جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بلوط » در نشریات گروه « جنگلداری »

This research measured and analyzed forest ground vegetation in permanent plots of typical and exclosure areas in the Zagros provinces, providing the possibility for long-term monitoring of quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation. In total, 30 one-hectare square sample plots and 600 one-meter square microplots were studied along the Zagros, with floristic and environmental data related to tree and forest floor measured and recorded. According to the results, 370 species were identified in the ground vegetation and 20 species of phanerophytes. The most abundant families in exclosure and typical sites were Asteraceae and Poaceae, respectively. Sixty-six percent of the ground vegetation population belonged to the Poaceae family, with the most populated genus being Bromus, comprising 25% of all plant individuals. The largest genus was Astragalus (with 18 species), and its population was about 2.5 times higher in exclosure sites than in typical sites. The average percentage of ground cover (51.2%) and litter cover (34.3%) in exclosure plots was significantly higher than in typical plots (37.6% for ground cover and 25.2% for litter cover). The number of phanerophyte species in the exclosure area was significantly greater than in the typical area, while the difference for other life forms was insignificant. The comparison of diversity indices for ground species in the exclosure and typical plots showed no significant difference between these two groups. In general, the relative protection implemented in some parts of the Zagros, although it did not affect ground species diversity indices, did affect ground vegetation cover, litter cover, species composition, and phanerophyte species.

Soil and vegetation are mutually influencing because of strong bilateral relations. Soil characteristics can be different depending on the density of vegetation and the type of land use. Since the long-term stability of forest ecosystems is dependent on maintaining the quality of the soil, knowing the condition of the soil in forest areas and investigating the effects of various activities on the soil properties is very important and effective in forest management. Therefore, in this research, we investigated and studied the effects of intensive Thinning operations on some soil components in a Coppice stand and young Sprout-Clumps of Quercus brantii Lindl. species in Rikhlan forest (a forest site in Marivan). This area is an indicator of the degraded forests of North Zagros. this research was conducted in the form of complete randomized blocks in three treatments and three repetitions. The duration of the research was 8 years in two phases of 4 years. In addition to thinning treatments, soil samples were also prepared and analyzed from a depth of 0-15 cm of each treatment. The general conclusion is that thinning operations have long-term effects on some soil indices, and thinning with increasing intensity (18% of all Sprouts removed in the first 4 years and 22% of remaining Sprouts in the next 4 years) compared to thinning with The reducing intensity (32% of all Sprouts removed in the first 4 years and 28% of remaining Sprouts in the next 4 years) has caused the least stress on soil fertility indicators.

Reproduction (regeneration) is a fundamental process that drives the dynamics of a forest, occurring continuously in a healthy and natural forest with a specific spatial and temporal pattern. Natural regeneration poses significant challenges in Zagros forests, Iran. This research was undertaken to examine and analyze the current state of reproduction of tree and shrub species in the monitoring sample plots of Zagros forests. This study, while scrutinizing the species composition, origin, distribution curves, and health of seedlings and saplings, explores the interrelationship between reproduction and nurse species. It will serve as the foundation for long-term studies that determine the temporal changes in reproduction and its characteristics in the Zagros forests.

This research was conducted in the permanent monitoring plots of Zagros, spanning from West Azerbaijan to Fars province. A total of 120 sample plots of 100 square meters were studied within these plots. Each province had 30 studied sites in the typical forests, with 10 of them located in the protected forests. The variables studied included reproduction density by species, origin and type of reproduction, nurse species, height of seedling, terminal bud, and health status of reproduction. A height of 0.5 meters was set as the criterion to distinguish reproduction. The t-test was used to compare parametric data in two groups, while the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for non-parametric data.

In the studied area, the reproduction of 20 forest tree and shrub species was recorded, and the density of seedlings and saplings was calculated to be 366 plants per hectare. However, the reproduction was not uniformly distributed, with 37% of the sample plots lacking reproduction. The abundance distribution diagram in the height classes revealed a decrease in the number of oak (Quercus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) reproduction with a height of less than 5 cm. Of the total number of recorded reproduction, 72.5% originated from seeds and 25% were shoots. Overall, 66% of reproduction was dependent on nurses, with oak, hawthorn, stone, and rock playing the greatest roles as nurses. Stones and rocks played a more significant role in the revival of seedlings. Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey.) Boiss., Q. infectoria Oliv., and Q. libani Oliv. had the highest dependence on the nurse, while Pyrus spp., Daphne mucronata Royle, and Crataegus spp. had the least dependence on nurse species. Reproduction sheltered by nurses was significantly healthier than those without nurses. Also, reproduction sheltered by stones and rocks had a higher health rate than reproduction sheltered by trees, although this difference was not significant. Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Acer monspessulanum L. had the worst condition in terms of reproduction. Despite the presence of mature trees, they had no reproduction (L. nummulariifolia and F. angustifolia) or had very low reproduction (A. monspessulanum). The results showed that the number of reproduction in protected sites was higher than non-protected sites. Although this difference was not significant, the reproduction in the protected sites was significantly healthier.

The results indicated that the reproduction in the Zagros forests is not in a normal situation. However, given suitable spatial and temporal conditions, reproduction occurs and establishes. Although in conditions of disturbance and overgrazing, reproduction attempts to survive by taking shelter near stones, pits, or under thorny shrubs, the conservation of the forest stand by maintaining the tree canopy (oak, hawthorn, and other species) and the forest’s natural structure provides the best conditions for the establishment and survival of reproduction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem.

In order to properly manage the forest, we need tools that can be used to study the changes in the forest structure. In this research, the structure of degraded oak forests of Piranshahr and Sardasht in West Azerbaijan province were investigated. Characteristics of the stand were investigated in two one-hectare sample plot with dimensions of 100 x 100 meters in two different forest types, including Darsarvin Sardasht (30% canopy cover, coppice with standard) and Piranshahr Pardanan (90% canopy cover and all of trees were of coppice). Using 100% inventory and a set of indices based on the nearest neighbor, three characteristics of location, mixture and dimensions of trees were investigated.

The investigation of the structure was done by using the indices of density, diameter, height, basal area and trees location. As well as the indices based on the nearest neighbor in two sample plots were used. The structural variables of all the trees in the sample plot were measured separately for coppice and standard trees. The characteristics of the species, spatial coordinates, diameter at the height of 0.5 meters of the trunk, and height of all trees were measured. Three criteria of species density, basal area and canopy cover were also used for forest typology. To describe and quantify the structural features of forest stands in this research, indices based on the nearest neighbor were used. For this purpose, distance to neighbors, uniform angle, Clark and Evans, Mingling, DBH differentiation and CC differentiation were used. The calculations related to the structural characteristics of the examined stands were done using SPSS version 20 software and the calculations related to the structural indices were done using the Crancod software set (ver 1.3).

The Clarke and Evans index with values of 0.82 and 0.94 for Darsarvin and Pardanan, and uniform angle with values of 0.56 and 0.52, respectively, showed a cluster distribution pattern and random species distribution pattern in both stands. Mingling index shows that there is more mixture of neighboring trees in Pardanan (0.65) than in Darsarvin (0.38). The diameter difference index shows a greater difference in the half-meter trunk diameter of Pardanan (0.55) compared to Darsarvin (0.46). But the canopy differentiation index shows a greater difference in the canopy cover of Darsarvin (0.58) than in Pardanan stand (0.53). The results of the combined diversity index showed that the structural diversity in Pardanan (0.41) is higher than Darsarvin (0.36). This index shows that there is a low level of combined spatial, species and dimensional diversity in the two stands. Results are consistent with the situation of the two regions that are affected by destructive factors and limited regeneration. These results can be used for comparing structural characteristics of forests and determining the impact of human intervention.

The results of the composite diversity index showed that there is a low level of spatial, species and dimensional composite diversity in the two forest stands, and these results are consistent with the influence of destructive factors as well as the limitation of regeneration. Considering the difference in the stands in the two sample plots in this investigation, the results of these indices can be used as a basis for comparison with other similar forests and determining the amount of deviations caused by natural processes and human interventions. Also, it seems necessary to achieve a suitable management model and Silviculture practices in the forests of this region and determine the structure and planning based on the current situation using these indicators.

This research was designed to investigate the dieback of oak (Quercus infectoria; Q. libani) trees in the northern Zagros forests in West Azerbaijan Province. Characteristics of the stand were investigated in a one-hectare sample plot with dimensions of 100 × 100 meters. To monitor dieback, inside the sample, a sub-plot with a floating surface was determined where 100 oak trees could be placed. The dieback was monitored over four years (2019-2022) using a five-level scale: 1) healthy, 2) dieback, 3) crown dieback up to 50%, 4) crown dieback exceeding 50%, and 5) tree cut down. The results showed a decrease in the number of healthy trees from 94% to 71% between 2019 and 2022, with 9% of trees ultimately being cut down. To investigate the relationship between leaf surface and the dimensions and weight of seeds of trees, 20 leaves were selected from five permanent trees, and their surface was calculated annually for three years (2019-2021). Additionally, 25 seeds were harvested, and the dimensions and weight of the seeds were determined annually. The results of calculating the average leaf area over three years showed a significant decreasing trend. Except for seed weight, other dimensions in the seed showed a significant decreasing trend during the monitoring years. Overall, the results showed that despite the absence of oak charcoal disease in the province, the trend of decreasing healthy trees and increasing trees with different levels of dieback is very worrying.

  The abiotic stress factors such as decrease in the rainfall can be led to outbreak of pests and diseases and decrease in the trees growth. It is necessary to establish investigations to identify the causal agents in the decline forests. Therefore, adaptive monitoring improves management decisions by providing information on pest population levels and can be used in identifying high-risk areas pest and disease outbreaks to focus on future management efforts. Accurate identification of species is the first step in an effective pest management program. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and introduce the leaf-eating species of oak in the Sarsakhti Forest Reserve of Markazi province with precision. One of the most important pests of oak trees in Iran is Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). In this research, we, for the first time, report P. melania of its occurrence in Sarsakhti Forest Reserve from Markazi province.

Sarsakhti Oak Forest Reserve is about 200 ha in area that is located in Markazi province with a distance of 10 kilometers from Shazand city. In this research, for the first time, Sarsakhti Forest Reserve was investigated and regularly monitored during 2019-2022. The Zobeiri method was used in sampling, so that 10 lines were drawn on the map of the reserve. The location of the first sampling was randomly selected and other sampling lines were determined systematically. Among 10 lines, 4 lines and at least 10 trees were sampled in each line. By observing the amount of damage on each tree and calculating the average, we determined the amount of damage. The damage index ranges from zero (indicating no damage) to 5 (representing maximum damage).

Porthesia melania was observed in the year 2020-2022 in the oak reserve of the Markazi province of Iran. In April, when the weather warms up in this region, the wintering larvae, third instar larvae (seldom forth instar larvae) become active and feed on the young buds and leaves. At this time (early spring), the pest damage is more common, because the trees have few leaves and the larvae of the pest are hungry due to wintering, also in older instars (instars 4 and 5) they need to feed more. The adult insects appear in June. After the mating, the female moth lays her eggs preferably on the underside of the leaf, and covers the eggs with the hairs of the lower part of the abdomen. After the eggs hatch, the young larvae feed on the parenchyma of the leaves. Third-instar larvae hibernate from September to April of the following year and are inactive during this time. In summer, the first to third instar larvae are active and usually, they only feed on the upper surface leaf parenchyma, so the damage is less at this time.

Porthesia melania Stgr. can be extensive feeding damage on heavily infested oak trees. As a result of the leaf-eating activity of P. melania, the trees become devoid of the leaves and with the loss of energy sources, the tree gradually weakens and becomes susceptible to the attack of wood-eating and bark-eating pests. This pest has an outbreak every few years and it is capable for causing a severe damage. The optimal approach for pest management involves collecting larval nests from infested trees during late fall and early spring, before the larvae emerge from their winter shelter.

One of the main destruction factors of oak forests is the oak leaf roller Tortrix viridana L. which causes a lot of damage to these woods by feeding leaves and buds of oak trees. The purpose of study was to investigate the population changes of this pest in different altitudes. This research was conducted in 2018 in Perdanan and Mirabad. In each region, in three elevation classes, transects with 100 meters’ intervals, and in each elevation class, 30 individuals of Quercus infectoria Olivier, which were located along the specific transect and in terms of appearance approximately similar, measured. In each tree, four branches were selected in four main directions (each direction of a length of 50 cm) and the pest larvae counted and the diameter of the branches were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software and comparison of means was performed using Duncan's multiple range test. Results showed that according to the climatic diversity of two regions, the number of T. viridana larvae in the Perdanan was higher than Mirabad. Also, the number of larvae was recorded for both areas in the 1200-1300 meters’ elevation, which shows that the favorable conditions for larvae activity. The elevation class had no effect on distribution of pest in directions of the tree crown. The highest number of larvae in all three elevation classes was recorded in the eastern direction of the tree and its lowest amount were recorded in the west direction.

The brown tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) is a significant leaf-eating pest that affects oak trees in the Arasbaran forests of Iran. This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics, distribution, and demographic changes of this pest. The research was conducted in eight sites located in Ahar and Horand counties, East Azarbaijan province of Iran, during 2020-2021. For the study, 20 oak trees (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) were chosen from each site, and 10 wintering nests were collected from each tree and taken to the laboratory for analysis. In the lab, the overwintering larvae were counted and weighed using a digital scale. The researchers also measured the width of the head capsule of the larvae and studied the life cycle of the pest in field conditions. The analysis of variance test was conducted to assess the difference between the eight sites concerning the average number and weight of the larvae in the wintering nests. The comparison of the averages was performed using Duncan's test. The results showed that E. chrysorrhoea has five larval instars, with the majority of the larvae in the wintering nests belonging to the third instar (around 90%). All the sample oak trees from the studied sites were infected with this pest, with several larval nests seen on them. The study found that the average number and weight of larvae inside the nests in the three sites of Horand county were significantly higher than the five sites in Ahar county. The control methods applied in Ahar county, including cutting and collecting larval nests, may have had an impact on reducing the number of brown tail moth larvae compared to Horand county.

Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. is the key pests of Arasbaran forests and has very high distribution. This research was conducted in order to investigating species diversity and richness of the arthropods related to wintering larvae of pest in eight regions of Ahar and Horand in East Azarbaijan in 2019. Number of 20 oak trees were selected in each area and 10 nests of wintering larvae were collected from each tree and transferred to the laboratory. Isolation of arthropods inside larval nests was done in the laboratory and species richness indices, Shannon and Simpson diversity of them at different elevation classes were also calculated. In this research, the number of seven species of arthropods on the overwintering larvae of E. chrysorrhoea were collected and identified as follows: Brachymeria intermedia Nees, Monodontomerus aerus Walker, Pimpla turionellae L., Meteorus obsoletus Wesmael, Telenemus sp., Tachina praeceps Meigen and Thomisas sp. The highest number of arthropods (six species) was observed in Niagh area in Horand. The highest frequency was belong to Telenemus sp. Diversity and species richness of arthropods of E. chrysorrhoea was less in different regions of Ahar than Horand. So that the highest and lowest values of Shannon's diversity index with values of 2.56 and 1.04, as well as the highest and lowest values of Simpson index with values of 0.76 and 0.31, respectively, were recorded in Niagh in Horand and Goravan in Ahar. Results showed that the height above sea level did not affect diversity indices of arthropods related to wintering larvae.

Cultivation of the summer truffle, Tuber aestivum Vittad., has become as a new agricultural activity that for rural economies is often considerably more beneficial than conventional agriculture and also promotes reforestation, as well as land use sustainability. Considering examples from Italy, Hungary, Spain and France, truffle cultivation induces the economic and social development of small and rural communities. Because there is no tradition of creating truffle gardens in Iran, knowledge of environmental factors regulating the formation of T. aestivum fruiting bodies is limited. Since the establishment of truffle plantations in the world, several studies have been conducted to improve their productivity and stability. Success in the continuation of truffle plantations depends clearly on the mycorrhizal status of the host trees over the years, from inoculated seedlings to truffle producing trees. Therefore, monitoring the status of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the natural habitats of truffles and increasing knowledge about ectomycorrhizal communities of T. aestivum host species is crucial to ensure the successful production of summer truffles in truffle orchards. In this study, the presence of T. aestivum ectomycorrhizae on roots of oak (Quercus castaneifolia) and its abundance in natural habitats of truffle fungi in three selected sites in Golestan province was investigated and the diversity and structure of other ectomycorrhizal fungi were evaluated. In selecting the studied sites, differences in altitude, dominant geographical direction and plant species in the regions were considered. The results showed that although the species composition was up to 70% similar between sites, but the number of fungal species, diversity and species richness of fungi were different among sites with different host plants and the site with only oak.

Parasitoid wasps are one of the natural enemies and major causes of mortality of Oak gall wasps (Cynipidae). This study was conducted during 2018-2019 in Rabat and Vavan regions (Sardasht –West-Azerbaijan) in order to identify the sexual generation of oak gall wasp’s species on the Persian oak Quercus brantii and their natural enemies. The galls were reared to collect gall wasps and parasitoids in laboratory. Then, Species diversity, evenness and species richness (with Rarefaction method) were calculated with Ecological Mothology 3.0 software. 14 parasitoid wasps belonged to six families of Hymenoptera were identified. Bootaniomyia dorsalis had the highest frequency among collected parasitoid wasps from Rabat and Vavan in two years. The mean of diversity and evenness indexes in 2018 and 2019 in two studied regions showed that the mean of diversity between Rabat and Vavan had a significant difference in both years. The Shannon diversity index in Rabat was more than Vavan. The highest richness of parasitoids was recorded in Rabat in 2019.

The growth of forest trees is controlled by various components. One of the main factors determining the structure and composition of the forest is the competition between the trees and competition involves complex relationships that depend on the pattern of tree distribution, the availability of resources, and the efficiency of resource utilization. Therefore, knowledge of tree competition mechanisms is ecologically and economically important. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between competition index and some characteristics of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl var.persica) in Hashtad-Pahlu, Khorramabad.

A total of 30 Oak trees were selected randomly in different aspects. Height, DBH and crown diameter were measured. Beneath their crown in two aspects (north-south) at a distance of one meter from trunk, fine roots sampling (60 samples) was performed at 0-30 cm depth.

The result of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the value of competition index for Iranian oak species in different ranges (Sig = 0.000) so that the highest average value of this index was related to the northern exposition. Significant difference was observed for competition index in diameter class but no difference in height class. With increasing crown diameter, DBH and decreasing height/DBH ratio as well as crown diameter / DBH, competition index values ​​increased and decreased respectively. Correlation showed that with increasing crown diameter and DBH, competition index value increased and with decreasing height / DBH ratio as well as crown diameter / DBH index value decreased. Results revealed the significant differences for trees in terms of crown diameter, DBH, height / DBH ratio and crown diameter/DBH ratio in aspects. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there was a significant negative correlation between competition index and carbon biomass of Persian oak fine roots.

The difference between the competition index in the height and diameter classes of Persian oak trees indicates the importance and role of these two important characteristics in estimating it and also the difference in the competitiveness of trees in different stages of forest stand development. The results showed that light-demanding Oak trees based on various site conditions differ in terms of competitiveness and some characteristics in different positions.

The use of biofertilizers such as plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce damage caused by water-deficit stress in plants and improve physiological factors and thus increase plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions is an essential management to control water-deficit stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the simultaneous effect of different levels of water-deficit stress and inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria on some physiological traits of Brant's Oak )Quercus brantii L.) seedlings.

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and different levels of irrigation on some physiological traits of oak) Quercus brantii L.) seedlings, an experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five replications in the research greenhouse of Yazd University. The main factor was three irrigation levels (80 % of full irrigation as control, 60 and 40 % of full irrigation) and the sub-factor was six levels of plant growth promoting bacteria (no inoculation as control and seed inoculation with Bacillus anthracis, B. licheniformis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, B. cereus and BMix (combination of 4 strains().

The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect of water deficit stress levels, bacterial treatments and their interaction on all studied traits. The results of comparison of means showed that the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll decreases with increasing levels of water-deficit. In contrast, the amount of proline, total phenol and percentage of free radical scavenging in oak seedlings under stress increased significantly compared to the control sample. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) that shows the rate of degradation and peroxidation of membrane lipids were significantly increased by water-deficit treatments, while application of PGPRs caused reduction in malondialdehyde content. These results showed that PGPRs can reduce negative effects on lipids peroxidation and thus increases the resistance of seedlings to water-deficit stress conditions.

In general, among the bacterial treatments, (BMix) bacterial treatment increased chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and decreased malondialdehyde and Bacillus anthracis bacterial treatment increased proline, total phenol and percentage of free radical scavenging under water-deficit severe stress.

The structure of Zagros forests in Iran is changing drastically due to human interventions and environmental factors. Only small parts of these forests, such as protected and inaccessible areas that are somewhat immune to human intervention, have the main structure of these forests and can be used as a model for the management of other Zagros forest stands. The aim of this study was to compare the structural characteristics of a protected stand with a history of 15 years of protection (Golzar) with a natural stand (Kohshour) in a part of the forests of Izeh city, Khuzestan province of Iran. In each area, a one-hectare square-shaped sample plot was implemented and the structural variables of all woody species were measured. Due to the non-normality of the data, Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test was used for statistical comparison. According to the results, in Kohshour stand, there were 273 woody species per hectare from three species of Quercus brantii Lindl., Acer monspessulanum L. and Crataegus aronica Bosc., but in the protected stand, 225 woody species per hectare were measured. In addition to the above three species, there were also two shrub species of Amygdalus orientalis Mill. (with significant frequency) and Pistacia khinjuk Stocks in protected stand. In Golzar, the ratio of coppice and seed-origin woody species was almost equal, but in Kohshour, 83.5% of the trees were coppice. Although in general, the mean of quantitative variables in natural stand was higher than protected stand, but the comparison of quantitative variables by species and origin between the two stands showed that in most cases the mean of the variables in Golzar stand was significantly higher than natural Kohshour stand. There was only no significant difference between the height of shoot-origin A. monspessulanum trees between the protected stand and natural stand. The results of this study showed that protection can have positive effects on the structural elements of the stands, especially species diversity, the remaining of shrub layer in the lower part of the forest and the improvement of diameter distribution. Therefore, it can be recommended to increase the protected areas in the Zagros forests.

The oak decline phenomenon, causes drying of crowns, decreasing the radial growth and eventually the death of oak trees. The first step in conduction a management program for control of this phenomenon is. Identification of the factors which are related to oak decline, is the first step in management of this phenomenon in Zagros oak forests. The aim of this study was collecting and identifying the oak borer beetles in the forests of Gilane Gharb region in southwestern of Kermanshah province. The required data were obtained by direct observation and field sampling. The samples were collected based on a systematic sampling pattern in 90 square plots (50 × 50 m) and all trees were surveyed in each plot. The borer beetles were collected by splitting the dried branches, cutting the trunk and branches and keeping them in proper condition. In this study, the damage symptoms of the borer beetles were observed on 61.3 percentage of oak trees. The collected buprestid borer beetles on the oak trees were identified as following:Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) degener (Scopoli, 1763), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) ottomana (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1840), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) undulata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) wethloi (Obenberger, 1940), Acmaeoderella (Carininota) impunctata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Capnodis anthracina (Fischer, 1830), Capnodis cariosa hauseri (Obenberger, 1928), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) bagdadensis (Laporte & Gory, 1836), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) escalerae (Abeille de Perrin, 1904), Perotis lugubris longicollis (Kraatz, 1880), Svatactesis johanidesi (Bílý, 1997). The most abundant species were P. lugubris, C. cariosa, A. undulata and A. wethloi, respectively.

Due to the special position of mycorrhizal fungi in improving the physiological status of host plants and increasing their resistance to environmental stresses, this study was conducted to explain the mycorrhizal symbiosis of oak trees in northern forest of Iran and their biological effects on Q. castaneifolia. In order to identify mycorrhizal fungi associated with oak trees, mycorrhizal root tips of hosts were collected and then the fungal ITS regions were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences was performed by Bayesian method. A total of 217 root systems were collected from the studied habitats and 49 taxa from ectomycorrhizal fungi (13 genera) and 4 taxa of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( Acaulospora and Glomus) were identified among them. the symbiosis of Q. castaneifolia plantlets with Glomus mosseae and Hebeloma sinapizans were performed. Measurement of physiological characteristics, growth and water status of the inoculated plant in comparison with the control plant showed that the development of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on oak plantlets significantly increased stem biomass, leaf biomass, leaf area and chlorophyll and also improved seedlings water content; However, there was no evidence of a significant positive effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Q. castaneifolia plantlets. Therefore, considering the improvement of water status, increase of growth and biomass and modification of physiological characteristics of the plant inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus, establishing this symbiosis can be introduced as a more appropriate approach to increase the success of planting in Q. castaneifolia forests restoration programs.

Tree species through litter fall have the most important effect on soil properties and play a fundamental role in the carbon cycle and nutrient release. This study aimed to investigate the corelation between tree species and changes in carbon sequestration and some soil properties in the forest types of central Zagros The tree species features in the Persian oak, Aleppo oak, and Wild pear forest types were measured by 24 plots of 500 m2 (20×25 m) and soil properties were determined (at two depths of 0-10 & 10-30 cm) by 48 combined sample. Data on tree features, soil properties, and carbon sequestration variables were analyzed and compared by one-way ANOVA. Based on the results, unlike crown height and tree density, canopy area showed no significant difference. Significant differences among forest types were also observed in carbon sequestration, soil texture, N, OC, K, pH, and saturated humidity in the 1st sampling depth but the T.N.V, C/N ratio, EC, Ca, bulk density, and saturated humidity showed no significant differences in the 2nd sampling depth. The most values of clay, silt, and pH, were seen in both Wild Pear and Aleppo oak forest types while Persian oak forest type had the most values of carbon sequestration, sand, K, N, OC, and saturated humidity in the 1st sampling depth. The crown height was the most important variable that showed significant correlation with the changes of carbon sequestration, K, pH, and saturated humidity. It is concluded that the changes in carbon sequestration and soil nutrients in Zagros forest types is mostly affected by forest types and crown height. It is suggested that to estimate carbon sequestration by remote sensing in Zagros forest, the Lidar data that able to measure crown height be applied.

Joint-point method is one of the distance sampling methods for forest inventory. For estimation of tree density with joint-point sampling method two estimator suggested by Batcheler and also Engeman et al. that biased in nonrandom spatial pattern. Aim of this study was presentation a new unbiased and most efficiency estimator for this method. Forty-four sample size for each of six sampling methods: Circle plot (10ar as true value), Nearest individual method, nearest neighbor method, Compound method, second nearest neighbor method and Joint-point method in forests of Sorkheh dizeh Dalahoo of Kermanshah province with systematic random design (100m*100m) carried out. After that trees density of forest stand calculated with 10 estimators of above methods and new estimator. Then calculated density with new estimator compared with Batcheler and Engeman et al. estimators and other estimators in different spatial patterns (regular, random and aggregate) by precision and accuracy criteria. The results showed that this new estimator was not only most efficient than Batcheler and Engeman et al. estimators but also was best than other estimators.

The Heart moth had outbreaks in forest regions of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in recent years. During, 2011-2012 biologicol aspects of this moth were studied in field and laboratory conditions. For this purpose from the first of February to end of June in this province twenty trees were selected and eggs, different larval stages and pupa on four twigs in four geographical directions were surveyed weekly. The adults emergence and flypeak were determined by light trap and adult fly peak were recorded. Surveys were conducted to pest owerwintering determination The results indicated that different larval stages feed on buds and leaf. The larval longevity were 22± .26 and 29± .14 days and pupal longevity were 8± .3 and 11± .16 days in laboratory and field condition respectively. The adult longevity were 7± .2 and 9±.11. Then the adults mated and females laid eggs in group on the end of top twigs under scales that caused by females. This pest have one generation per year and owerwintered as egg. The moth were idendified by Dr. abai in last years.

Chips producing and wood chipping are very basic and important step in wood chipboard factories that are determinant in final products quality and price. Producing high quality chips with effective dimension and size, not only guaranties high quality in final product, but also reduce stay time in secondary machines and subsequently and energy consumption. The aim of this study was evaluation of effective parameters on energy consumption in drum chipper which was done in Rosenheim University of applied sciences (Germany). For this reason, the impact of wood species, cutting velocity, moisture and wood dimension was evaluated. For precise investigation of energy consumption in any situation of experimental design equal weight of the trunk converted to chips. Also, chips thickness in all the exams imagines stable.

In this study Poplus termula and Quercus Robur was used. First, samples through band saw blade ESTERER Model EB 1400 converted to lumbers with dimension 4×8 cm and 8×8 cm. Then samples dried in chamber LAUBER TROCKNUNGSTECHNIK with automatic system to reach 18 and 40 percent moisture content. Next samples based on experimental design which was prepared with factorial design and equal weight of the trunk feed to drum chipper. Cutting velocity through the speed of rotation of engine in 3 level, 16, 20 and 24 meters per second was managed. The energy consumption during the process by Multi-channel precision power meter measured.

After analyzing data results showed that, influence of species, moisture and cutting velocity had significant effect in 95 percent confidence level. Main effect plot showed that, Oak species compared to poplar 40 percent moisture compared to 18 percent, 20 m/s cutting velocity in comparison with 24 and 16 has lesser energy consumption. Also result showed that, cutting velocity had most main effect and moisture had least main effect on energy consumption in 95 percent confidence level. The result of analysis of variances showed that the effect of thickness on energy consumption is not significant.

The results of reactions showed that while thickness did not have significant effect on energy consumption but compared to other variables it had the most effect. with evaluation result, observed that Oak with 40 percent moisture, 4 cm thickness and 20 m/s cutting velocity had least energy consumption, while poplar with 18 percent moisture, 8 cm thickness and 20 m/s had least energy consumption. This differences in energy consumption can happen because of difference in texture of 2 species. This can stem from different characteristic and elastic properties of the studied species as in poplar with increasing moisture content and thickness, wood deformation against cutting force increased and finally led to increasing energy consumption.