تربیت بدنی

The purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted in Iran on the learning outcomes of motor and sports skills based on linear and non-linear pedagogy. A systematic review method based on the 2020 edition of the PRISMA statement was adopted for the qualitative synthesis of the literature. The search was conducted using 26 terms from three information sources (Iranian Scientific Journals System, Noor Specialized Journals Database, and Google Scholar) from 2000 to 2022. A total of 2086 records were obtained in the initial search. After assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 eligible articles were included in this review. In total, 88% of the studies were conducted in the last five years, in which 1008 individuals participated (41% male). Most of the studies have been conducted in the field of physical education in schools (58%) focused on the instruction of nine types of motor and sport skills and examined physical (80%), cognitive (19%), and affective (42%) outcomes. Except for a few inconsistent studies, in most of the studies, non-linear pedagogies such as student-centered approach, sport education model, cooperative learning, constraint-led approach, and game-centered approaches (i.e., teaching games for understanding, tactical game approach, game sense, play practice, situated game teaching) were more effective in creating positive learning outcomes than linear pedagogies. Based on the findings of this systematic review, methodological considerations and future directions for research on the pedagogy of motor and sports skills are discussed.

Given the importance of physical education classes and the role of physical education teachers in improving the quality of these classes, it's essential to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire for the self-evaluation of teacher effectiveness in physical education in our country. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the self-evaluation of teacher effectiveness questionnaire in physical education (SETEQ-PE) were investigated.

This study is descriptive and survey research using confirmatory factor analysis. The original version of the Self-Evaluation of Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire in Physical Education (Kyrgiridis et al, 2014) consist of 26 items and 6 subscales of learning environment, student and teacher assessment, application of the content of physical education, use of technology, teaching strategies and lesson implementation. The questionnaire was translated into Persian and was conveniently distributed between 264 (male and female) physical education teachers aged 25-40 years. Internal consistency of the questionnaire and all its six subscales was established using Cronbach's alpha and construction validity was conducted by confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations modeling.

The results of 1st and 2nd order of confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficient showed that Persian version of the SETEQ-PE is acceptable in terms of reliabilityand validity among Iranian physical education teachers.

Altogether, results of the present study showed that SETEQ-PEis able to be used as a reliable and valid instrument to measureteaching effectiveness of physical education teachers.

Being responsible and having responsible behavior is the goal of many teachers who try to make students achieve this important thing to witness responsible students in the future. Considering the importance of this issue, especially in the field of physical education, the present study aimed to validate the Student’s Responsibility in Physical Education Scale (SRIPES).

Firstly, the Student’s Responsibility in Physical Education Scale was translated into the Persian language to calculate its validity and reliability and report the construct validity. In the implementation stage, the distribution of questionnaires was done in two stages; In the first stage, questionnaires were given to the students to analyze the exploratory factor, and in the second stage, the questionnaires were given to the students to analyze the confirmatory factor and convergent validity. In this research, 400 students (250 girls and 150 boys) were selected among 500 fifth and sixth-grade boys and girls students, using a convenient sampling method.

"Effort", "following class rules" and "self-management" had the greatest effect on the responsible behavior construct. The reliability of the research was also evaluated as 0.7, which was favorable.

Six factors were identified in the exploratory factor analysis. Items 1, 7, 13, 9 belong to the “Effort” factor, items 2, 8, 14, 20 belong to the “Self-directed” factor, items 3, 9, 21, 25 belong to “following the class rules” factor, items 4, 10, 16, 22, 15 belong to “Respect others” factor, items 5, 11, 17, 23, 26 belong to “Help others”, and items 6, 12, 18, 24 belong to “Cooperation (participation)” factor. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this six-factor model. Using this tool, it is possible to check responsibility in boys and girls students.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the effective factors in improving the quality of teaching the practical lessons of physical education in higher education through hierarchical analysis method, which is currently applicable in terms of applied purpose and in terms of how descriptive-pilgrimage is carried out. There is also a consecutive exploratory design from the data viewpoint in the mixed research domain. The statistical population includes all managers and educational staff of physical education faculties (target faculties) and faculty members of physical education in the northwestern regions of the country including Tabriz, Urmia, Ardebil, Sanandaj and Zanjan. In the qualitative section, the data collected from the review of the texts were analyzed using content analysis (descriptive type) and data collected through interviews using content analysis and extraction of the categories. In the quantitative section, using a researcher-made questionnaire Using a qualitative and reliability method, the reliability and reliability scale was confirmed using the paired scale and analyzed using the analysis analysis (in order to extract and rank the dimensions and factors of professional teaching quality) Was used. Regarding the findings, among the factors affecting the factor of exercise skill, the highest impact on the quality of the teaching of physical education exercises of university professors was also the factors of teaching and teaching in the second place, the third factor factors and the individual and social motivation least effect.

The aim of this research was the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of students' perception of technology-based active learning in physical education colleges of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of students of physical education colleges in Alborz province, from whom 412 questionnaires were collected using stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, the technology-based active learning questionnaire of Shroff et al. (2019) was used, which consists of 20 questions and has the components of interactive participation, problem solving skills, interest and feedback. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and Cronbach's and Raykov's alpha coefficient statistical tests were used to determine internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine construct validity in SPSS.21, LISREL 8.8 and Stata.17 statistical software. The results showed that the reliability of the technology-based active learning questionnaire is (0.968). Regarding construct validity and based on the degree of relationships and significance level, all the questions had a significant relationship with the factors and were able to be a good predictor for their component. Also, regarding the relationships of the components with the concept of technology-based active learning, the results showed that all four components could be a good predictor for the concept of technology-based active learning, and as a result, it can be used to measure the functions of using technology in the field of active learning among students.

The aim of the current research was to identify the requirements and strategies of blended learning (face-to-face and non-attendance) of physical education lesson in schools. This research was exploratory and its qualitative method was conventional content analysis. The participants were selected in a purposeful and criteria-based manner from research and lesson planning experts of the Department of Health and Physical Education of the Ministry of Education, academic experts in the field of curriculum planning, and heads of teaching groups of physical education. In order to collect data, 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted and the resulting data were analyzed in two stages of open and central coding. The validity of the coding was confirmed by reviewing and controlling the correctness of the extracted codes and recoding the interviews by two collaborating experts. The findings showed attention to thirteen categories under the headings of teacher knowledge enhancement, learner literacy improvement, educational structure redesign, facility quality improvement, support and support, management and planning, content production, educational materials and resources, educational strategies, network Creation, interactions and communication, principles of evaluation, and supervision and control are necessary in the development of combined education of physical education lessons in schools. Also, providing the necessary infrastructure to apply hybrid education, holding training courses to inform the beneficiaries of hybrid education and empowering teachers to use software, networks and virtual education systems can be fruitful to achieve the goals of teaching physical education both in the virtual platform and face-to-face.

The purpose of this study was to validate and validate the online class questionnaire. This study was a correlational study. The statistical population of the present study was physical education students. According to the minimum sample size criterion required for data collection in factor analysis, 384 customers were selected as a statistical sample. Questionnaires were randomly distributed among the samples. Convenience sampling method was used. The standard Bangirt online questionnaire (2004), which was reviewed by Gopal et al. (2021), was used. The questionnaire had four components: quality of instructor, course design, promptfeedback and expectation of students. The scoring method for the questions was based on the Likert five-point scale. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined with the help of 10 experts. To analyze the data from Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability tests to determine internal reliability, from KMO test to determine sampling adequacy, from exploratory factor analysis to identify components and from confirmatory factor analysis to determine structural validity used. The results showed that the reliability of the questionnaire components was acceptable. Regarding the relationship between agents and online classes, the results showed that all agents were able to explain well the concept of online classes; As a result, the internal and external validity of the online classroom model was confirmed. With the approval of the tools mentioned in this study, future researchers can use the current tools to determine students' attitudes toward online classes.

The purpose of this study was to feasibility of adding a student workbook in learning packages for physical education curriculum.The research method was qualitative and applied in terms of purpose.Interviewees included managers and experts of curriculum, authors of physical education textbooks,professors of Farhangian University, instructional supervisors, and physical education teachers.Sampling was done in a theoretically purposive way and the process of interviewing continued until saturation (35 people).The research tool was a semi-structured interview. We used triangulation, respondent validation, and peer examination strategies for validate the research process.Data analysis was done by thematic method.In total,498primary codes,80concepts,18categories and 4themes were counted. Achievements,book sponsorships,book production process and executive arrangements are the four main themes extracted from the research findings. In the book production theme, the selection of a strong production team, adherence to the principles of curriculum and fundamental documents, appropriateness to executive requirements, and attention to the technical and content features of the book were emphasized. Also, in the Theme of executive arrangements,considering financial and human resources,dissemination and promotion,upgrading of infrastructure,participation and cooperation,time management and benefiting from the desired structure and organization should be considered by the relevant authorities.In case of preparing and taking into account the necessary implementation arrangements,providing sufficient support and benefiting from the scientific and principled process in the design and production of the student's workbook, one can expect to achieve favorable results and outcomes in the direction of the development of physical education and increasing physical literacy of students.Examining the exact effectiveness of this issue requires more research.

Very little research has been conducted on the content analysis of studies related to the elderly. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research landscape and offer structured insights into this area. The research focuses on the content analysis of Iranian journals of physical education in the context of elderly individuals. This quantitative, applied research is based on content analysis and adopts a descriptive approach. The statistical population includes geriatric research published in Iranian physical education journals from 1993 to 2021. The research tool is a researcher-developed checklist, validated by ten professors, with a reliability coefficient of 0.97 using the Holsti formula. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software. The findings revealed 213 relevant studies, with the majority published in the Motor Behavior journal. The most prevalent topic, constituting 30% of the articles, pertains to sports physiology, while biomechanics and management topics are less frequently addressed. Nearly all articles (99%) have a practical purpose and predominantly feature quantitative data. The quasi-experimental method is the most commonly used (76.05%), with training protocols being utilized in 81.22% of cases. Non-random sampling is the most frequently employed method, accounting for 53.52% of cases. Geographically, Tehran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Isfahan provinces have the highest publication shares. SPSS software (73.23%), one-factor analysis of variance, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical methods are the most prevalent analytical tools used by researchers. The research conducted in Iranian physical education journals regarding the elderly does not comprehensively cover the literature in this domain. Consequently, to advance knowledge in this area, it is crucial to conduct diverse research across all regions, as well as to employ descriptive and qualitative methods more extensively. It is anticipated that over time, publications will increasingly address the challenges and opportunities faced by the elderly, adopting a more forward-looking approach in this field.

Sport and physical education, as an influential cultural element, has had an active presence in the history of Iran and has gradually become the owner of rules and regulations. There is always a trace of sport in most laws, from the constitution to the approvals of the parliament and from the approvals of the cabinet to the approvals of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the Supreme Council of National Security. "Sport has been a human twin and has always been with him over the days. "It is not possible to know the beginning of sport, because human beings need to move their muscles to stay and live from the beginning of creation, and sport will remain their companion until the end of their lives." In the present research work, an attempt has been made to acquaint the legal community of the country with the institution of physical education, which is a short step in the development of sports law in the country. To achieve this goal, first the category of sports in Iranian public law is mentioned and then the institution of sports in international law is considered.

Virtual teaching of physical education has faced many challenges for teachers. The aim of the present study is to provide a physical education curriculum model for schools in the post-COVID era and offer solutions.

 The specific objective of this research was to explore and assess the identified challenges of physical education classes in schools during the virus outbreak and post-COVID period, following the Strauss and Corbin's (1990) model. The present study adopted a postmodern research paradigm. The research approach used in this study was qualitative, and the strategy employed was phenomenology, which in turn was guided by the Grounded Theory and the hidden content analysis tactic. The research was conducted through field studies. In the initial stage, the statistical population of the research consisted of all professors and sports management experts who had research experience in physical education curriculum planning, as well as all physical education teachers and experts in physical education at the Tehran Department of Education. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball sampling was used until theoretical saturation was reached. Fifteen participants were selected through non-probability purposive and snowball sampling, and data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews in response to the research questions. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.

The results revealed that the most proposed strategies by the experts were categorized into three groups: improving virtual teaching facilities and infrastructures for physical education classes, adopting innovative teaching approaches for this subject, and enhancing motivation and attitudes among students, teachers, and parents.

In conclusion, based on the identified challenges and the proposed solutions, it can be said that the existing recommendations can be utilized to improve physical education teaching in schools.

The purpose of the research was the comparative study of Iran's citizenship sports with selected countries.. The research method is descriptive-comparative and applied in terms of purpose. done in the field and in a mixed qualitative and quantitative manner. The statistical population included 18 experts in the qualitative section and 18 managers in the quantitative section, including managers and experts in the field of public sports of the Ministry of Sports and Youth and provincial administrations, officials and experts of the federation and the board of public sports, and managers and physical education experts of municipalities. First, 384 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula by simple random sampling method. Data were collected from the research literature, expert opinions and a researcher-made questionnaire, and in the comparative section of the factors of development of citizenship sports in Spain, England, Norway, Turkey, Hong Kong and Thailand by a Beredi model method that has stages of description, interpretation, proximity and comparison. Is checked. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors of sports management at the university and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.86). Factors were also ranked by Friedman test. The research model showed that 16 factors in the personal, social, environmental and policy areas are effective on Iranian citizenship sports and the policy factor is the most important.

The purpose of this study was to explain and prioritize the employability capabilities of physical education graduates with the Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) approach. The study population was faculty members, students and graduate students and sports entrepreneurs who were experts in this field. The sampling method was purposeful and in the form of snowballs. The research method was based on the data theory of the foundation and the tool of data collection was through semi-organized interviews. AHP technique was used to prioritize the findings of the data theory of Yanbad. The findings showed that there are 34 categories in the employability of physical education graduates. Among the categories of causal conditions, the lack of government services and support among the categories of intervening conditions, macro environmental conditions, among the underlying factors, the development of general skills and among the strategies, the strategy of reviewing the content of textbooks had the highest priority.  Changing the content of books to operational and applying courses and developing skills, as well as aligning students' education, in line with the labor market, will develop the employability capabilities of physical education graduates.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers.

The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in which the qualitative part was done in the form of content analysis. The statistical population included those who were aware of the subject of the research and according to the purposeful selection, 13 people were identified as the sample. Research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was examined according to the experts. Also, the reliability of this questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha calculation method (α = 0.81). In the quantitative analysis of the research, Dematel method was used. All research data analysis process was performed in EXCEL software.

The results showed that 8 general factors including social issues, motivational issues, regulatory aspects, infrastructure, specialized knowledge, government support, supportive laws and regulations and management issues are important to improve the educational innovation of physical education teachers.

According to the results, it was found that specialized knowledge, government support and infrastructure as causal factors and supportive laws and regulations, management issues, regulatory aspects, social issues and motivational issues were identified as disability factors. In other words, investing in improving specialized knowledge, government support and infrastructure promotes educational innovation.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness requirements of virtual education in the field of sport sciences. The research was a qualitative and exploratory study conducted by applying a thematic analysis method. The participants included faculty members with experience in teaching theoretical and practical units in the field of physical education and sport sciences. According to the nature of the research, 15 experts were interviewed as a research sample through purposive sampling to reach the theoretical saturation. The tool used in the study was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was applied to ensure the reliability of the interview findings, and the validity was confirmed by consulting experts and reviewing the outputs based on their opinions. The thematic analysis of the data by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 107 codes, nine sub-themes and four main themes. The findings indicated that "Upgrading and Updating", "Flexibility", "Content Quality", as well as "Interaction and Communication" were the explored efficiency requirements of virtual education in the field of sport sciences. The findings of the current study can be considered by professors, students, and administrators of virtual education in the field of physical education and sport sciences, as a basis for promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of virtual education.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in which the qualitative part was done in the form of content analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative section included people aware of the subject of the research that according to the purposeful selection, 13 people were identified as the sample. The statistical population also included a small number of physical education teachers in Tehran. The research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of this questionnaire was assessed using the views of university professors and its construct validity was assessed by factor analysis. The reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.82 after calculating Cronbach's alpha. In the qualitative section, to evaluate the validity of the reliability, transferability and verifiability, as well as to check the reliability, specialized committees were used. In order to analyze the data, coding and structural equation methods were used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPS, PLS and MaxQda soft wares. The results of the present study showed that the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers in eight areas including social factors, motivation, supervisory aspects, infrastructure, specialized knowledge, government support, supportive and managerial laws and regulations were identified. In the meantime, paying attention to the factors of specialized knowledge and government support can pave way for improving the educational innovation of physical education teachers.

The purpose of this study was to diagnose the pathology of the training process of physical education faculty members in the Islamic Azad universities.

The present study in terms of purpose was applied, In terms of data collection method it was a descriptive-survey. In the first (qualitative) part for conducting field interviews, the statistical population of the research consisted of experts and professors of educational management and specialists in the field of training faculty members of these universities (18 interviews with 18 people); and continued to the point of theoretical saturation.  In the second (quantitative) part, an eight-item questionnaire, comparing the current and optimal situation, was distributed among the statistical sample.

The results showed that each of the indicators of educational needs assessment, targeting the training of the faculty members, determining the content of the training of the  faculty members, methods and techniques of the  training faculty members, the instructor of the training courses of the  faculty members, the training environment of the  faculty members, the implementation of the training courses of the  faculty members and the supervision of the training process of the  faculty members are of the components of the process of training process the physical education faculty members in Islamic Azad Universities.

In each of the components of the education process, the gap between the current and the optimum situation was determined. Teaching methods and techniques had the largest gap (53%), supervision of higher education had the lowest gap (34%), and the average gap of the education process set was 39%.