mohamadreza bemanian

Typology provides a simple and diagrammatic description of a group of phenomena and establishes a degree of connection or affinity between those phenomena. Many studies have addressed the typology of spaces of historical houses, but most of these studies have focused on one or more limited spaces, which reveal the absence of structural connection between different spaces and the lack of a specific method or framework that can be used to typify all spaces and explain the structural connection between them.

This study aims to establish a connection between different spaces in introverted historical houses located in the Central Iranian Plateau Iran and identify the formal-structural connection between the findings from previous studies on the typology of spaces of historical houses in Iranian architecture.

Using the shape grammar, the present study performed a typological analysis of micro-spaces of 64 historical houses from Kashan, Yazd, and Isfahan. This study also developed the initial typology of micro-spaces and established a coherent system of relationships between formal typologies in the historical houses located in these three cities.

Based on the findings from this study, a two-stage grammar was first developed for generating the formal structure and then establishing spatial relationships between components of the houses. With the help of this grammar, a triple structure was developed using a range of formal structures and spatial relationships identified in the studied samples. The developed typology can account for the structural relationships between different forms. In addition, it can pinpoint the differences between different typologies in other cities. Accordingly, the typological model developed in this study establishes a structural-form relationship between different spaces in introverted historical houses located in the Central Iranian Plateau.

This article aims to review methods of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the published papers. The main focus is on methodological limitations and advances of the published articles which as a basis for further research on the gaps in the relevant literature.Due to the close relationship between the construction industry and environmental pollution, it is important to pay attention to environmental effects of this industry. Currently, LCA is regards as one of the relatively new tools that help in assessing the environmental impacts and its implementation in the construction industry. LCA in construction industry is a systematic analysis of industrial processes and products and investigates energy flow and material consumption, waste released into the environment, and measures and evaluates environmental improvement Hence, the purpose of this article is to review the LCA methods and its steps affecting the environment and to examine the existing objectives and limitations. Studies show that up until now, life cycle has been used for zero energy buildings on an urban scale. In this context less attention has been paid to evaluate urban-scale residential buildings in public use through LCA. This tool can be used in residential buildings as well as in reconstruction projects to make the building more resistant to energy consumption. This requires identification of the effective parameters and the necessary information for in-depth analysis of such projects.

Research Problem: 

From the past, acoustic quality in the architectural form of collective spaces has been considered by architects. So far, the curve fitting equation and the form of acute and obtuse arcs have not been studied acoustically in large-scale lecture space. Researchers have studied the sound quality of curved roof shapes according to the type of arch, materials, height and their history. By analyzing the equation of curve fitting and form in acute and obtuse arcs in acoustics, it is possible to understand the form and computational structure of the arc based on acoustic quality, Which is directly affected by volume, surface, height to the opening and the curve fitting equation. Impaired speech and language communication is a factor in not paying attention to the acoustic quality of the environment. However, indoor acoustic environments are not limited to professional performance spaces. In recent years, architectural acoustics have used music in non-professional spaces, such as spaces such as offices, libraries, multipurpose spaces, lecture halls, etc. When a speech signal is transmitted in a space, the speech transmission index, the bending time and the speech resolution of this frequency in the transmission path are affected by the architectural form and change and affect the sound quality of the environment.

Research Question: 

What is The effect of architectural parameters and curve fitting equation of acute and obtuse arcs on the components of acoustic quality? What is the relationship between architectural parameters and acoustic quality components?

 Data collection is based on library data and simulated arcs. Using the combined method (simulation, descriptive analysis) is placed in the category of applied articles. After drawing the samples by the algorithm method in Grasshopper software, then the fitting curve by the matrix method was calculated with SPSS 22 software. After that, acoustic simulation was performed using odeon software. Descriptive analysis of arches with violin diagram was performed by RStudio software. Acute and ambiguous arc correlation analysis between architectural and acoustic variables was performed by Spearman method with SPSS software. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between non-parametric acoustic and architectural variables.

 Improving the acoustic quality in the lecture space is one of the most important goals of the architectural design of this space.The roof of the building is one of the most important factors that play an effective role in acoustic quality.Curved ceilings, despite their use and superior thermal quality, are good examples for reviewing and improving the acoustic quality of the lecture space.The analyzes revealed that the acute arcs at the reverberation time (RT) and speech transmission index (STI) had a higher median and at the clarity (C80) had a lower median than the obtuse arc. Decreasing the size of the forms increases the value of the speech transmission index (STI) and decreases the reverberation time (RT) and the clarity (C80). In the present study, the acoustic quality among the two groups of acute and obtuse forms of Iranian arcs is widely used. is

This research is a Qur'anic review that examines the effects of ethics on architecture from the Holy Qur'an’s point of view with the goal of introducing logical theoretical principals of ethical architecture. In order to reach the research goal, this research conducts the Induction, deduction and reverse extraction of research’s resulted theoretical concepts based on Aristotle's formal logic. The main question of this article is how theoretical principles of ethical architecture can be extracted from the Holy Qur'an on the grounds of Aristotelian logic? Given the priority of avoiding unethical issues over the acquisition of ethical virtues in the religion of Islam and the architectural position as an arbitrary act of human being that influences the inner attributes of the individual and the surrounding society, unethical issues can be considered as the most important factors in the formation of ethical principles for architecture. The unethical issues mentioned in the Holy Quran determine these principles from the point of view of the Muslim scripture and provides backbone of understanding the principles of ethical architecture. This research studies documents and resources based on a logical reasoning and Interpretative analytical approach. Research findings are validated using semi-structured interview techniques and indicate that experts validate the completeness and adequacy of the resulted theoretical principles and the logical process of this research. Research results include seven theoretical principles for ethical architecture; 1) Architecture should be a remembrance of God. 2) Architecture should be a tool of respect for its consumers and lack self- glorification over them. 3) Architecture should be goal-oriented towards the needs of future generation. 4) Architecture should eliminate social gaps and be a symbol of equality and modesty. 5) Architecture should create balance between human needs, pleasures and desires. 6) Architecture should answer human demands on the grounds of an economical and naturalistic approach. 7) Architecture should include structural strength with the acknowledgment of human lifetime limitations. The result of this research presents a coherent logical extraction of ethical architecture from the Holy Quran, which can be considered in the fields of theory and practice by academics and architects.

This article is written because of the lack of a model for understanding the relationship of the meaning of public space in the perceivers's minds. The results of the study showed that there are two types of levels in any observer's mind that the first are straight, immediate and referential, and the second are implicit, secondary and normative. In fact the secondary thought are a basis for knowing a place as high quality or not. For example everyone considers a clean public place or a place with law as a desirable place. However these places could have not been known as a quality places, if they are impure (according to Islamic rules) or there is a sin in it. With this example, it is cleared out that the secondary meaning plays an important role in the qualitative judgment of public places. Therefore in suggested model, a first levels are around the circle and the secondary are in a center of that and also this model is arranged by some components that has some properties such as a) Transcendental and uplifting, b) Being complementary and c) Hierarchy.in an example meaning relationship could be like atent with a main coulmn and some strings, implicit, secondary and normative meanings are like a main coulmn and straight, immediate and referential meanings are like strings. Finally,quality of holdfast arrange around it.

This article provides analysis on space configuration and space geometry in Markets of The Tabriz Main Bazaar. Theoretical approach of this research is based on the theory of space syntax Which evaluates variables such as geometric patterns of markets including the average length and width of shops and passages, the number and different types of axes, and the number of nodes in these markets and the aim is discovering optimal paradigms for optimizing contemporary markets and commercial buildings. In order to discover the most beneficial paradigm, identifying effective components and factors of the Integration, control, visibility and paradigms of the markets and comparative analysis of these models have been studied regarding to today's markets and commercial buildings requirements.Research Question: 1.What are the most influential configuration in bazars? 2.How does the configuration of the spaces in markets effect the space quality? 3.Which of the geometric patterns lead to the optimize and high-quality commercial market spaces?

 The method used in this research is survey method with content analysis technique and software analysis. Thus, in the quantitative data analysis section, data from justification graphs and software are used to extract the findings and finally the results obtained by the qualitative method of logical argument are analyzed. Library data collection and surveying, field study and software simulation have been used in this investigation. DepthMap software and graph analysis is used for 7 markets in Tabriz bazaar.

 The results illustrate that when the paradigm of the markets is a straight line with only one axis and its plan is symmetric or balanced alongside the main axis, the market has the most optimum and desirable spaces. Furthermore, the presence of 2 entries on the main axis of the market, at the beginning and the end of the axis, increases the space quality of the market. Also, the Experimental results show that when the average width index of the passage over the passage length index is close to 0.44, the commercial plans have higher space quality. In addition, findings of this paper show that each of the space configuration parameters, including Visibility, Integration, and Controllability, at the most desirable mode, form special relationships with each other. When the Connectivity creates the Y=0.012X+3.75 relationship with Integration and Y=0.001X+0.44 relation with Control and the time that Integration creates Y=0.01X+0.07 relation with Control, the markets and commercial units are in their optimal condition. Moreover, according to the data analysis, when the pattern of the market is linear and its plan has only one main axis and no nodes including two entrances at the beginning and at the end of the axis and the average path width over the market length is 0.07 the connectivity is in its optimal mode. Also, from the Integration point of view, when the plans pattern is straight-line type and the market has only one main axis and no nodes with two entrances at the beginning and at the end of the axis and the average path width over the market length is close to 0.44 space integration is in its optimal condition and The most desirable controllability is for a market in which a straight single-axis, linear plan has only one entrance, and the average path width over the market lengh is close to zero.

Aesthetic and landscape are two very vital components in the vitality of urban spaces and architecture that cause visual and structural integration in buildings, streets. Aesthetic originates from human beings and for this reason, it is necessary for the happiness and excellence of individual and social life. The nature of aesthetic must be sought in the emotional relationship between man and the world around him. The main function of aesthetic is to create emotional harmony between human beings, nature, and society, and therefore play a decisive role in guiding human beings towards happiness, well-being, and happiness. Aesthetic is also a valuable and purposeful phenomenon. Human endeavor to attract and create aesthetic is a kind of effort to strengthen the values of life and the elements that agree with life and the negation of negative and ugly phenomena in life. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the aesthetic criteria in Narvan residential complex in Arak. The study of the existing literature and the opinions of experts show that the criteria of a beautiful urban landscape with the context and text of urban planning, the building blocks of a beautiful urban landscape, the building blocks of a beautiful urban landscape are among the effective criteria. Criteria prioritization is based on the ANP model and is done using the opinions of experts who specialize in the theory and practice of aesthetics and landscape. Contrast criteria, rhythm, and diversity of uses are the most influential components in the flexibility of residential space. Perceptual criteria have the highest weight among the research variables.

One of the most important places to create daily games and interactions between children is residential spaces in which the child is often ignored and not given an identity. If the conditions for the presence of children in our traditional homes exist at different levels, especially in open spaces and neighborhoods, and increase play, provide sensory, practical and growth stimuli. Learning and free play, environment and body, community and culture are considered as criteria for sustainable development in Tehran and are factors that are generally effective in the formation of child-friendly housing and in various forms in open, semi-open, closed areas. They define the creation of a suitable environment for the child's growth and his effective interaction with his living environment. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of child-friendly housing components for the sustainable development of district one of Tehran and the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and survey methodology with a questionnaire. The statistical population is used by experts in the field of architecture and urban planning in district one of Tehran, which was provided to 50 people by simple random sampling method. Findings show that the highest averages are related to the variables of readability (4.30), flexibility (3.78) and sensory richness (3.76), which are important in increasing and developing child-friendly housing. According to the results of learning and free play variables with beta 0.711 has the greatest effect on the variable of housing and child. Based on this result, a standard deviation in the learning and free play variable increases the housing deviation by 0.711 standard deviation, in contrast, reducing a standard deviation in the learning and free play variable reduces the standard deviation in the childfriendly housing variable

Nowadays, in order to increase the quality of the place of residence, recognition of the characteristics of children as an important member of the community is necessary and considering the impact of nature on the child and the creation of the grounds for the game and, as a result of their growth, the importance of utilizing nature in housing. Do not by studying the works of traditional Iranian architecture in different parts of the country, the presence of nature in all levels of life is palpable, but this has become diminished in contemporary housing. Therefore, because of their sensitivity, children are more aware of the negative effects of this loss and make it for generations. Future ones also inherit. The present study seeks to provide a new definition and quality of housing by looking at the nature, the child and their link to housing. Because children spend long hours in housing, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the integration of housing and the nature and consequences of this relationship on children. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and correlation and the information is evaluated qualitatively. In order to achieve the goals, a questionnaire for assessing the types of children''s games (physical, language, exploration, building, imagination and group), in housing that needs their growth, and completed by their parents, another questionnaire, based on different elements of nature, the design of a housing was defined and analyzed with a series of questions. In this questionnaire, a five-point Likert scale was used and using Spearman satisfaction correlation, the relationship between variables was determined and Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. Also, the amount of play with digital devices, sensuality, security and joy of children was also studied. Four regions of Tehran were selected as samples. After examining the form, structure, function, space, decorations, colors and materials as elements that can be designed from nature and are present in the housing, were known. Findings show that there is a relationship between the elements mentioned and the children''s play, and the role of space and materials in keeping with nature is important because of the creation of an environment and the desirable space for more types of games. Also, overall games that help children in open and semi-open spaces increase the security of housing. The higher the number of children''s games, the greater the child''s happiness and the sense of belonging to their place of life, and the game with the computer and virtual games is reduced. Form and structure are two elements that in the studied samples have the least average and effect of nature. According to the studies, it is concluded that the form and structure are less important in the use of housing, and because of the high buildup of housing, forms and repetitive structures are used. Special form and structure related to nature are more important in important urban buildings and are used for urban symbolism buildings because of the special characteristics of this form and structure. Therefore, the form and structure should be used according to the use of housing such as climates, topography, natural proportions and more.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the criteria of facades of residential complexes in Mazandaran in which social, physical and cultural variables have been used. In this research, qualitative analysis methods have been used. In qualitative analysis, the collected data are qualitative data, but it is possible to use quantitative data that is examined and compared. In this case, this data should be used according to the logic of qualitative analysis. Manual analysis is also considered as a comparative analysis. In this research, specifically in the physical dimension through color, smell, light, texture, temperature; Sound and music will affect the human senses, but in the individual dimension of the human being in the face of the environment through three components of conceptualization, mental imagery and cognitive analysis of information in the environment and then stored in the brain, which leads to Reminiscence and ultimately strengthen the sense of place. These two factors mutually affect human behavioral feedback in the environment, and ultimately, if positive reminiscence and a sense of belonging to the place will lead to attracting the audience to the environment or architectural design.

Home architecture, should be a live, coherent, sustainable and comfortable one. These are qualitative descriptions and needed to be changed to patterns. A pattern is a mix of an event and a space. Culture creates life style events. Therefore, the home architecture contains patterns for space connections in it. These patterns are studied with the space syntax method. In this method, home plans change to graphs. Space syntax method has shortages, in which space details as well as views, space dimensions and interior details are not shown. In this study, these shortages are removed and do not effect results, because cultural patterns like confidentiality and hierarchy are shown in graphs by nodes and spaces. These two indices do not depend on method shortages, so this method has reliability and validity. Cultural patterns are removed from contemporary homes, so they become similar to each other in cities all over the world. Iranian homes lost cultural values like other ones. The main question is that, which cultural indices effect on home and how they changed during the time. The aim of this research is Extracting a home space connection pattern for Iranian contemporary homes according to culture. The present research studies Iranian home typology over past 30 years (from 1970 to 2000) using space syntax method. These studies are based on cultural pattern studies. A Delphi method used for identifying more effective patterns. It is a research tool for identifying issues for decision making in information systems. In this research, Delphi multi-round survey procedure is used twice. At first six experiences were asked for more effective cultural patterns on space connections of home. They confirmed that five indexes contain confidentiality, hierarchy, security, identity, home Interactions with family and home Interactions with nature have more effect on space connections. For the next time, they selected two from five indices. Results show that hierarchy and confidentiality are the most effective indices on space connections. There are different ways for identifying confidentiality and hierarchy. For example adding nodes before entrances shows more confidentiality and hierarchy. However, for home, two ways show more confidentiality and hierarchy. A graph having a node or an interface space after entrance has confidentiality index. A home with confidentiality pattern has entrance with view control and access. A graph having a node before bedrooms and livings. A home with hierarchy has more than three spaces or nods between entrance and bedrooms. Plans from 381 homes from different districts collected and changed to graphs. Homes were random selected in order to economy and residential rules, do not affects results. From each decade, prevalent pattern, Dominant pattern and optimized pattern graph is detected. According to these graphs, during 1970-1980, hall was the main space after entrance. After that during last two decades, hall space deleted from plans. Nods before entrance and bedrooms increased. A node before W.C. spaces is confirmed. W.C. space is always located beside bedrooms or near entrance by adding a node. Homes during last three decades have more confidentiality and hierarchy.

Social capital is one of the issues that creating, maintaining and enriching it is one of the main goals of sustainable urban development. The sense of belonging to the place in the inhabitants of each neighborhood leads to the formation of a place identity, which affects the sense of belonging to popular participation and social capital, the analysis of which is the purpose of this article. In this research, based on the Cochran formula, a sample of 371 inhabitants of the informal settlement of the city of Sari who is involved with social problems is selected as sample and each of the variables of the study, which is the sense of place belonging, popular participation and capital Social, using the correlation method, and then, using structural equation models, two models of how different relationships were made between variables. Their results show that the influence model of the sense of belonging to social capital increases through the mediating variable of popular participation better than the rest of these relationships, in other words, in an indirect causal relationship, the strengthening of the sense of belonging places increases participation And increase social capital.

Attachment to place and sense of belonging are closely related to the place people have. This relationship, which is also considered as an emotional relationship, is related to the memories, experiences of individuals. It facilitates collective action attachment, increases participation, and encourages investment. It also provides a good opportunity for the growth and social development of places. In fact, attachment is the factor that distinguishes places from each other. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure attachment in residential spaces. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical that the statistical population is the residents of Nasr, Aseman, Rushdi residential complexes whose sample size is obtained based on Cochran's formula of 200 people. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the studied components at 95% confidence level. The results also show that the physical variable was the only variable that could only directly affect the attachment, while social and cultural variables directly and indirectly affected the attachment variable, among which The most indirect effects were cultural variables.

This research is to study the capabilities of artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting solar radiance in an urban context in order to materialize the concept of high-performance architecture. Literature review of the research implies that artificial intelligence (AI) is going to be a new emerging tool to contribute to high-performance architecture, as well as a way of thinking for a significant paradigm shift in environmental sustainability. In the first step, a rule-based method is applied to generate the dataset. In the next step, three different ANN models with different architectures are defined. These models are trained with the generated dataset and regarding the defined algorithm architecture, different results are predicted. The results indicate the precision of each model in predicting the amount of received solar radiation in a new sample location. Finally, these results are compared and the best ANN architecture is selected. The proposed model in this research could be generalized to other similar simulations and it has two main applications. First, it could predict the target parameter instantly without intensive computation. Secondly, it could fit a function for simulating a sustainable parameter only with the given input and output dataset and without needing to know any specific rules for the simulation. The results conclude that AI might be introduced as a comprehensive methodology for sustainable design in contemporary architecture. However, the research shows capability of ANN for outlining and predicting environmental sustainable parameters particularly.

connection with the nature is the most essential natural need of human. Researches show that nature and green space contribute to mental stress reduction and mental health improvement. Today, landscape architecture designs natural elements such that they would have positive effects on human mental condition and stress reduction. Actually, by developing ability to confronting stress, gardens improve mental views (garden) on human mental health and stress reduction and meeting the natural need of human to experience diverse natural environments of obtain peace.

This research used information collection instruments (librarian studies, related documents) and component, principles and patterns related to the subject have been examined and analyzed. 

research result show that using Persian garden model by healing function in medical centers is useful and contributing to mental health and stress reduction. Thus, the following are characteristics of a healing garden for mental health: Lack of material opaqueness in relation between human and space, possibility of selection and making equilibrium between isolation and interaction positive distractions possibility of physical action and encouraging it water and inducing peace feeling.

there are many researches on healing garden and Therapeutic landscape and its effects on human in internal literature while this study provides and examines characteristics specific for stress reduction and mental health in these gardens.

Numerous environmental problems indicate the need to change the current practice in construction waste. However, the high potential of recycling-based solutions can increase the efficiency of energy consumption and reduce waste production rates and provide an effective step towards sustainable development from a macro perspective. Unfortunately, recycling in today's architecture is neglected. The purpose of the present study is to identify the roots and investigate its theoretical origins among Iranians and in Iranian-Islamic thought.

This study is a qualitative study conducted based on the grounded theory approach. The method of data collection is field study and the tool is the interview.

The continuity of recycling and its successful records in Iranian architecture show the strong roots of this issue in the Iranian-Islamic beliefs. Religious thoughts on the one hand, and cultural values and norms, on the other hand, represent recycling as a viable and principled strategy in Iranian architectural legacy. In this study, researchers investigated reverence and sanctity of nature, along with the social responsibility for the Muslim individual as the origins of recycling from the religious aspect of beliefs and deep connection with nature, and minimalism in life-style as cultural fundamental factors for utilizing recycling strategies in architecture.

It seems that the way to revive recycling in the modern architecture of Iran cannot be reached unless recognizing the roots and identifying the value of recycling through its history in Iranian architecture. It is hoped that studies of this kind will help to implement recycling in Iran's future architecture.

The emergence of a regionalization approach in the 1960s led to the emergence of globalization (due to the modernist view) following local and regional approaches (regionalized postmodernism). Today and over the years, following the fluidity of regionalism theory, various approaches have emerged, among which the two approaches of critical regionalism and bio-regionalism are the main approaches in developing countries. The research method of this research is a combination of descriptive-analytic method in theoretical foundations and the extraction of indicators of each approach. Then, using the views of architects and architecture professors (methodology of experts), an opinion poll and evaluation of parameters are made. Finally, the critical definition of critical regional bias is redefined. Attention to bio-physical indicators in the form of a critical biologicism approach Can meet the architectural needs of the community, such as climate and environmental responses, sustainable development, sense of place and creation of architecture with identity and non-imitation and superficial eclecticism.

According to studies, Successful design of informal spaces (transitional spaces)in terms of environmental qualities is of great importance, both in voluntary and in social activities of users in school. The absence of essential qualities, leads to disrupted patterns of behavior. Hence, effective factors in the formation and the correct function of behavioral settings should be investigated to organize, plan and design learning environments. In this paper, we evaluate the role of environmental quality assessment components in transitional spaces in interactivity and eagerness to engage in activity. First, we have identified the environmental factors affecting the quality of behavioral environments and the reason for involving the concepts of behavioral- setting and place affordance in transitional spaces. Also, the formation of the hypothesis test conceptual model in accordance with David Canter theory of place is explained. To validate this conceptual model, the physical context of transitional spaces in elementary schools of the North East of Tehran are considered. This design of this research is based on correlation relationships and the investigation process is based on the combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaire, informal interviews and observations were used to collect data for hypothesis test and then analyzing with SPSS software. The results approve the clear relationship between environmental quality assessment components and promoting children's interactive behavior in learning environments. In conclusion, by establishing a balance between physical, functional andconceptual components of place, the environmental quality of  the interactive place-behavior system in transitional spaces of learning environments can be improved.

lief and faith are key factors in architecture, whether in forming the human beings lives or its role in their spiritual dimension. Thus, architecture is the body that belongs to human's thoughts and beliefs; therefore where ever a major artistic creation with traditional nature has been observed, there should exist a live traditional thinking. So in order to recognize the mystical and philosophical ideas that their peak was represented in Safavid era which is known as the golden age of art, we have to enter through the gate of Islamic arts philosophy. Transcendence and imminence as the subject matters are one of the ways to find out and comprehend the philosophy of art and the beauty of Islam, but the important point about these subjects is the dual structure of transcendence and imminence. Due to the dialectic between these two - transcendence and imminence- (Throughout the history of Islam) and while they have separated features, only it can be possible to figure out their complementary feature through their unitary vision. Of course, such duality that the universe is made up of one whole which is composed of two obvious and inseparable elements, has been seen in different religions, like "Yin and Yang" in China. As mentioned in Islamic sciences and in an initial classification about God and the universe, two words are in common; Transcendence and imminence. The transcendent philosophers do not consider any human traits for God and in contrast there are imminent mystics who define imminence as the attribution of human traits to God. Going out from this conflict is only possible through unitary vision of transcendence and imminence. This vision which is attributed to Muhiddin Ibn Arabic, considers the summation of transcendence and imminence in order to God's cognition. Since mosques (central) are the most effected places by beliefs and thoughts of their time, they are chosen as the typical examples for reloading the transcendent and imminent ideas. For this purpose, first quantitative and qualitative criteria of transcendent and imminent shapes in architecture were extracted. On the other hand this means that in architecture, components of imminent shapes correspond to transition, dynamism, transparence, transfer, static, sublime and establishment; and components of transcendent shapes correspond to void, centripetal, symmetric and balanced spaces. Then in order to recognize the transcendent and imminent aspects, all the skeletal shapes of Imam Mosque, like the system of entrance, yard, porch and dome were measured and evaluated with these criteria. The results of this measurement were the dominant imminent aspects for transitional and motional shapes like entrance and porches, and the dominant transcendent aspects for mosque's yard as the static, void and centripetal space. But the balance of transcendent and imminent ideas can be searched comprehensively in the architecture of dome, where the void atmosphere (negative) and the tangible positive atmosphere (surrounded the environment) have been defined and the static and centripetal and in a same time dynamic, connected and transitional atmosphere (vertical) toward the God can be understood, observed and perceived.

Architecture is a cultural objectified mass, which is belong to that culture or affect it. If Iranian architecture in Islamic era be studied, it can be revealed the fact that architecture is influenced by ideas and thought of this Islamic era. The purpose of this research is the readout of mystical ideas effects on symbolic visibility of color (blue) by using building blocks (tiles) in Iranian architecture of Islamic era. Mystic contemplation based on revelation was started by Imam Mohammad Ghazali and accompanied by philosophy of illumination Sheikh, Suhrewardi, which the degrees of knowledge and awareness were correspond to the degrees of light and advent, and lustered by the growth of mystical thought of light and color. So that, color in mystical ideas of Najmuddin Kubra and Sheikh Ala Simnani gets its concretion and intension mostly from light of lights and every color is an intrinsic representative (allegory) of one meaning. Thus in universe the colors and lights is compatible with lights in mystics journey and the mystic of beauty way (God) can observe the manifestation of this way as the guide in his/her inside in a form of light determinations (colors). So light has different levels and there is a connection between the universe of meaning and lights and the mystic achieves the higher levels as much as passing the steps. So that in mystical insights and among all of the colors the allegorical role of color blue is covering. In order to begin the journey, this color (blue) is suitable for those who are in the first steps of mystical life.
In Islam, art has the inherent connection with Islamic mystic and it has been inspiring for artists and architecture aspects. The historical background of the connection between mystic and architecture shows that the formation of Fetyan and Fotowwat associations had the important role in transferring Shiite mystical ideas and thoughts to business owners like architecture, so this allegorical mystical vision was applied to show that shrines can be enumerated as the place of establishment of the best proportion between architecture and beliefs, especially in mosques architecture (central) which is the apex of manifestation of architects› symbolic art. However by considering the tile of this article it can be imagined that the monastery which is the place of Sufis and Dervishes, is the appropriate litter for the subject of research, but the studies show that we do not know whether monasteries has the same concept during the Iran›s Islamic era or they had been changed. Also we do not know the concept of monasteries or how one place had been named as a monastery. So monastery cannot be a suitable sample for hypothesis test. The symbolic usage of blue titles in Kharazmshahian era on mosques› porches was provided by developing light-based mystical thoughts in sixth century and decline of rational thoughts and the degree of attention and sensitivity of architecture companions to the concept of Fotowwat and its association with mystical ideas, because these blue porches were the first thing to draw the audience›s attention. After that due to the evolution of Islamic mystic›s noetic aspect in Timurid period and Shiite tendency among mystics, the employment of blue tiles in domes was increased too. Safavid era was the boom of legal, illumination and Shiite ideas and followed by, the Isfahan school established the symbolic buildings so that the mystical language, which is a kind of symbolic and allegorical language, has been manifested in a best way in Safavid era that is the peak of Shiite and mystical thoughts. Correspondence between states (initial) of mystical homes by using color allegory (blue) in Iranian mosques architecture is one of the effects of mystical beliefs which has caused the sequence in meaning and appearance between mystical thoughts and blue tiles employment in mosques architecture, so that using blue tiles (either cobalt or turquoise) from the beginning of using to full-color domination in Safavid mosques (Imam mosque). In this research, data and information collection is done through documentary and library studies, and then data is analyzed by using descriptive and analytical method in historical context and is proved by applying determinant evidence

Claims and، as a result، disputes have become one of the inherent attributes of construction industry. Most projects’ stakeholders know claims as the most destructive events in this industry. There are some possibilities of claims occurrence by both contract sides، especially contractors in most of the projects with different project delivery systems. Although it is not possible to eliminate the possibility of claims، the occurrence of claims in the projects can be prevented by identifying their main origins and causes. Data collection in this study was done، through organized study and semi-structured interview with experts and also the consideration of related documents that led us to reach 400 relevant cases for claims in Design-Build projects. After analysis of these cases by the researchers، the model of claim package was developed، which represents the fourth part of the claims. Then، the factors associated with each of the four parts were identified. First section contains the 48 most important claim origins. The second section includes 43 causes of claims. The third section includes 4 types of claims، and the fourth one includes 6 types of claim request. Then the forth part of the claim package model was distributed among the experts by closed questionnaire، and the most important cases of each part were identified. The identification of these claims can be useful in predicting future claims، and minimizing their effects in the similar ones.

Habitation is an essential matter for human, so is considered as one of the most basic elements in his life. Thus, community leaders try to provide condition and facilities for convenient settlement of dwellers. It is important to investigate and analysis planning procedures of habitation and accommodating people in different scenarios and situations. Earthquake as a natural disaster is one of the scenarios. In this situation, buildings become unsafe places for living depend on the damage severity. It is very important to refuge the people during rehabilitation time. As a result, temporary housing is needed for housing the survivors after the earthquake. They need a comfort and safe temporary settlement to continue their normal life. Requiring a high volume of settlement accommodations in a limited timeframe after the earthquake was accumulated with some policies and characteristics are used whether by temporary housing or permanent settlements specify the importance of utilizing building systems and fast construction methods of temporary housing. This study aims to prioritize the features of temporary accommodation in terms of importance by reviewing characteristics of the temporary housing by descriptive - analytic method. Finally, this study compares two building systems based on aforementioned features.

This research is going to explore methods of utilizing nature in architecture and use them to evaluate naturalism of the samples of Iranian contemporary architecture, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The use of various aspects of the nature in Iranian contemporary architecture is less than the past. So the main questions in this research are: «Which methods of utilizing nature have influenced on the artistic works of Iranian contemporary architecture?», and «How and how much are these influences?» In the research process, descriptive-analytic techniques are used. First, the theoretical literature was studied using the archival methods, and then the methods of utilizing nature as evaluation criteria were extracted. Next, using surveying methods, characteristics of case studies were analyzed and their quantitative and qualitative effects were presented. Research results indicated that conceptual, scenery and material techniques have been the most used in the public buildings of Iranian contemporary architecture, and formal, functional and spatial techniques have been neglected. The conclusion is that naturalism has always been on the focal attention in contemporary Iranian architects'' design process, but there is lack of Iranian architects'' effort to create works that nature is present comprehensively in them. On the other hand, public buildings are architectural patterns of every country, and utilizing the above methods in making such buildings can help to improve the quality of architecture in the country.