ارسلان دمیرچی

Obesity is a widespread public health concern with a growing global prevalence, leading to an increased risk of chronic metabolic conditions. Despite this, research on the impact of exercise and supplementation on inflammatory factors in obese individuals is limited.

This study evaluates the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and Thylakoid supplementation on interleukins-1beta and interleukin-8 levels in obese individuals.

In this study, 44 obese men were allocated into four groups: control (C), Thylakoid supplement (T), HIFT (H), and a combination of supplements and exercise (HT). Participants followed the HIFT exercise protocol for 12 weeks, while those in the supplement groups received Thylakoid supplement for the same duration. Body mass index, inflammatory biomarkers were assessed through blood samples before and after the 12-week intervention.

In these groups, H, T, and HT, the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 were compared. In the case of interleukin-8 a significant difference was observed in the H and HT groups compared to the T group. Also, significant decrease in interleukin-1beta level was observed in all groups, H, T, and HT, compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the mentioned factors in both H and HT groups also showed a significant difference (P < 0.001).

The findings of the study showed that the HIFT protocol and the use of thylakoid supplements can reduce systemic inflammatory indicators in obese men by showing a synergy effect. Therefore, HIFT exercise with thylakoid supplements can be considered an effective way to reduce inflammation in obese people.

 People with hyperkyphosis have respiratory disorders and shortness of breath, which is associated with reduced oxygen supply and metabolic capacity of peripheral muscles, and quick fatigue. This study aimed to determine the effect of corrective and aerobic exercises on the aerobic performance and kyphosis angle of people with hyperkyphosis.

In this study, 32 women aged 30-55 years with hyperkyphosis (a kyphosis angle >40 degrees) in Rasht, Iran, were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of 8 (control, aerobic exercise, corrective exercise, and combined exercise). Aerobic exercises (running on a treadmill) and corrective exercises (stretching, mobility and strengthening) were performed for 6 weeks. Before and after the exercises, the kyphosis angle was measured with a flexible ruler, and aerobic performance was measured by the modified Bruce test. The analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effect of exercises on the variables. Paired T-test was used to compare the data before and after the exercises. The significance level was set at 0.05. SPSS software, version 23 was used for data analysis.

Corrective exercises (P=0.023), aerobic exercises (P=0.020), and their combination (P=0.002) had a significant effect on aerobic performance. Aerobic exercises had no significant effect on the kyphosis angle (P=0.131), but the combined (P=0.001) and corrective (P=0.001) exercises had a significant effect on reducing the kyphosis angle.

Six weeks of aerobic and corrective exercises and their combination have a significant positive effect on the aerobic performance of women with hyperkyphosis, where the combined exercises have the greatest effect. Also, corrective and combined exercises can significantly reduce the kyphosis angle of these women.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most important cause of death among women. Hormonal changes around and after menopause can affect inflammatory factors such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as vascular function. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of a session of aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on interleukins 6 and 8, TNF-α, as well as vascular function (flow mediated dilation) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 inactive women without any cardiovascular disease participated in the study voluntarily, which were allocated into two equal groups (n=15) of premenopausal women (age, 47.7±1.3 years) and postmenopausal women (age, 56.8±1.5 years). Participants in both groups performed a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise included 30 min of running on a treadmill at 60-70% of heart rate reserve. Participants' blood samples were collected 30 min before and 30 min after the exercise and were analyzed to measure inflammatory factors (interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and TNF-α). Vascular function was evaluated by measuring flow mediated dilation at 15 min before and 15 min after aerobic exercise. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and covariance test (P>0.05).

In response to a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, no significant difference was seen in interleukin 6 and 8 between two groups of premenopausal and postmenopausal women (P=0.432, P=0.097), but TNF-α decreased significantly in premenopausal whereas it it did not change in postmenopausal women (P=0.003). In addition, vascular dilation after a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise was significantly (P=0.001) different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women , where, flow mediated dilation increased in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal women.

Based on the increased FMD and decreased TNF-α in premenopausal women, in general our findings show that following acute exercise factors associated with endothelial responsiveness are improved in premenopausal women while responses are decreased in postmenopausal womenHowever, lack of differences in interleukins 6 and 8 between premenopausal and postmenopausal women might indicate increased inflammation in premenopausal women, which is a reason for the onset or increases in disorders of endothelial function during menopause.

 Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to improve cardiovascular function. The present study was performed to evaluate cardiovascular responses following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in inactive obese men.

 In the present semi-experimental study, eight inactive obese men (age: 22.5 2 2.5 years, body mass index: 31.5 ± 1.5 kg / m2) using a randomized crossover design, participated in three HIIE, MICE and control interventions.  Blood samples were taken before, immediately and one hour after exercise to measure nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Also, heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, immediately and every 15 minutes for one hour after exercises.  

  No significant changes in hemodynamic factors and NO were observed in the control group. However, after HIIE and MICE protocols, a significant decrease (p <0.05) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed compared to baseline conditions, which this phenomenon has persisted for a long time following HIIE. Heart rate and NO increased significantly after both protocols (p <0.05), with the increase in NO following HIIE persisting for longer.

It seems that training intensity can be an influential factor in the development of PEH. Also, due to the longer increase in NO caused by HIIE compared to MICE, it can be considered that longer PEH after HIIE is probably related to the mechanism of NO-induced vasodilation.

Hypertension similar to dyslipidemia is most important cardiovascular diseases that exercise training can have a preventive and therapeutic effect on them. The effect of combined exercise training as an effective method is one of the new ways to combat hypertension and cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercises training on cardiovascular inflammatory markers and blood pressure in hypertensive men.In this study that designed with pre-post tests with control group, 9 men (47.33±4.5 years; body mass index 33.18±5.27 kg/m2) as combined training group [COT] and 9 as control group [CON] (48.44±3.20 years; body mass index 30.51±5.35 kg/m2) were randomly selected from volunteers. Combined training (aerobic and resistance) that performed in 16 weeks consisted of 4 sessions per week (2 sessions of aerobic and dynamic resistance training, respectively). Aerobic training with 40-65% maximal oxygen uptake (70-80 minutes) and dynamic resistance training with 55% maximum repetition (70-80 minutes) were performed. Results of ANCOVA test showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, galactin-3 and endothelin-1 plasma levels were significantly decreased in the post exercise training group as well as in the control group (p<0.05). In lipid profile, we observed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TChol) in combined exercise training group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that, the results showed that the combination of aerobic and resistance training, in addition to lowering blood pressure and improvement of dyslipidemia in men with hypertension, led to a decrease in biomarkers affecting vascular inflammation and heart failure.

Repeated exercise on sand may lead to overreaching due to higher energy costs than on hard surfaces. Therefore, it will be necessary to create variety in training. Tabata training is a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which has been reported to improve some physical fitness factors in team sport players. However, no research has been done regarding its effects on the fitness of beach soccer players. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of six weeks of Tabata training on indoor hardcourt vs. sand on some physical fitness factors and the structure and function of the left ventricle in elite beach soccer players.

Sixteen players from one of the Iran Premier Beach Soccer League teams were randomly divided into two equal groups including the sand group and the indoor group. Except for the type of training surface, other training variables were similar between the groups. Each exercise set was performed for 4 min (20 s exercise:10 s rest). The protocol was performed in three sessions a week and the duration of each session was 34 to 39 minutes (7 to 8 sets). Cardiac variables (two-dimensional echocardiography) and physical fitness factors were measured at 72 h and 48 h, respectively, before and after the training period. Moreover, the food consumed by the players on the test days was similar. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the differences between the groups at P < 0.05.

The increase in stroke volume (SV; P < 0.001) and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (P = 0.003), and the decrease in the relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the sand group than in the indoor group. Except for peak anaerobic power in the indoor group (P = 0.604), the improvement observed in other physical fitness factors was significant in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in in terms of relative VO2max (P = 0.58), peak (P = 0.134), minimum (P = 0.913), and average (P = 0.5) anaerobic power, explosive power (P = 0.702), 30-m sprint (P = 0.23) and agility (P = 0.884).

Compared to indoor hardcourt, it seems that six weeks of Tabata training on sand increases the SV of elite beach soccer players through a greater venous return to the heart. However, no difference was observed between training on sand or indoor hardcourt in terms of aerobic power, anaerobic power parameters, explosive power, speed of movement, and agility performance. Therefore, the use of Tabata training protocol on a standard indoor hardcourt is recommended to create a variety of conditioning programs for beach soccer players or in situations where there is no access to a sand surface.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of mortality in the elderly. Signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis has a crucial role in cardiovascular energy homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of high and moderate intensity resistance training on the myocardial gene expression of some mitochondrial signaling molecules including AMPK, PGC-1α, TFAM and cytochrome C in the elderly rats.

Twenty-five male Wistar rats with 23 months old and 437 g average weight were randomly assigned to control (n = 8), resistance training (RT) with high intensity [HRT, 80% of maximum voluntary carrying capacity] (n = 8), and moderate intensity [MRT, 60% of maximum voluntary carrying capacity] (n = 9). RT included 5 days/week of climbing a ladder for 8 weeks. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, myocardial gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, TFAM and cytochrome C were measured by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc test were used for statistical analyses and p <0.05 was considered the significant level.

PGC-1α gene expression significantly increased in both HRT and MRT groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). MRT significant increased  cytochrome C gene expression, compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

In elderly rats, HRT and MRT can improve PGC-1α myocardial expression, wheras MRT improves the cytochrome C myocardial expression. These effects can be useful in improving the energy homeostasis of myocardial cells in the elderly.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Rasht municipal employees and compare the level of physical activity (PA), metabolic risk factors and their eating habits with non-MetS employees.

1007 employees participated in this study (age: 43.3±9.2 years, 800 men, 207 women) and their height, weight, body mass index, fat percentage, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure were measured. Beack questionnaire and a national standard questionnaire were used to assess the level of PA and eating habits, respectively. The MetS was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) index. Kruskal-Wallis and Yeoman-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

Based on the results, 18.4% of employees had MetS and 58.3% of them had low levels of PA. Chi-squared test showed a significant relationship between the level of PA and the prevalence of MetS (X2=10.4, P=0.005), so that the percentage of employees with MetS at the high, moderate and low level of PA was 10.4, 15.4 and 21.5, respectively. Also high level of PA, TG and HDL levels in male, WC in female, and FBS in both sexes were not different from non-MetS employees (P<0.05); while these factors at the moderate and low level of PA were significantly different (P<0.05). The MetS was inversely associated with weekly consumption of fruits and fish (P<0.05) and was directly associated with consumption of fried foods in three daily meals (P<0.01).

The risk of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is lower in employees who have a higher level of physical activity, and having a high level of physical activity can be an effective solution in controlling some components of metabolic syndrome, such as TG, FBS, and WC. Also, in addition to improving the level of physical activity, increasing the consumption of fruits and fish can be effective in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome among employees.

Objective:

 The use of amino acid supplements among athletes for reducing muscle injuries has become more popular. This study aims to examine the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consumption before exhaustive exercise along with one month vitamin E supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of active females.  

Methods :

In this study, 32 active female students of Razi University in Kermanshah, Iran aged 18-23 years were selected and, after obtaining the informed consent form them, were randomly divided into four groups of placebo (n=8), Vitamin E (n=8), BCAA (n=8), and Vitamin E+BCAA (n=). Vitamin E was consumed as 400 IU daily for a month and BCAA with lemon juice was consumed 2.5 hours before exercise four times with a 30-min interval. The exercise program included 30 minutes of cycling on an ergometer with 50% of the aerobic capacity, and immediately followed by cycling with 75% of the aerobic capacity until the exhaustion. Sampling was done immediately and 48 hours after the exercise, and data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Pearson correlation test in SPSS software, version 22.

Results:

 None of the supplements had a significant effect on levels of LDH and CK immediately after the exercise (P>0.05), but 48 hours after the exercise, the mean levels of LDH and CK decreased in BCAA group  (CK: 199.4±11.00, LDH: 213.2±23.44) and Vitamin E+BCAA (CK: 188.3±3.20, LDH: 208.3±40.12) compared to Vitamin E and placebo groups (P = 0.001). Their lowest levels was observed in the Vitamin E+BCAA group which was negatively correlated to plasma leucine and isoleucine levels (P = 0.001). 

Conclusion :

Although BCAA consumption alone before exhaustive exercise can reduce muscular damage indicators in active females, it seems that leucine and isoleucine along with Vitamin E supplementation is more effective in reducing muscular damage.

The beneficial effect of physical activity on some risk factors improves and promotes the metabolic and physiological factors in individuals. Women who have gone through menopause are at a greater risk. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric factors in pre and postmenopausal women.

A total of 77 women participated in this quasi-experimental study. The subjects were non-randomly divided into four groups including premenopausal women [active (n= 18), inactive (n= 17)] and postmenopausal women [active (n = 23), inactive (n = 19)] which had regular activity in the gyms of Rasht, Iran for three 90-minute sessions for at least 6 months. Bouchard Three-Day Physical Activity Record was completed by subjects to assess energy expenditure and to determine levels of physical activity. Then body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percent (BF%) of subjects were measured. Also, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C were measured. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test using SPSS software (version 20).

The results of this study indicated no significant difference in SBP, DBP, BMI, BF%, and WHR between pre and postmenopausal women (active and inactive). However, significant differences (P≤0/01) were observed in TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C between pre and postmenopausal inactive and active women.

The results of this study revealed that although physical activity failed to affect BMI, weight, or BF%, it could desirably and significantly affect lipid profile in pre and postmenopausal women.

Age-related cardiovascular dysfunction is often accompanied by impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Exercise training can improve mitochondrial function and content in muscle to meet the energy demands of the cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity (MRT) and high-intensity (HRT) resistance training on the expression of PGC-1α, TFAM and AMPK of cardiomyocytes in elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 30 elderly male rats (23 months) were divided into 3 groups: control (C), MRT and HRT. Training groups exercised resistance training for eight weeks (5 days a week). The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 110- centimeter -long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. In the MRT group, the training protocol with 60% MVCC, 14-20 times climbing the ladder; In the HRT group with 80% MVCC, 9-10 times climbing the ladder was performed. Data were tested using ANOVA at a significance level of p<0.05.

the expression of PGC-1α, TFAM and AMPK was significantly increased in MRT and HRT groups compared to control group (p=0.000). There was no significant difference between MRT and HRT groups on the expression of PGC-1α, TFAM and AMPK (p=0.574).

Eight weeks of MRT and HRT exercise improved mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α and TFAM Cardiomyocytes in Elderly Rats. Both types of exercise training may be considered an effective intervention to improve mitochondrial function

Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system occur gradually with age These changes cause cardiovascular disease, which is a major cause of death in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intermittent and resistance training on mitochondrial biogenesis of cardiac myocytes in elderly rats.

30 -old rats 23-month weighing 437.2 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: 10, intermittent training (IT), high intensity resistance training (HIRT) and control group (C). Were divided. High-intensity ladder resistance training (80% of MVCC), and intermittent training with 40 to 80% of maximum speed started from the first week and continued with 30 to 110% of maximum speed from the fourth week Exercises were performed for eight weeks and 5 days a week. 72 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue isolation was performed. Statistical analysis using ANOVA test had a significance level of P ≥ 0.05.

Results The findings of this study showed that aging significantly reduced the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α and TFAM in the heart tissue of elderly rats (P = 0.000). After eight weeks of intervention, the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and TFAM increased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group (P = 0.000). Also, there was a significant difference between the training methods on the expression of AMPK, PGC- 1α, TFAM (P = 0.000).

The results show that periodicity and resistance improve the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, having regular levels of intermittent and resistance training can be a good solution for favorable changes in cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly.

Lifestyles comprising of physical inactivity coupled with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and pre-diabetes are the major global public health challenges. Recently, sport sciences have garnered attention as to find new methods for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of combined exercise on impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and HbA1c in pre-diabetic patients.
30 men with pre-diabetes voluntarily took part in this study and were divided into two groups: pre-diabetes exercise and pre-diabetes control. The pre-diabetes exercise group participated in an aerobic (40 to 70 percent of VO2max) and resistance exercise (50 to 70 percent of 1RM) program for 8 weeks. The control group continued their daily activities and normal life. Changes in the serum levels of fasting glucose, two-hour glucose tolerance and HbA1c were then compared between the groups.
At the end of the study, fasting glucose levels, two-hour glucose tolerance and the percentage of HbA1c were significantly improved in the pre-diabetes exercise group. Fasting glucose levels, two-hour glucose tolerance and the percentage of HbA1c did not decrease in the control group.
Aerobic and resistance exercise are effective on impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and glycosylated hemoglobin A in pre-diabetes patients. This effective method could bring pre-diabetes patients closer to their therapeutic targets regarding FBS, OGTT and glycosylated hemoglobin A. In this study aerobic and resistance exercise possibly prevent the progression of pre-diabetes and multiple complications of type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to draw firm conclusions.

The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of two volumes six- and eight-week of concurrent training on physical fitness factors, cortisol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level changes in adolescent soccer players. Twenty players (age: 15 ± 0.91 years; weight: 61.10 ± 10.07 kg; soccer experience: at least 5 years) randomly divided into 6-week or 8-week group (n=10). The training protocol had two phases including general (three weeks) and specific in three days a week for 90 min. The type and intensity were same for both groups and only the volume was different between them. Aerobic power (1609 m), speed (60 m), muscular endurance (push up and sit up), and fasted venous blood samples (cortisol and hs-CRP) were collected before and after training period at 8-8:45 P.M and 8-8:30 A.M, respectively. The values of VO2max, speed, push up, and sit up were improved compared to pre-training values in both groups. Eight-week volume was more effective regarding the reduction of cortisol (%16.77; P=0.033), but the speed of six-week group was improved (%5.27) with a large effect size (r = -0.11). With respect to other variables, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Gradual increase in intensity of conditioning training within eight weeks compared to the same increase within six weeks lead to more effective reduction in serum cortisol of adolescent soccer players, but in relation to hs-CRP levels and improve in VO2max, speed and muscular endurance, it has no more advantage.

In the present study, the effect of acute aerobic exercise on enzymatic and non-enzymatic salivary antioxidants variations in non-athlete men, was investigated.
In this experimental study, 25 male non-athlete collegiates (age, 21.2±1.6 years; weight, 68.62±10.1kg; body fat, 16.75±2.9%; and Vo2 max, 37.54±2.4ml/kg/min) participated voluntarily in this study. Saliva samples were collected in three phases (before, immediately, and 1 hour after running) on treadmill according to Astrand test. The activity of peroxidase and catalase, and concentration of uric acid were measured by laboratory methods. Then, to assess the obtained changes, repeated measures statistical test, and in case of significance, post-hoc Bonferroni test were used for pairwise comparing of the measuring phases at the significance level of p≤0.05 used.
The activity of peroxidase significantly increased immediately and 1 hour after exercise compared to the baseline; Also, the concentration of uric acid significantly increased after aerobic exercise, but catalase enzyme activity significantly decreased after aerobic exercise (p According to the findings of this study, aerobic exercise causes the production of free radicals, and salivary antioxidant system increases as the body biological response to neutralize and counteract the damaging effects of free radicals.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin D deficiency are both too common during menopause. Since the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplements on blood sugar, insulin concentration and insulin resistance are unknown, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of the vitamin D supplements on visceral fat, blood sugar, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats.
In this randomized experimental study, 32 female Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: three groups . that received vitamin D supplements (high, moderate, and low dose) and one control group. After 8 weeks of different doses of vitamin D supplementation plasma concentration of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were measured in the three groups. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of dependent t-test and ANOVA . at the significance level of P After a period of eight-week intervention, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, visceral fat, insulin, blood glucose and HOMA-IR at high, moderate, and low doses of vitamin D supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (P The findings of the current study showed that a high dose of vitamin D causes significant improvements in FPG, insulin, and insulin resistance evaluated by HOMA-IR. It was also found that adding vitamin D supplements can improve glucose control in menopause model of rats.

Estrogen reduction after the menopause is associated with visceral adipose tissue accumulation and insulin resistance. Serum omentin-1 level is also decreased by abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. This study investigated the effect of estrogen on visceral fat, omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
Thirty 13-week-old female Wistar rats weighing180±5 gr were randomly matched on their body weight and divided into OVX (n=20) and sham-operated (SHAM; n=10) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into estrogen replacement therapy (Ovxዋ; n=10), and control (Ovx뇫᪙ Oil; n=10) groups. The estrogen replacement therapy received 17b-estradiol (30µg/kg bw; in 0.2 ml sesame oil) three days a week, for eight weeks. Ovx㨩 received the same sesame oil subcutaneously as vehicle. All intra-abdominal fat depots were dissected out and weighed immediately. Omentin-1 concentration was measured by rat omentin ELISA kit and HOMA-IR was used to estimate the insulin resistance. Obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test.
Visceral fat was decreased by 12.84% in Ovxዋ compared to Ovx㨩 group; but it wasn ́t significant. Whereas, body weight was significantly decreased by 7.87 % in Ovxዋ compared to Ovx㨩; and it was significantly increased by 12.5% in Ovx㨩 compared to SHAM group. Omentin-1 level was significantly increased by 41% in Ovxዋ compared to Ovx㨩 group; whereas it was significantly decreased by 13.9% in Ovx㨩 compared to SHAM group. The levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased to 51.16%, 24.23% and 61.52%, respectively, in Ovxዋ group compared to the rats in Ovx㨩 group (p=0.0001).
8-week estrogen reduces body weight and improves insulin resistance probably via increase in omentin-1.

Methamphetamine as a highly addictive stimulant affects the nervous neurotransmitters and physical status. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seven weeks of combined (aerobic-resistance) training on blood levels of serotonin and dopamine and physical fitness factors of addicted men to methamphetamine during rehabilitation.
In this research study, 17 men addicted to methamphetamine were selected to participate as a purposeful and available sample and were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 9) groups. The experimental group had combined training for 7 weeks, 3 days a week (each session, aerobic running training for 20 minutes, with an intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate, followed by resistance training with 60-75 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), while the control group was only followed up without any effective physical activity. The variables measured before and after training programs included blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and aerobic power.
Seven weeks of combined (aerobic–resistance) training significantly increased blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, muscular strength and endurance and flexibility in the experimental group as compared to the control (P0.05).
Combined training can affect blood levels of serotonin and dopamine and the health-related fitness factors of men addicted to methamphetamine, and a non-drug treatment is helpful during rehabilitation.

The concentrations of aminothiols in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) are used as an oxidative stress and health markers, respectively. The level of physical activity is an important factor affecting individual health by changing the power of antioxidant defense system. This study was designed to compare the role of different levels of physical activities on plasma and RBCs reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), cysteine (CYS) to cystine (CYSS) ratio in in male adults. Thirty voluntary male subjects with high-level (HL), moderate- level (ML) and low-level (LL) of physical activity were randomly divided into three groups in this cross-sectional study. The levels of GSH, GSSG in plasma and RBCs, and (CYS), (CYSS) in plasma and also serum level of creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The highest plasma and RBCs levels of GSH/GSSG and also plasma level of CYS/CYSS were detected in ML group. The RBCs level of GSH/GSSG in the men from HL group was lower than that in ML group. The serum levels of creatin kinase did not show any significant difference between groups. According to the results, the level of physical activity of individuals determines the redox status of plasma and RBCs. Individuals with moderate level of physical activity showed high level of redox status, however, the high and low level of physical activity showed poor level of redox. This study suggests that both groups of individuals with high and low level of physical activity lifestyle might be predisposed to diseases due to increased stress oxidative.

The effect of exercise training on body weight and visceral fat have been examined in several studies, whereas those of aerobic training along with the different dosages of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake are unknown. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of aerobic training and different doses of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake in female Wistar rats. In this experimental study, seventy-two female Wistar rats were divided into 9 with 8 rats in each group, one group: aerobic training (3 days/week for 8 weeks), three groups: aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses), three groups: vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses) and two control groups. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that body weight and visceral fat in aerobic training with high dose vitamin D supplementation group was significantly lower than other groups. Also, the mean food intake in three groups of (aerobic training with low dose vitamin D supplementation, low dose vitamin D supplementation and control) w as significantly higher than other groups. It seems that aerobic training with high dose vitamin D compared to using each of the strategies is more effective in decreasing body weight, visceral fat in female Wistar rats.

Obesity and visceral fat accumulation after menopause are associated with lipid profile changes، metabolic syndrome and c ardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic - resistance training and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral fat and cardiovascular risk factors in ov ariectomized rats. Fifty female Wistar rats were ov ariectomized and divided into 5 OVX groups (n=10 rats per group): Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary)، aerobic - resistance training (Ovx+Exe)، aerobic - resistance training+estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Exe+Est)، estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Est) and vehicle group; or sesame oil (Ovx+Oil). The exercise consisted of aerobic-resistance training (20 m/min، 3 days/week، 60 min/day، 10% slope، Load; 3% body weight); 17b-estradiol valerate (30 µg/kg bw; in 0. 2 ml sesame oil) were injected subcutaneously three days a week during 8 week. The co-treatment group received both exercise and estradiol protocol as same as previous groups. After 8-week of interventions، visceral fat significantly reduced by Ovx+Exe and Ovx+Exe+Est compared to Sedentary rats (p<0. 05)، however no significant difference in body weight was observed. BMI significantly reduced in Ovx+Exe and Ovx+Exe+Est groups compared to Sedentary group. Also، BMI significantly reduced in Ovx+Est compared to Ovx+Oilgroup (p<0. 05). Although this intervention changed lipid profiles، they were not statistically significant in neither of groups. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed usingone-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The differences were considered significant at p<0. 05. Eight weeks aerobic-resistance training successfully decreases visceral fat and BMI.

The “redox” state represents the oxidation/reduction potential within the cell; in a way that more “redox” is the marker of health, while the more oxidized reflects predisposition to diseases. Different types of exercise training may change the thiol/disulfide ratio of redox couples such as glutathione and represent a shift in redox balance. This study was assessed the influence of high-intensity aerobic exercise on glutathione redox state in red blood cells in professional, recreational athletes and nonathletes. Ten voluntary well trained (WT), moderately trained (MT) and untrained men subjectswere randomly selected for this semi-experimental study (mean ages of 21.10±1.72; 21.70±1.88 and 20.10±1.44, respectively). Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 10 min and 30 min after acute aerobic exercise with 75%VO2max. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and (GSH/GSSG) in red blood cells (RBCs) as well as serum levels of cortisol and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The results showed reduction, elevation and no changes in RBCs GSH/GSSG ratio in UT, MT and WT groups, respectively. The lowest levels of GSH/GSSG ratio in RBCs and the highest one were detected in the WT and MT groups, respectively. The serum levels of cortisol and creatine kinase were increased following the exercise in three groups. It is concluded that acute aerobic exercise with high intensity does not change redox balance in well trained subjects, however it is capable to shift redox balance towards more reducing environment in moderately trained subjects and also to more oxidizing one in untrained subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on visceral adipose tissue, serum omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Fifty Female Wistar rats (weight, 180±5g) were divided accidental and according body weight into five groups: SHAM (n=20) and OVX (n=30) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into 2 Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary; n=20) groups and one aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe; n=10) group. Two weeks after surgery, one group of OVX rats and one group of SHAM rats were sacrificed and omentin-1, insulin resistance and visceral fat were measured. The other OVX rats were randomly divided into the following subgroups: 1) OVX and sedentary (Sedentary); 2) OVX and Exercise (Ovx+Exe). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance exercise (3 days/week, 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load; 3% body weight, attached to tail), three days a week. After complete anesthesia, the abdominal cavity was rapidly opened and blood samples were collected. All intraabdominal fat were dissected out and weighed immediately. Omentin-1 was measured by rat omentin ELISA kit. HOMA-IR was used to estimate the insulin resistance. There was no significant differences between weights means all groups. After two weeks of surgery, there was no significant difference between visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in SHAM2 compared to OVX2. After eight weeks, combined aerobic-resistance training in Ovx+Exe significantly decreased visceral fat gain induced via ovariectomy by 21/4% compared to the level observed in Sedentary; whereas, visceral fat significantly increased by 92.5% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0.05). Omentin-1 increased in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary and SHAM, by56/5% and51/6%, respectively; whereas it was significantly decreased by3/1% in Sedentary compared to SHAM (p<0.05). HOMA-IR induced via ovariectomy significantly decreased by74.7% in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary; whereas, it significantly increased by 193.7% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0/05). Also, HOMA-IR decreased in Ovx+Exe compared to SHAM2, but it was n ́t significant. 8 week aerobic-resistance training successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance via increasing omentin-1. So, it seems that 8-week aerobic-resistance training with 70-85% Vo2max is suitable for controlling body weight gain, decreasing visceral fat and insulin resistance and increasing omentin-1 in menopause period.