جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فسفر » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Chronic kidney disease or CKD is defined as functional failure or structural abnormality of the kidney. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the primary causes of this illness. Because the underlying causes of chronic kidney disease are more common now, the disease's financial burden on health systems around the globe has gone up. This disease can cause a wide range of complications, including changes in electrolytes and other known indicators in the blood. One of the less investigated indicators is the serum level of phosphorus in these patients. Therefore, we designed and implemented a study to investigate the relationship between serum phosphorus levels and kidney dysfunction in chronic kidney patients.

This study was a descriptive and retrospective study that was conducted on 110 patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital in Sari. The census sampling method and data collection tool was a checklist. Phosphorus values ​​obtained by blood tests and recorded in patients' files were studied. The comparison between the grouped variables was done with the chi-score test and Fisher's exact test. Quantitative variables were compared between 2 groups with a t-test and in more than 2 groups with an analysis of variance or their non-parametric equivalent. Also, the correlation between serum phosphorus level and GFR was done with Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. Partial Correlation was used to adjust the effect of confounding variables. Also, the normality of quantitative variables was evaluated with Shapiro-Wilks and based on skewness and kurtosis indices. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 25

Of the 110 individuals that were examined, 51 (46.4%) were female and 59 (53.6%) were male. Of the 110 individuals, 95.5%, or 105 patients, had underlying medical conditions. During their time in the hospital, 21 patients (19.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. 19 individuals were in the G3 stage, 41 in the G4 stage, and 50 were in the G5 stage of CKD. Also, 69 patients were diagnosed with diabetes. Of these, 13 patients were in the G3 stage, 28 patients were in the G4 stage, and 28 patients were in the G5 stage of chronic kidney disease. The average level of blood urea and creatinine was reported to be 125.0255 mmol/L and 4.2975 mg/dL, respectively. Also, the calcium serum level was 8.9109 mg/dL and the phosphorus serum level was 4.6873 mg/dL. Also, the average eGFR among 110 evaluated patients was 19.2345 mL/min/1.73m^2. Serum phosphorus levels and eGFR in men are correlated, and this link is significant (P=0.000). However, the P-value of 0.087 indicates that there is no significant association between eGFR and blood phosphorus levels in women. This connection was significant in hypertensive individuals (P=0.003). Furthermore, in contrast to systolic blood pressure, there is a substantial correlation between patients' diastolic blood pressure and eGFR.

Phosphorus serum level plays a role in determining the severity and prognosis of chronic kidney disease. Also, there is a direct relationship between diastolic blood pressure and the severity of this disease.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

  In this descriptive sectional study, infants who were admitted to the neonatal and NICU of Tehran Children's Medical Center Hospital with any diagnosis during 2018-2020 with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were included in the study. Serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and their relationship with vitamin D deficiency were recorded and investigated.

  Among 400 included infants, 197 neonates (49.3%) had vitamin D deficiency and 203 (50.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency. The average serum level of vitamin D in studied infants was 11.477±3.55 ng/ml. There was no statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D in newborns and the serum levels of magnesium and phosphorus (P value = 0.118 and P value = 0.511), but there was a statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D and the serum level of calcium (P=0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of serum vitamin D in newborns with the age and the gestational age of the newborn (P = 0.132 and P = 0.651). Still, a direct and significant statistical relationship was observed with the newborn's weight (P = 0.049). The average length of hospitalization in the examined infants was 16.39 ± 16.36 days. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated the presence of an inverse and significant correlation between the level of serum vitamin D in infants and the duration of hospitalization (P=0.036). In such a way with the reduction of vitamin D serum level, the time of hospitalization increased.

  This study showed a statistically significant relationship between low vitamin D serum levels with calcium serum levels. 

Practical Implications: 

 In infants with low weight or hypocalcemia, there is a possibility of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D check is recommended to start treatment earlier and decrease the duration of hospitalization and other complications.

Objectives :

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the survival of hemodialysis patients using a two-stage survival/multivariate longitudinal modelling. 

Methods & Materials:

 The is a retrospective cohort  study on 395 patients aged > 60 years who underwent hemodialysis in Hasheminejad Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected over a 15-year period from 2004 to 2019. Phosphate, calcium, parathormone and creatinine variables were considered as longitudinal variables and mortality as a survival response. The two-stage survival and multivariate longitudinal modeling for long-term hemodialysis patients were fitted and the results were compared according to theirs likelihood function. Data analysis was performed in RStudio v. 3.4.3 and SAS v. 4.9 applications. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

 The mean age of patients was 70.41±6.11 years. Of 395 patients, 249(63%) were male. Based on the log-likelihood function, the communication structure of the cumulative effect of longitudinal biomarkers and survival data was selected. Assuming that other variables were constant, the significance of values for mobility impairment, calcium level and parathormone level indicated that these variables were good predictors of the occurrence of death in hemodialysis patients over time. By each unit increase in each variables of mobility impairment, calcium level, and parathormone level, the risk of death increased by 1.391, 0.927, and 0.967, respectively.

Conclusion:

 By using a two-stage modelling, the variables of mobility impairment, calcium level and parathormone are found as factors affecting the risk of death in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, therapists should focus on changing health behaviors of these patients in consuming calcium and parathormone.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic disease. In this study, we examined the serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus in this disease and its relationship with clinical symptoms based on the patient's Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28).

This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the rheumatology clinic of a military hospital in Tehran, Iran. The diagnosis was made by a rheumatologist according to the criteria of the American Rheumatological Association. After admission, the severity of rheumatoid arthritis was assessed according to DAS28 criteria, which is based on the number of painful joints, number of swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were also measured in all of these patients.

one hundred patients were present in this study, of which 22 were male (22%) and 78 were female (78%). The mean age of patients was 53.7±11 years (range: 26-76 years). The mean score of disease severity among patients was 14.4±1.2 (range 1.4-7.6). 12% of patients had passive disease, 8% had low-activity disease, 62% had moderate activity and 18% had severe activity. There was a significant difference between the severity of the disease and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Patients with higher disease severity had lower levels of calcium and vitamin D while higher levels of phosphorus (p <0.05).

In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, serum levels of vitamin D are low, so it is recommended to investigate the effect of this vitamin on improving the severity of the disease in these patients so that the final decision to increase this vitamin to the treatment regimen can be made.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that can be prevented and cured. One of the most important and effective non-pharmacological interventions is performing proper physical activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6-week performance of selected Pilates exercises for 6 weeks on some of the indicators associated with osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. This quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design was conducted on 22 inactive postmenopausal women who participated voluntarily in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups of control and selected Pilates exercises (n=11 each). Bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus were measured 24 h before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for outgroup comparison. The mean scores of age and body mass index of subjects were obtained at 52.87±4.58 years and 29.72 ±3.68, respectively. The results of this study showed that after 6 weeks of exercising, there was a significant difference between the two groups of Pilates and control in the bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus indices of postmenopausal women (P≤0.05). Accordingly, all three indices increased significantly. Based on the results, 6 weeks of Pilates exercises improved some of the skeletal structural features of postmenopausal women. Therefore, it can be stated that if physical exercises are performed regularly and for a long time, they can be preventive factors of bone-related diseases in postmenopausal women.

Breast cancer is the second common cancer in women at worldwide. Furthermore, patients with breast cancer generally use complementary  and integrative medicine such as homeopathy. It has been shown that homeopathic remedies such as Sepia, Phosphorus and Pulsatilla have great effects in the various diseases such as some of the cancers. However, the cytotoxicity effects of these compounds have not been studied for breast cancer cell lines such asMCF-7. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of these homeopathic remedies on breast cancer cell line. 

Materials & Methods

Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were cultured in DMEM medium and treated with different potencies (30 and 200) of remedies for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay.

The findings indicate that none of the tested compounds had cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cancer cells.

This study shows that Sepia, Phosphorus and Pulsatilla as the three of homeopathic remedies have not in vitro cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell line, and it seems that further studies on different cell lines and also in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Preterm delivery is one of the essential midwifery problems, which causes a large proportion of infant mortality even in advanced societies. Despite advances in pregnancy care, the frequency of preterm delivery has not decreased. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium level with preterm labor in pregnant women.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 40 mothers with full-term and 40 mothers with preterm labor were enrolled. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were compared and compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using statistical tests. The significance level was considered 0.05.

In the present study, mean (standard deviation) serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels respectively were 8.65 (0.72), 3.65 (0.57), and 1.89 (0.47). It was reported mmol / l and in mothers with term labor 8.8 (0.55), 3.53 (0.71) and 1.79 (0.17) mmol / lit, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the salts.

The results of our study showed no difference in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the two groups of women with the term and preterm labor. However, further studies with a higher sample size are needed.

Low vitamin D levels has been associated with an increased risk of type 1diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and also pregnancy complications. Several studies have shown that vitamin D levels in pregnant women are lower than recommended. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone parameters in pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. 

It was a clinical trial study (before and after).The study population was 41 pregnant women (being at 12–14 weeks of gestation) with vitamin D deficiency. The study duration was six month.The present study had two phases of vitamin D3 supplementation (50000 IU / week for 12 weeks and then 50000 IU / month for three months). Serum Calcium, Phosphorus, magnesium, Alkaline phosphatase  (ALP) , Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) and  25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level were measured three times.

 At the end of 12 weeks(the first stage) and 3 months(the second stage) of supplementation , the mean levels of  vitamin 25OHD increased and PTH decreased significantly (p<0/001). After supplementation Phosphorus, and ALP, increased significantly (p<0/001). At the end of the study serum calcium and magnesium showed no statistically significant differences.

According to the results of this study, vitamin D supplementation (50000 IU / week for 12 weeks)  increased vitamin D levels in pregnant women and produced no adverse effects and all bone parameters were in suitable condition.

A high volume of wastewater is produced in dairy industries. These effluents contain high concentration of organic matters and nutrient elements (nitrogen and phosphorus). Discharging nitrogen and phosphorus to the environment leads to algal excessive growth, aquatics death, eutrophication and consequently, destruction of aquatic ecosystems.

This study was an experimental-laboratory study that was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from dairy wastewater by combined process of chemical coagulation and Fenton. In the first stage, the effect of different doses of coagulant poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) on removal efficiency of Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP) was assessed and optimum dosage of coagulant was determined. Then, the supernatant was used in Fenton process and optimum values of reaction time, pH, H2O2 concentration and Fe2+ concentration was determined.

According to the results, the optimal values were a PAC dosage equal to 100 mg/l, pH = 3, reaction
time =  120 minutes, H2O2 concentration = 650 mg/l, and Fe2+ concentration = 150 mg/L. In optimal condition, maximum removal efficiency of COD, TKN, and TP was 91.70%, 76.58%, and 82.56% respectively.

The results illustrated that the coupled process of chemical coagulation and Fenton oxidation might be an effective method to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in dairy wastewater.

In addition to the importance of vitamin D in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus, which have an important role in bone metabolism, it is defined that vitamin D plays a role in many biological activities, and its deficiency makes the individual become more susceptible to various diseases. Some individuals, such as medical staff, may be more likely to be vitamin D deficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum vitamin D level and its related factors among nursing students in Langarud, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 88 nursing students to evaluate serum vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels in 1395. Vitamin D was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and calcium and phosphorus levels were evaluated by colorimetry. Then, a research-made questionnaire was completed based on age, gender, body mass index, sunscreen usage, milk consumption, skin color, sun exposure, as well as the type of coverage and physical activity. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, or Mann-Whitney U test by SPSS software (version 22) at P

The mean values of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus were 27.30±19.07 ng/ml, 10±0.29 mg/dl, and 3.47±0.24 mg/dl, respectively. Less than normal levels of vitamin D were found in 65% of females (29.74±23.11) and 73% of males (25.26±14.86), and there was no significant difference between the two genders in this regard. There was only a significant difference between the type of coverage and level of serum vitamin D.   

The results showed that despite the normal levels of calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were prevalent among the nursing students in the Nursing and Midwifery School of Langarud. In addition, it is needed to consider the increase of vitamin D a health priority.

Considering that the dietary intake analyses conducts using software that designed in foreign countries, based on foreign food composition tables, the present study aimed to compare the amounts of calcium, Iron, phosphorus and zinc in some native food items with Nutritionist IV software values.

15 food items from 22 areas of Tehran city were analyzed chemically and compared by the values presented in Nutritionist IV (modified) software using One Sample T Test.

Based on our findings, iron levels in the sanghak and Lavash breads were lower than software values (P = 0.04), phosphorus level in rice and eggs was less than the software value (P = 0.05, and P = 0.001), zinc level in the egg samples was higher than software values (P = 0.007), the amount of iron in veal and lamb meats was significantly more and less than the amounts in the software (respectively, P = 0.01 and P = 0.01), the iron content of lighvan and white cheese was lower than the software values (for both samples, P = 0.02).

The results of this study showed significant differences between the chemical analyses with values found in the Nutritionist IV software, and the need for extensive experiments on native food items for the design of dietary analyses software are sensed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined exercise on bone mineral density and some blood parameters in postmenopausal women with overweight. 29 inactive postmenopausal women with an age range of 58 to 46 years participated in this study. Subjects were placed in one of the two exercises (resistance-aerobic) and control (without exercise). Before and after the training period, weight, body mass index, fat percentage, bone density of the lumbar vertebrae and femoral head (in dexas), calcium and serum phosphorus were measured. The exercise protocol included upper and lower resistance exercises in 3 sets with 12 to 8 repetitions, and aerobic training including running and waving alternately for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The data with normal distribution were analyzed using ANOVA and T-Paired methods and data without normal distribution using KruskalWallis and Wilcoxon. The experimental group showed a significant increase in serum calcium, bone density in the lumbar spine and neck (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in weight, fat percentage and body
mass index (P<0.05). Serum phosphorus did not change significantly (P<0.05). The findings showed that in order to maintain or prevent the reduction of bone density, postmenopausal women are recommended to combine resistance and aerobic exercises

Thermoluminescence dosimeters are the most widely used inactive in vivo dosimeters. Nanoparticles have more suitable dosimetry properties than similar bulk materials. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and to determine the kinetic parameters of nanophosphor equivalent to human tissue for using in medical purposes. After synthesis of LiB3O5 nanophosphor, structure and its dimensions were investigated using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different activators were added to each nanophosphor with 0.5, 1, and 2 percent of weight, to select the most suitable compound as a usable thermoluminescence dosimeter in medicine. The kinetic parameters of the glow peaks were calculated using four methods, and the results of these methods were compared. SEM and XRD analysis showed that the dimensions of synthesized phosphorus were less than 100 nm, and had a relatively high purity. By irradiating and reading the samples, the best peak position and intensity of the glow curve were obtained by 2 percent of weight aluminum (Al) activator at the peak temperature of 183 °C. The results of different methods were in good agreement. The calculated mean value of the activation energy was 1.243 eV, which had a good energy level for the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) reader. By comparing the experimental and computational values, the validity of the computational methods was confirmed.

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in different societies. It has a role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, growth and mineralization of bones, prevention of endocrine, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, and therefore it is important to identify its deficiency in the community, especially in children that are at the age of growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D3 status in children under 15 years of age admitted to Urmia 523 Hospital. 235 children under the age of 15 years of the patients admitted to the laboratory of 523 Urmia Hospital, from April 1 2017 to March 2018, were enrolled in this study. The results of blood tests including vitamin D, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme were collected and the effects of gender, age and season of sampling were investigated. Regarding the level of vitamin D in blood, 75 children (31.9%) had severe deficiency, 54 one (23%) had mild deficiency and 106 one (45.1%) were in normal status. There was no significant difference between the levels of phosphorus in the three groups, but the calcium level in the normal group (10.0±1.1) was significantly higher than two deficiency groups (9.7±0.5 and 9.9 ±0.4). The level of alkaline phosphatase in the severe vitamin D deficiency group was significantly higher than the other two groups. There was no significant difference between male and female patients in terms of vitamin D levels. Considering age groups, the level of vitamin D in the toddler group (0-5 years) was higher than that of the child (5-10) and adolescents (11-15), and there was a significant difference between the two groups. In terms of seasonal difference, the highest level of vitamin D was observed in autumn and its lowest level was observed in spring, and this difference was quite significant. (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate high prevalence of mild to severe vitamin D deficiency in children under the age of 15 years. Lower levels of calcium and higher levels of ALP enzyme also indicate the effects of vitamin D deficiencies on the metabolic status and health condition in individuals. The seasonal variation of vitamin D in the study population confirms that the amount of exposure to sunlight has a significant effect on the levels of this vitamin in the blood. Therefore, changing the living style to get more sunlight, along with improving the diet, can play a significant role in promoting community health by preventing nutritional deficiency diseases.

Phosphorus is a common ion in wastewater treatment effluents, but excess amount of phosphate concentration in the effluent discharge accelerates eutrophication that affects many natural water bodies. Eutrophication of the water bodies is one of the most important environmental problems. Eutrophication can lead to abundant development of aquatic plants, growth of algae and disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water. Therefore, in present work, natural and modified yellow and red soil with EDTA was used for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solution.
All experiments were conducted in a batch system. Natural yellow and red soil and its modified one with EDTA were used as adsorbent for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solutions. Effect of various experimental parameters such as pH, initial phosphorus concentration, contact time and adsorbent mass were investigated.
Results showed that the removal efficiency was increased by increasing in contact time, adsorbent mass and initial phosphorus concentration. Higher removal efficiency was observed at 150 min contact time, 10 g/L adsorbent mass, 50 mg/L phosphorus concentration and pH 5. At these conditions, about 65% of phosphorus were removed by natural soils, while 78% was removed by modified adsorbents.
The results of present work well demonstrate that, due to higher content of calcium, red and yellow soil is capable for adsorption of phosphorus and if they be modified with EDTA, their efficiency will be improved remarkably.

Phosphate is known to be the main limiting elements in the reuse of wastewater effluents and then it is the key element to outbreak of eutrophication. Therefore the objective of this work was to investigate the adsorption of phosphorous by natural and surface modified pumice with H2O2.
The present work was a fundamental-practical study which done in batch system. In this work, natural and modified pumice were used for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solution. Several experimental parameters including pH (2-10), adsorbent mass (2-10 g/L), initial phosphorous concentration (5-20 mg/L), ionic strength and contact time were studied. All experiments were conducted in batch system with varying one experimental parameter, while others were constant.
The results show that modification of pumice with H2O2 will improve adsorbent sorption capacity without any structural distortion. In addition, higher removal efficiency was observed at 10 g/L of adsorbent dose, pH 6, 130 min contact time and 20 mg/L of phosphorus concentration. In the optimal conditions, 69% and 97% of phosphorus removal were achieved by natural and modified pumice adsorbents, respectively. In addition, removal efficiency decreased for increasing ionic strength. Pseudo second order kinetic model best describe adsorption of phosphorus onto used adsorbent.
The results of present work well demonstrate that pumice have substantial adsorption capacity for phosphorus and in the case of its modification, its adsorption capacity will be improved.

Phosphorus (P), as one of the agricultural, industrial and urban wastewater pollutants, plays an important role in eutrophication of surface waters. Use of cationic sorbents for removal of anions including phosphate from aqueous environments is a well-known and effective method. Meanwhile, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are known as effective anion exchange sorbents. In this study, the efficiency of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al-LDH) for P removal from aqueous solutions was investigated.
Methods and Materials: The Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al-LDH) was synthesized by co-precipitation method and used for removing of P from aqueous solutions. The kinetics and equilibrium studies of phosphate adsorption by Mg-Al-LDH were performed using a batch experiment at different contact times, initial phosphate concentrations, pH values, ionic strengths and doses of sorbent.
The results of the kinetics experiments showed that sorption of P with LDH reached equilibrium after 30 min. The highest correlation coefficient was obtained for the pseudo-second order model, indicated that chemical sorption controlled the rate of phosphate sorption by LDH. The results showed that the sorption experiments data were in good agreement with Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity predicted by this model was 37.83 mg P/g LDH.
The current study revealed that P adsorption by LDH was increased by increasing contact time and concentration of LDH, but decreased by increasing initial concentration of P, pH and ionic strength. The optimum conditions for phosphate anion adsorption by Mg-Al-LDH were determined as P initial concentration of 20 mg/L, contact time of 120 min, pH of 3.0, sorbent dose of 10 g/L and ionic strength of 0.03 mol/L.

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The studies show that factors such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood pressure with vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus in sedentary postmenopausal women.
This investigation is in the form of a descriptive correlational study that was performed in September 2015. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women 50-70 years old in Urmia city, Iran. Fifty-four sedentary postmenopausal women were selected as subjects and voluntarily and bona fide participated in this study. General and anthropometric characteristics of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in subjects were measured by wall-meter with an accuracy of one millimeter, digital scale with precision of 100 g (Beurer, Germany), and dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic, USA) machines, respectively. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure was measured by indicator machine. Serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus were measured by ELISA and Auto-analyzer (BT 1500, Biotecnica, Italy machines, respectively.
The mean general, anthropometric, and physiological/laboratory variables of subjects were: age 54 yr, height 156 cm; weight 72 kg; BMI 29 kg/m2; systolic and diastolic blood pressure 76.20 and 110.70, respectively; vitamin D 25.22 ng/ml, parathyroid hormone 33.29 ng/ml, calcium 9.44 ng/ml, and phosphorus 3.26 ng/ml. Moreover, results showed that there was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and vitamin D (P>0.581 and P>0.619, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and parathyroid hormone (P>0.623 and P>0.341, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and calcium (P>0.704 and P>0.141, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and phosphorous (P>0.058 and P>0.357, respectively).
The results suggest that there is no relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure with serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous in sedentary postmenopausal women 50-70 years old.

Deaths from cardiovascular diseases following chronic kidney diseases are rising widely .The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combined regular exercise during dialysis on intervening risk factors for vascular calcification diseases.
Forty-five selected hemodialysis patients with a mean age of 61±9.02 years weighing 69±11.25 kg¡ were randomly assigned to the exercise (n=24) and control (n=21) groups. The exercise group participated in a 16-week combined exercise program. Training program included foot pedal ergometer and foot resistance exercises using weights during dialysis sessions three times a week. Parameters associated with calcification and renal function (FGF23¡ PTH¡ P and Ca) and quality of life were measured before and after the training program period.
Following four months combined training¡ parathyroid hormone and phosphorus levels significantly reduced. There were not any significant changes in blood fibroblast growth factor 23 and calcium levels. Also¡ exercise significantly improved the quality of life and physical functions in hemodialysis patients.
Physical activity in hemodialysis patients is associated with changes in some factors related to vascular calcification and also improvement in the quality of life.

Background and aims: Considering the grate polluting potential of landfill leachate and in order to prevent environmental pollution, the present study set out with the aim of assessing the efficiency of electrocoagulation process for organics, nitrogen, phosphorous and turbidity removal from landfill leachate.
Materials and In the present descriptive-analytical experimental study, the sample of leachate was supplied from Aq-Qala Landfill and compost center in Gorgan. Landfill leachate treatment was consequently performed by an electrochemical reactor. The paper studies the factors affecting the efficiency of reactor, such as electrolysis time (20, 40, and 60 min), pH of solution (3, 7 and 9), and the electric potential difference (20, 40 and 60 V). All studied parameters were determined according to standard methods. Because of the nature of the project, there were not ethical issues in this study.
The highest removal of turbidity, COD, nitrate, and phosphorus in raw leachate were 59.14, 44.33, 40.81and 48.86, respectively, achieved at 60 V, neutral pH (6.5-6.9) and operating time of 60 min. The corresponding removal percentages for treatment plant effluent electrocoagulation were 88.9, 80.5, 59.16 and 62.35, respectively.
The results show that electrocoagulation process can be applied to leachate pre treatment in order to remove organic matter, turbidity, nutrients, and organics loading reduction and consequently to enhance the bio- degradability of leachate. Thus, the process can be considered as an effective alternative in the pre-treatment of wastewater in order to prevent environmental pollution and protection of water resources.