فهرست مطالب mohammadmahdi rahmati

Sadegh Hedayat’s cultural modernism formulates an enlightened subjectivity, which founts the historical sociology’s experience of modernity in Iran. His literary experience conceptually differentiates Erziehung and Bildung. For him, a critical encounter with ideology forms Bildung, while Erziehung is subtle thinking informed by an encounter with an-other. Debilitating the sensorial paradigm of Iranian modernity is a social action that is only possible through a decoding of its temporality, all of which explains the chaotic narrative form of The Blind Owl. Investigating Hedayat’s experience is only possible through the non-I and other realisations in The Blind Owl. By suspending the ideological representations and mental structures, Hedayat represents a waned reality. In The Blind Owl, attention to places, recollection of memories, and dynamic forces that affect subjectivity and inform a migrative nurture. The Blind Owl is the structured explication of the chaotic experience of modernity in Iran. It is the roadmap of a heterotopia which leads to India, or an other within the self – as a promise.

Gender is the strongest and most important social division. According to feminists, gender is an important social classification like social class, race or religion. Just as socialists use "class politics" in their doctrine, feminists present the theory of "sexual politics". According to feminists, "sexism" is considered as a form of oppression, which is similar to "racism". The aim of the current research was to explain the social factors affecting gender identity in the youth of Ardabil city with the approach of structural equation modeling. The current research is a quantitative research based on the type of data collected. The strategy used in this research is survey. The statistical population of this research consists of young people aged 18-30 living in Ardabil city. A simple random cluster sampling method has been used for sampling, which includes 40 researcher-made questions with a Likert scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Lisrel software with structural equation tests.
 The results of the research findings indicate that all the relationships between the research constructs are established and also the value of the fit indices shows the appropriate fit of the model. According to the results of this model, according to the order of the factors (education in the family system with a factor load of 0.59; gender stereotypes and norms 0.57; social acceptance of gender 0.52; teachings of the educational system 0.47; society structure 0.44 and stereotyped gender beliefs (0.42) have an effect on gender identity among the youth of Ardabil city. The factor of upbringing in the family system has the highest influence and the factor of stereotyped gender beliefs is the lowest.

Visual pollution is one of the problems of urban appearance that great negative influence on the quality of life of citizens. Some elements such as billboards and advertisements on building facades, canals and shafts for air conditioning, electricity and telephone cables, and gas pipes, façade deterioration, heterogeneity of new constructions, disruption of the historical skyline, extensions to balconies and roofs for the increasing usable area of buildings, disruption of the originality of materials due to facade pollution repairs, and furniture disorder including the scattering of lighting elements and lighting are the causes of disorder in urban facades and visual pollution. The purpose of urban rehabilitation projects is to enhance the urbanscapes and reduce visual pollution in urban facades, especially in historical contexts. Also of urban rehabilitation projects create the opportunity for the appearance of the historic city to be a more visible reflection of the historical period that has passed by reducing the disturbances and pollution of the street wall. Although rehabilitation projects have been implemented in some Iranian cities in the last decade, including Tehran, a comprehensive understanding of the issue and the purposes that such projects should pursue has not yet been achieved. Enghelab Street is one of the most important east-west streets of Tehran, which was built during the Pahlavi period. This street is located in the middle of Tehran and since the middle urban fabric of the city is the narrator of a part of the city's history that, if lost, would jeopardize the sequence of the city's story in the future, it is very important to conserve this fabric. Enghelab Street has always played an important role in the political, cultural, and social history of Tehran. The section in front of the University of Tehran, with the gathering of bookstores, has its audience, which has led to the formation of galleries, art stores, book cafes, and socio-cultural exchange spaces. Although all these factors have led to the social and economic prosperity of this part of Enghelab Street, it has also increased visual pollution. Enghelab street rehabilitation & elimination of visual pollution project was presented by the Tehran Beautification Organization in 2015-2016 to preserve historical and cultural values. They wanted to restore authenticity to this street by elimination of visual pollution, improving the facades of buildings, and organizing the billboards and advertisements on building facades. The purpose of this study is to develop the theoretical framework of urban rehabilitation projects based on the historical, identity, physical, perceptual, social, and economic aspects and components of each, and evaluate "Enghelab street rehabilitation & elimination of visual pollution project" in the city of Tehran. It should be noted that the six aspects presented in this article are not completely separate from each other, but have an inseparable interaction. The separation of them in this article is only for the purpose of making it possible to review and evaluate "Enghelab street rehabilitation & elimination of visual pollution project". This study relies on the qualitative approach. This research has two main steps in which a research method was used in each step: The first step is to use content analysis to extract the aspects of urban rehabilitation and develop the theoretical framework of the research by logical reasoning. The second step is analyzing opinions and impressions of the two groups of business owners and pedestrians and codification of interviews by Strauss and Corbin's qualitative analysis method. Through the results of the field study and interviews, the research shows that this project is more successful in "perceptual" and then "physical" aspects than other aspects based on the residents’ perspective. "Increasing legibility", "establishing visual order", and "reducing visual and light pollution" are the most important of its effects, respectively. But in the "social" aspect, especially the interaction with the business owners is less successful. The results of this study show that it is necessary to consider the six aspects of historical, identity, physical, perceptual, social, and economic aspects in urban rehabilitation project. This study also reveals that sometimes a low level of public awareness of the historical and identity aspects of the city can lead to a conflict between citizens' views and the purposes of urban planning in the field of conservation and promotion of historical and identity values. Therefore, in both "historical" and "identity" aspects, cannot rely solely on the residents’ perspective, and the use of the opinion of experts is necessary for these projects. The general agreement of the interviewees to remove all the old billboards of shops of Enghelab street without considering their historical values shows that rehabilitation projects without the use of the opinion of experts can become a threat to values, especially the physical signs of political and social memories, and rust. It should also be noted that future research is proposed to accurately assess the economic impact of this project.

Deep analysis of women's issues in sport and especially in the sociology of sport has always been among major scientific approaches and paradigms, and one of the most special discourses in sport is its gender issues. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to represent and analyze gender-dominant discourses in women's sports with a sociological approach.

The current research was qualitative and used a thematic analysis method. Therefore, 150 valid research articles were analyzed and coded based on conceptual commonality and purposive sampling techniques. The textual data with these samples continued until the researcher reached the theoretical saturation stage. The research data were classified in the form of analysis of the topics related to the discourses. In general, from 11 basic (main) themes, 3 organizing themes and finally a semantic theme were extracted, which draws and analyzes the network of themes related to gender dominant discourses in women's sports. The research validation method was also applied based on the presentation and feedback of the research results to the experts for its final approval.

Based on the theme analysis of the research data, three basic themes including the domination of gender norms in sports, media representation of women's sports and gender discrimination in sports were identified, which were able to represent the central theme of gender dominant discourses in women's sports. In a general view, all of the themes extracted at the middle level and the basic concepts at the micro level were all related and there was a close relationship between these categories for drawing gender discourses in women's sports. Based on the network of drawn themes, it can be concluded that the sum of these themes can well represent the semantic theme.

Based on three basic themes, the change in the roles, attitudes and beliefs of the society towards women's sports can change the dominance of gender norms in sports; Quantitative and qualitative representation of women's sports in the media and social media to make appropriate objectification of women's participation; And finally, the establishment of gender equality in rights and benefits, resources, education and management can lead to a better understanding of women's sports and, as a result, create policies and strategic plans in this field.

Content strategies have a crucial role in fulfilling the mission of IRIB. The main prerequisite for the successful implementation and operation of these strategies is haveing appropriate evaluation indicators. The main goal of this study is, "Identifying the measures of evaluating the strategies of the IRIB in the field of content production and distribution. Balanced Scorecard has been used to achieve the goals of the research. In this research, experts' opinions were used in two focus group sessions. By focusing on balanced scorecard dimensions and long-range strategies and programs of IRIB in the content area, indicators were identified. "Percentage of programs produced with research attachment, "The number of news sections in specialized channels", "Amount of freelance production in broadband and in different genres", "Monetizing through different income mechanisms in the broadband space", "The number of people interacting with IRIB, "The status of the channels and radio and television programs in the social networks" are the most important indicators identified for the strategic assessment of the IRIB content in accordance with the balanced scorecard model. For continuous evaluation of content strategies, it is necessary for IRIB to translate the indicators into quantities value. Then, based on them, determine and quantify the progress of content strategy. Considering the environmental requirements and audience’s desires, needs and interests, as well as analyzing their performance and competitors in the media competition environment and the serious effort to apply these indicators will provide the basis for accurate content management and planning.

Sociological analysis of sport has emphasized the gender strains governing this social phenomenon adequately. With this approach, "football fanaticism" for women in a situation where direct presence and watching are prohibited in the stadiums as a "social issue" needs to be analyzed in this paper. Objective Identifying the dominant gender hierarchy in the discourse of football fanaticism in Iran and, in a sense, identifying, describing, understanding and interpreting the discourses that exist in relation to the issue of "women's advocacy of football". In terms of the nature of the research, this is a qualitative research based on text analysis. The analytical framework governing the research data in this article is the theory of discourse analysis by Laclau and Mouff. Under this framework, data from interviews, reports, opinions and, in general, any text related to the subject of research using the non-probabilistic sampling method and the theoretical sampling strategy being purposeful was analyzed from texts related to women's support for football and the presence of women at the stadiums. The Unit of Analysis was "Discourse" and its observation was the "Text". Selected texts were from website Bartarinha, Asre Iran, Puyesh, Khabar Online, Parsineh, Tabnak, Hamseda, Cup, The Instagram page of Taraneh Alidousti and Hanieh (one of the female supporters who came to the stadium). The results of the research led to three levels of identification of religious-political, international and discourses available in the civil domain.

Nowadays, lifestyle is an effective concept for studying the facts of life of different people. Elite athletes are always one of the most important groups in societies that their lifestyle is of interest to all. Studying the elite athletes’ lifestyles requires a valid and reliable tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to construct and validate Elite Athletes Lifestyle Questionnaire.

The study was mix method that in qualitative phase for identifying lifestyle indicators 19 experts selected for deep unstructured interview in targeted sampling. Qualitative data was analyzed using the Glaser approach of grounded theory and its validity was verified by 10 experts. The statistical population of the quantitative phase was all of the athletes in premier League of football, futsal, volleyball and basketball that 308 of them completed the researcher-made questionnaire in stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and Fitting Model Indexes were confirmed after correction of some questions.

The results showed the Iranian elite athletes’ lifestyle tool has 10 dimensions include Responsibility, Financial Literacy, Leisure, Professional Thinking, Life Vision, Emotional Competencies, Consumption, Cultural Consumption, Religious Behavior and individual Issues. Also, the reliability of sub scales was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and for the whole scale of 0.89.

Due to the results the designed tool, has a good validity and reliability and can be used to study the distinctions of elite athletes lifestyles.

The PSB (public service broadcasting) is based on social responsibility. The preferred system for media management in IRIB is closer to the service-oriented media model. An effective presence in the media industry requires strategic planning and, more importantly, evaluation and modification of these strategies. Lack of proper compilation of evaluation indicators will result in waste of financial and human resources. This also applies to the technical field, as one of the most important key areas of the IRIB. The main purpose of this research is "to identify the indicators of evaluation of strategic plans of the IRIB’s technical field to realize the concepts of PSB". In the first step, the researcher has studied the important texts and sources in the field of PSB that have been published by international institutions using the documentary method, and then summarized eleven concepts. In the second step, by adapting all technical strategy plans to these concepts, four strategies (including ten strategic plans) corresponding to two PSB concepts namely “Universality” and “Excellence” were extracted that show the features of the PSB system are reflected in the IRIB’s strategic planning .Finally, using a balanced scorecard and holding four focus group meetings attended by 6 general managers and 9 technical experts who were purposefully selected, the evaluation indicators have been identified and explained in four dimensions (Internal business processes, Financial(Media Economy), Customer (Audience & Beneficiary), Learning and Growth (Human Resources).

 The purpose of this article is to define the culture of sport and presenting an indigenous model of the components of its, according to the anthropological definition of culture, using the theories of experts.

 This article is in the framework of the qualitative research strategy and interviews with 10 physical and cultural education managers and 5 cultural experts of the federations in a targeted sampling First, on the basis of common funds, the themes, related themes, the main themes and the themes of each of the categories of the topic of research are identified, finally, draws and analyzes the network of themes related to the nature of sport culture"What is sport culture?".

 The results of the network designing are indicative of the culture of sport; there is a difference between the two themes of cultural sport and cultural sport, and these two themes are broader around the themes of organizing universal moral values, the intrinsic values of exercise, physical and physical values of exercise, national and historical values , Religious values, values of modern life and cultural anomalies of sport, define the culture of sport in Iran.

 According to research findings, culture of culture means "a set of values, norms, beliefs, customs and cultural and historical traditions affecting sporting behavior, as well as specific values derived from sports (martial arts, martial arts, and ...) influences the culture of people in the sports and community environment. "

Children are one of the most important media audiences. This present research has studied children’s television programs on Iran TV2 using Tuchman and Connell’s feminist theory and content analysis method. The purpose of this research is to study the representation of femininity and masculinity in the characters of the children's program. The main questions of this research are: “which kind of gender stereotypes is represented on children’s programs on IRIB TV2? Which kind of contents would be reproduced by these stereotypes?” For this purpose, 23 episodes of children’s programs on IRIB TV2 have been selected by random sampling.  Research findings show that male and female characters are distributed unbalanced on children’s programs. So that, male display rate is 40.5% (272 codes) more than that of female characters. Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity has been represented on male and female characters on these programs. Gender stereotypes are shown in the form of Binary oppositions such as male active/female passive, male intelligent/ female unintelligent. The symbolic annihilation of women is represented on these programs, so that women mostly are shown in ineffective roles. Therefore, the research finding show that television and specifically children’s programs persists the unequal representation of male and female characters.

Sports and sporting events in today's world have become an important part of everyday life. People's sport participation is influenced by various factors, including the sport socialization, structural and social factors. Therefore, the present study uses a symbolic interaction approach to explore the sociological study of the process of sports participation. In this regard, using the quantitative method and Socialization of Sport, athletic identity, sport commitment, social-structural constraints and sports participation scales, a sample of 574 athletes in the city of Rasht, the hypothesis were tested using structural equation model. The results indicate that the athletes' sport participation process in the first place generally began with sport socialization and the amount of sport support received, In the next step, athletes’ athletic identity and sport commitment are formed with continued participation in sports. Furthermore, the structural and social pressures play a decisive role in the sport socialization, athletic identity, sport commitment and sport participation of athletes. In general, as the findings of this study showed, sports participation is socially constructed and sustained by structural-social factors.

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PED) is common among Iranian professional athletes. As this phenomenon is a social problem, the main purpose of this research is to explain why athletes engage in “doping” activity by using social learning theory. For this purpose, a sample of 784 professional athletes from Rasht and Bandar Anzali (Iran), was used to test hypotheses related to social learning theory. the findings of this study indicated that the components of social learning theory - differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation, and definitions - can accurately predict 0.43, 0.29, and 0.44 percent of the variance of athletes’ PED in totall, male and female athletes, respectively

This study was conducted to identify and analysis effective factor of institutionalize sport culture in children and adolescences. The population was all professors in field of children and adolescence sport (sample=25) people and in quantity sector was physical education teachers in Iran (n=5682), and the sample was (n= 122) teachers, (66 male, 56 female), in year 94-95, sample chosen randomly in 6 city. The instrument was questionnaire, based on Qualities sector of study validity of that proved by 12 university professors and reliability approved (0.82). Factor analysis by varimax rotation showed six factors include Family activities and peer groups, the activities of nongovernmental organizations (private sector and NGOs), the activities of state institutions (sports organizations, schools and media), public and private sector activities, the activities of religious and religious organizations and facilitating activities can predict 49.72 percent of institutionalize sport in children and adolescence in view of sport teachers. Parental information and emotional support in the field of sports (0.76), the construction of sports clubs by gender in the private sector (0.75), having extracurricular activities in school (0.75), up-to-date, accessible The existence and adequacy of sports facilities for children and adolescents (0.84), the presence of clergy in sporting events for children and adolescents (0.69), and the provision of equipment and facilities for athletic activities at home by parents (0.56), respectively Each of these factors is the most effective factor. So effective factor of institutionalize sport culture in children and adolescences must be pay attention by families and country sport planners.

This research aims to study media reflections of some soccer matches that have been played in the sensitive political and social situation in the 60s, 70s and 80s. First, it discusses an analysis of the struggles between the discourses of each period. Second, it identifies Hegemonic discourse in each decade. In addition, the following research aims to analyze and comment on the discourses that seek after a national identity that has been formed in different historical ages.
For this purpose, we have chosen three soccer matches of these three decades with targeted sampling method to be discussed based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis.
These three matches are Iran vs. Israel on May 1968, Iran vs. Netherlands on June 1978 and Iran vs. South Korea on October 1990. The way of reporting Iran, Israel match is in a more realistic view and the mythical tone is naïve and without any ranting, whereas the texts on June 1978 are narrated in a revolutionary way with idealistic elements and in the 1990s it gets more ideological and experienced.
In conclusion, based on the result of this research, between the 1960s and 1970s we can see a vacillation in discourse between "Realistic View" and "Idealistic View", after the Islamic revolution "National Identity" changes into "Religious Identity" and "Ideological Borders" replace "Geographical Borders" in idealistic discourse.Also definitions like "The Ummah" and "Islamism" replaced "nation" and "Iranism". Accordingly, in the texts of the 60s, 70s and 80s "Realistic", "Idealistic" and "Religious" discourses can be identified.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the development of social culture in cultural development of athletic sport.
The method applied in this research work was descriptive-correlation. A purposively sample of 143 experts in the field of cultural and sport studies were selected. The instrument used in this research work was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts in cultural and physical education. Reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.84). The statistical method included the exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation in order to identify the factors involved, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to test the impact of the identified factor and items on the cultural development in athletic sport.
The results obtained showed that social vitality, social responsibility, social capital, social control, and social heritage were the five factors related to the development of social culture in the order of importance. Furthermore, the items of sport event security, religious commitment, observation of social norms in sport, monitoring and equal implementation of laws and regulations in sport organizations, honoring the pioneers and leaders of sport, considering the factors of social vitality, social responsibility, social capital, social control, and social heritage were the priorities, respectively.
Knowledge, trust, commitment, solidarity, prosperity, security, and a sense of security, happiness, and mental health are the components of the development of society as development of social culture that could be cultural development athletic sport.

The main objective of this paper is to explain the process of engagement of individuals in sports betting. Hence, the hypotheses were tested by collecting the necessary data through distributing questionnaires among a sample of 272 students of the universities of the city of Rasht. The Akers theory of social learning was applied. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between aspects of social learning theory, i.e. differential association, differential reinforcements, imitation and definition and consumption level and inclination towards sports betting of the respondents. Also the regression model of the research showed that the conceptual aspects of the social learning theory can predict 0.41 of variations of consumption level of sports betting and 0.47 percent of variations of inclination towards sports betting. Also the respondents who are engaged in betting in extreme and pathological forms have received higher level of social and environmental impacts compared to the occasional professional gamblers and non-gamblers. In general, The findings of this research indicate that the level of participation of students in betting activities and the level of their tendency towards such activities take place in the social milieu and any change in the behavioral patterns stemming from social context in the first place requires introduction of suitable cultural patterns and in the second place it needs preventive and supportive programs for the target groups.

Today, cellphone is an integral part of our life in daily communication and relations. Moreover, due to the increasing development of the communication technologies and devices, it is necessary to study their impacts and influences on people in society. The main aim of this paper is to describe and explain the culture of cellphone consuming. Meanwhile, indexes of lifestyle have been applied among subjects (University students). Theoretical framework of this research is Pierre Bourdieu’s consumer lifestyle. This study is based on survey method with sample size of 400 students. Questionnaire has been used for gathering data from respondents (students of state university and medical university of Shahrekord). The results of this study showed that, using Bourdieu’s theory, we can explain many students behavior about consuming cellphone. Moreover, findings about using social media between respondents have confirmed the theory of anonymity in cyberspace about applications such as Viber, Line and What’s up.

Current study by focusing on the impact of life style on fatalistic attitudes, attempt to follow these goals: an assessment of the rate of fatalistic attitudes among university of Guilan’s students; an explanation (analysis) of fatalistic attitudes by respondents’ socio-economic status, Gender, educational field, body management and cultural capital. Survey method and in-depth interview have been used for data collection. Relevant statistical tests, such as analysis of variance and Chi-Square have been used for data analysis. The results of study among 400 respondents in Guilan University indicate that, there is significant relationship between cultural capital, body management, educational field and the level of fatalism, and there are no significant relationship between socio-economic status (SES), Gender and the level of fatalism.

This study was conducted to examine family social capital and sport participation adolescent students. The statistical population consisted of male and female students in Rasht city who were studying at third grade state high schools in 2011-2012 (N=5682). The sample was 415 adolescent students (155 males، 265 females) who were selected by cluster-stratified sampling method using Morgan table. A researcher-made family social capital and sport participation questionnaire was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 12 sociology and sport management university professors and the reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (r=0. 85). t tests and multi regression test were used to analyze the data using SPSS18. Results showed that the relationship of family members in home (13%) and family support (-17%) could predict female adolescent students'' sport participation. Also، social participation and membership in volunteer associations could predict 34% of boys'' sport participation and 25% of girls'' sport participation (P≤0. 05).

Considering the increasing importance of identity and consumption in contemporary sociology and the relationship between them, this article aims to study the relationship between social identity and consumption of illegal cultural goods in Tehran. The reason for this selection is the fact that consumption of cultural goods has been more dispensed with economic constraints than other areas, and can better represent the change trends and identity grouping. Theoretical framework of this article is based on Bourdieu and Giddens theories. The results of survey among 401 respondents in Tehran demonstrate that there is a positive relation between the level of cultural resistance and the consumption of illegal cultural goods. Moreover, there is a negative relation between ideology of traditional family and consumption of illegal cultural goods. Furthermore, the relationship between level of cultural capital and consumption some of illegal cultural goods such as satellite channels and C.D – D.V.Ds is reverse.

This essay follows reaffirming of culture of work in society and its reproduction at the new global conditions and presenting some solutions for planning via media so that we can reach to progress and creativity in the state based on the orders of the honorable leader. We cannot neither achieve to progress and creativity without considering the culture of work nor we can have an independent Iran. The culture of work in the modern era has basically changed and it is worth to process for reply to the modern volume of demand and work force in the society in the form of media. The culture of work as a type of method of life has a fundamental and important role in improving the level of dynamic. Providing the possibility of decision making based on wisdom and thought at all of the life stages especially at childhood period are counted as one of the major and effective basis in creating and encouraging the culture of work. Developing media and making the global values universal in the form of “transboundary data” has caused fundamental changes in social life. Medias especially radio and television can promote the culture of work according to their media ability through applicable patterns and institutional and constructional approaches. Each of these approaches has different forms that cause to improve the culture of work in society.

The aim of this article is analysis empirically the one of current explanations on violence and aggression, frustration-aggression theory, between soccer fans. In this article, at first, sport violence and aggression will be defined and categorized. Then, considering the violence and aggression as a psycho-social matter, we will analysis the reactions of soccer fans, while encountering with situations that perform as a frustration factors. The main hypothesis of this study is that "frustration of soccer fans in achieving to their athletic goals causes the tendency to violence and aggressive behavior in them."Based on the findings of a survey research on a sample of 284 soccer fans among Perspolis and Esteqlal fans, it is concluded that frustration only explains some of athletic violence and aggression in soccer fans.