and supplement (P= 0.01) groups. Also, the results of the covariance analysis showed that the amount of salusin-β and interleukin 6 were lower (P= 0.001), and the level of salusin-α was higher significantly in the training (P= 0.001), training +supplement (P= 0.001), and supplement (P= 0.001) groups compared to the control groups.

It seems that the consumption of Mulberry leaf extract, and combined exercises, is effective in controlling the inflammatory indicators and atherosclerosis related to diabetes in the T2DM elderly. Corresponding Author: Roghayyeh AfroundehView Orcid in ProfileYou can search for this author in PubMed .

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different doses of acute consumption of beetroot juice on anaerobic performance in trained individuals.

In a randomized (purposive and accessible) cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, 9 subjects who were physically active for at least 150 minutes per week and for at least 6 months (age: 20.44±1.33 years, body mass index: 20.55±3.27 kg/m) volunteered to participate in the protocol during 3 weeks in a single session. 2 hours after consuming 70 mL or 140 mL of beetroot juice or 70 mL of placebo, participants completed the anaerobic power test based on running, Sargent jump test, Illinois agility test and the 36-meter speed test with a 10-minute rest interval.

The results of data analysis showed that acute consumption of 70- and 140-ml doses of beet juice had no significant effect on anaerobic power, peak power, average power, minimum power, relative peak power, anaerobic capacity, fatigue index. In addition, acute consumption of 70 and 140 ml of beetroot juice did not have a significant effect on the speed, agility and explosive power of trained people.

The results showed that the acute consumption of 70- and 140-ml doses of beet juice does not create any functional advantage for anaerobic power and its components, agility, speed and explosive power in trained people.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on serum leptin levels in individuals with and without chronic diseases.

In this research, a systematic search was conducted in Persian and English articles published until December 2022, in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Magiran databases using relevant keywords. After selecting the desired articles based on the inclusion criteria, a meta-analysis of the results was performed. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. The I2 test was used to identify the heterogeneity, and for the publication bias, the Funnel Plot test and the Egger test were used. All analyzes were performed using CMA2 software.

The results of data analysis showed that HIIT led to a significant decrease in serum leptin [-0.28 (CI: -0.07 to 0.48, p=0.008)]. Also, the data analysis of 9 interventions showed that there was no significant difference between HIIT and Medium Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on circulating leptin levels [-0.03 (0.27 to 0.34 CI, p=0.82)]. The results of the subgroup analysis based on the health status of the subjects showed that HIIT resulted in a significant decrease in leptin in individuals with chronic diseases.

HIIT leads to a decrease in circulating leptin levels, especially in individuals with chronic diseases. Despite the lack of significant differences between HIIT and MICT, HIIT is a time-efficient intervention for leptin reduction.

Hyperglycemia causes disorders of cardiovascular system, kidneys, retina, lens of the eyes, skin, and central and peripheral nervous system. Since two indicators PGC-1α and Atf2 are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, therefore, this study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks’ endurance training with quercetin supplementation on the expression of mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 genes in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats.

The present study was an experimental study with a post-test design with a control group that was performed by laboratory method. In the present study, 35 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (7 in each) including: healthy control, quercetin supplement, control diabetic, exercise diabetic, and diabetic quercetin supplement. 15 mg of quercetin per kg of body weight were injected to two experimental groups (diabetic exercise supplement and supplement) each day after diabetes induction. The protocol used in the present study was 6 weeks’ moderate intensity endurance training (55-50% of maximum oxygen consumption). Hippocampal tissue was taken surgically 24 hours after the last training session to evaluate the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test (with a significance level of P <0.05) was used to examine the data.

Results showed that the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes after 6 weeks of intervention, increased significantly in the diabetic supplement training group compared to the diabetic control, training diabetes, and quercetin supplementation groups (P<0.05). The diabetic exercise group had a significant increase compared to the diabetes control group for both of the genes (P <0.05).

It seems that 6 weeks’ endurance training alone and in combination with quercetin supplementation has a positive effect on mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 gene expression, and increases them in the diabetic patients.

The most common neurological complication of hyperglycemia is neuropathy which leads to changes in the central nervous system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise with quercetin supplementation on the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats.

This experimental study was performed by the laboratory method. Thus, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=7): Healthy Control, Diabetes Control, Diabetes Exercise, Diabetes Exercise Quercetin Supplement, and Quercetin Supplement. During the course, the supplement and diabetic groups were injected with 15 mg/kg of quercetin per day after induction of diabetes. For the training groups, six weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was performed on a revolving bar. To evaluate the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes, hippocampal tissue was isolated 24 h after the last training session. The SPSS statistical software (version 23), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post hoc test onther significance level of  0.05 were used to analyze the collected data.

The findings of this study showed that after six weeks of aerobic exercise, the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in the exercise supplement diabetes group significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to diabetes control, exercise diabetes, and quercetin supplementation. A significant increase was observed only for Ampk in the exercise diabetic group compared to the diabetic control and quercetin diabetic groups (P<0.05).

It seems that six weeks of aerobic exercise with quercetin supplementation can positively affect the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in hippocampal tissue and increase it in diabetic conditions.

Fetuin-A and Fetuin B have effective role in age-related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks combined training along with consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract on serum Fetuin-A and Fetuin B levels in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

In this case-control study, 40 elderly people with diabetes were randomly divided into five groups of: control (n = 8), placebo (n = 8), extract (n= 8), training (n=8), and extract + training (n = 8). Training was done for eight weeks and three sessions of 90 minutes each. 3000 ml of Mulberry Leaf Extract per day was prescribed along with three main meals. Fetuin A and Fetuin B levels were measured before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 statistical software at a significance level of P<0.05 and using paired t-test and analysis of covariance.

In the training, extract, and training+extract groups, a significant decrease in fetuin-A and fetuin B levels was observed (P<0.05). The extract + training group shows a larger decrease in Fetuin A (6.02%) and Fetoin B (5.09%) compared to the pre-test. Between groups analyses showed significant differences in the levels of Fetuin (P=0.002) and Fetuin B (P=0.001), and these changes were greater in the extract + training group than them in the training and extract groups.

The results of this research showed that prescribing a combined exercise program along with the consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract in diabetic elderly can possibly have a positive effect on Fetoin A, Fetoin B levels.

There is not much evidence about the complementary effect of Mulberry extract and exercise on the inflammatory indicators that are effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined exercise (aerobic+ resistance) and consumption of Mulberry leaf extract on serum levels of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and metabolic parameters related to diabetes in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental and single-blind study, 40 elderly with an age range of 67.07±7.48 years were purposefully selected as a sample and randomly assigned into five equal groups (Exercise, Supplement, Supplement + Exercise, Placebo, and Control). A daily dose of 1000 mg (two 500 mg capsules) of Mulberry leaf extract was used three times weekly for two months. The groups practiced three 90 minutes sessions per week for eight weeks. The studied variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period.

The levels of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and insulin resistance in the post-test of Exercise, Supplement + Exercise, and Supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). In the inter-group changes, the level of lipocalin-2, interleukin-1 beta, and insulin resistance in the Exercise, Supplement + Exercise, and Supplement groups had a significant decrease compared to the Placebo and Control groups (P<0.05).

It seems that the consumption of Mulberry extract can increase the effectiveness of exercise in reducing the inflammatory markers effective in diabetes and have a synergistic effect along with combined exercise.

Adipokines play an important role in inflammation and pathogenesis of diabetes. The aim of this study was to study the simultaneous effect of combined exercises (aerobic + resistance) and the consumption of mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

In this semi-experimental and single-blind research, 40 elderly men with the age range of 67.07 ± 7.48 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into five equal groups (exercise, supplement, Supplement+exercise, placebo, and control). A daily dose of 1000 mg (two 500 mg capsules) of Mulberry leaf extract was used 3 times a day for 2 months. The exercise and exercise + supplement groups practiced for 8 weeks in 3 sessions, each week for 90 minutes. The studied variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period.

Galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C levels in the post-test of the exercise, exercise+supplement, and supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). Also, the results of covariance analysis showed that the levels of galectin-3, apelin, and HbA1C in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups were significantly reduced compared to the placebo and control groups (P<0.05).

It seems that combined exercises and consumption of Mulberry leaf extract can be effective in reducing inflammatory biomarkers effective in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. However, supplementing with combined exercise has the greatest effect on controlling these inflammatory markers.

Obesity seems to lead to inflammation and impaired insulin function. Exercise can play a quasi-insulin role by stimulating visfatin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks resistance training on visfatin and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. In this semi-experimental study, 16 adolescent obese boys with Mean age (17.93±0.61) years a body mass index of 30 to 35 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly and equally divided into experimental and control groups. The training group performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 40 to % 851RM, three sessions per week, for ten weeks. Before the start of the training program and 48 hours after the last training session, the values of visfatin, glycemic index and body composition were measured. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and covariance analysis at a significance level of P<0.05. Data analysis showed that after 10 weeks of resistance training, serum levels of plasma visfatin (P=0.001, F=375.81), insulin resistance (P=0.001, F =1967.87), insulin (P= 0.001, F= 325.62, glucose (P= 0.001, F=66.99) and fat percentage (P= 0.03, F= 5.57) in the experimental group in terms of control. You have less although weight (P=0.15, F=2.26) and body mass index (P=0.20, F=1.81) were associated with a decrease in intergroup comparison, it was not significant. Resistance training appears to be effective in improving glycemic index and body composition in obese individuals by acting on visfatin plasma and enhancing its insulin-like function.

Myonectin is a myokine involved in metabolic processes associated with obesity. But the role of exercise on myonectin in obese adolescents has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of resistance training on the serum myonectin level and anthropometric indices related to weight loss in obese adolescents. In this quasi-experimental study, 16 obese male adolescents with mean age of 17.94±0.61 years and a body mass index between 30 and 35 kg/m2 were targeted selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The training group performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 40-85% of 1RM, for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Before starting the training program and 48 hours after the last training session, serum myonectin levels and indices related to subjects' body composition were measured. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of P=0.05. Data analysis showed that 10 weeks of resistance training significantly increased serum myonectin level (P=0.0001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, the values ​​of weight (P=0.015), body mass index (P=0.020) and fat percentage (P=0.0001) were significantly decreased in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the percentage of body fat (P=0.0001). However, no significant difference was observed between weight and body mass index (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that resistance training with an effect on the amount of myonectin can affect anthropometric indices related to overweight and obesity and can be effective in reducing the potential risk of some obesity-related diseases.

The ginger medicinal plant has effective clinical effects in the treatment of many metabolic diseases in the field of health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training along with ginger supplementation on liver enzymes AST and ALP in inactive healthy men.

In this semi-experimental study, 40 inactive healthy men with an age range of 21-25 years were voluntarily selected and randomly and equally divided into four groups of resistance training, exercise + ginger, ginger and cotrol, 10 in each group. People were divided. The intervention groups participated in the exercise program for six weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 40 minutes with an intensity between 70 and 85% of the maximum repetition.The supplement group received ginger capsules (Zintoma), containing 250 mg, 3 times and a day before each meal. Before and after training, AST and ALP levels were measured in all four groups.

The results of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the values of AST (P=0.01) and ALP (P=0.02). The results of the paired t test showed that the levels of AST and ALP in the exercise group + ginger (P=0.001) and the exercise group decreased significantly (P=0.02), these changes were not significant in the control group and ginger (P≥0.05).

It seems that the simultaneous use of ginger supplement and resistance training can be effective in improving liver enzymes.

The protective role of glutamine against protein breakdown and also its potential effect on rehabilitation after exhaustive activities is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute glutamine supplementation before an exhaustive activity on blood lactate levels and pain index in young athletes.

In this quasi-experimental double-blind study, 16 male athletes (age: 21.87±1.77 years, weight: 72.65±6.02 kg, body mass index: 23±1.75 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups including glutamine (n= 8) and placebo (n= 8) groups. The experimental group consumed 0.6 g of glutamine supplement per kg in body weight with 500 ml of water half an hour before activity. Moreover, the placebo group used 2% dextrin solution without glutamine. Lactate level was measured using a lactometer and pain index was evaluated with the numerical pain raiting scale (NPRS) questionnaire before, immediately, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after an exhaustive protocol. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Beferroni post hoc test was applied at the significance level of p<0.05.

Blood lactate level and pain index significantly increased after exhaustive activity in both groups (p<0.05). However, blood lactate levels and pain index were significantly lower 30 minutes after activity as compare of the initial phase after exercise in both groups (p<0.05). The decreasing process of lactate level and pain index continued up to 60 minutes after the end of activity, but this decrease was greater in the glutamine supplement than in the placebo group (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between blood lactate levels (30 and 60 minutes) and pain index (immediately, 30 and 60 minutes) after the exhaustive activity (p<0.05).

It is recommended that athletes can use glutamine supplementation to reduce blood lactate levels and pain index before their performing exhaustive activities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga and leech therapy on the management of migraine patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 21 female patients (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into three groups of yoga, leech therapy and control in equal numbers (n =7). The severity of headache was assessed by a questionnaire (VAS) and the duration of headache was checked by a checklist at pre-test, post-test and follow-up periods. Patients in the yoga group performed yoga exercises for 12 weeks (60 sessions, 5 days a week, each session 60 minutes). In the leech treatment group, two leeches were used every week for 12 weeks Used in the back of the posterior auricular muscle. The control group followed their usual medication. For statistical analysis, repeated measurement and ANOVA tests were performed at a significance level of P≥0.05. Intragroup results showed that 12 weeks of yoga and leech therapy separately significantly reduced the severity and duration in the groups (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the three groups in pain intensity (P = 0.09) and pain duration (P = 0.12). It seems that the interventions showed significant clinical improvement in all three groups. The results of this study showed that leech therapy and yoga therapy have the same benefits as drug therapy in reducing the severity and duration of pain in women with migraine headaches. Therefore, yoga and leech therapy exercises can be effective as an adjunct therapy in migraine patients.

Adiponectin, a cytokine secreted from adipose tissue, is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training with high intensity on the levels of plasma adiponectin, insulin, insulin resistance, and glucose in overweight young men. This study has a semi-experimental design, subjects were 20 overweight young men with Average age (22.95 ± 1.32) and BMI between 25 to 30 kg/m2 that purposefully selected and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, with 90% percent of the maximum heart beat. Research variables were measured before and after exercise. The Data were analyzed by the dependent t - test and covariance analysis at p < 0.05. The result indicated that 8 weeks of intensive interval training led to the increase of serum adiponectin level (F=88.47, P=0.03) and a Significant decrease in Insulin (F=48.38, P=0.004), insulin resistance (F=61.08, P=0.001), glucose (F=58.33, P=0.027), body mass index (F=75.12 , P=0.04),  body weight (F=56.09 , P=0.02), and body fat percent (F=50.03, P=0.001) (p < 0.05). But no significant difference was observed (F=1.79, P=0.073) in the waist to hip ratio. It seems that 8 weeks of high interval training as a non-invasive treatment can increase adiponectin levels while Reduce some glycemic and anthropometric indexes related to obesity or overweight.

Total-Body Resistance Training (TRX) is a new method for increasing muscle strength and decreasing muscle atrophy and improving balance in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of TRX training on static and dynamic balance in elderly men.
 

In this quasi experimental study, 16 elderly men, with age range of (62.06 ± 1.53 years) were selected as sample by availability sampling method; and were randomly placed in two TRX and control groups; each group n=8. Experimental group practiced in a TRX exercise program for 12 weeks; each week 3 sessions with duration of 60 minutes. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significant level of P<0.05.
 

The results of paired t-test showed that there is significant difference between pre-test and post-test for static (t= -22.40, p=0.0001) and dynamic (t=13.8, p=0.0001) balance in TRX group. Also the results of ANCOVA test showed that there was significant difference between TRX and control groups in static (F=495.45, P =0.0001) and dynamic balance (F=74.94, P= 0.0001).

It seems that TRX exercises can increase static balance time and decrease dynamic balance time in older men. Probably by using this exercise method, negative physical consequences and consequently treatment costs can be reduced. This method can be useful in the field of elderly nursing.

Many adolescent girls face issues such as depression, loneliness and body image, which sometimes impede the development of normal emotional and psychological development in the form of mental and acute disorders. But the key question is, does aerobic activity affect depression, loneliness, and body image in adolescent girls?

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on depression, loneliness and body image in adolescent female students.

This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population consisted of eighth grade female high school students in district 8 of Tehran. 70 students were selected by cluster sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (n= 35). Research tools include Aerobic Activity Session Implementation Protocol (Pour vagar & Bahram, 2014), Depression Questionnaire (Beck, 1963), Di Tomaso & Spinner Adult Short Socio-Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire, and Body Image Concerns Questionnaire. (Halling et al., 2007).

Aerobic exercise had a significant effect on depression and loneliness but had no effect on body image (P<0/001).

Aerobic activity improved depression and loneliness in adolescent girls.